濒危植物瑶山苣苔的大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育研究

利用石蜡切片技术对瑶山苣苔大小孢子发生、雌雄配子体发育及胚胎发育进行了细胞学观察,结果表明:瑶山苣苔胚珠倒生,单珠被,薄珠心,具珠被绒毡层。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成的四分体呈直线排列,合点端的大孢子发育为功能大孢子,其余3个大孢子退化,胚囊为单孢子发生的蓼型胚囊发育方式。花药为四囊形,花药壁由外到内依次为表皮、药室内壁、中层和腺质绒毡层,小孢子形成时胞质分裂为修饰性同时型,小孢子四分体排列方式为四面体形,成熟花粉为2核细胞。胚乳发育为细胞型,在胚的发育过程中被吸收耗尽。瑶山苣苔大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育基本正常,不是导致其濒危的原因。但瑶山苣苔果实成熟时,胚仅发育至球形胚时期,需要经过一定时间休眠才能完成形态后熟,表明胚未发育完全可能是该物种天然更新困难的原因之一。     

深山含笑大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体发育研究

采用石蜡切片技术对深山含笑大、小孢子的发生和雌、雄配子体发育进行观察：深山含笑花药4室,花药囊壁由5-7层细胞构成,腺质绒毡层,小孢子胞质分裂为修饰性同时型,四分体有四面体型、对称型,偶有交叉型,成熟花粉为2细胞型;胚珠倒生、双珠被、厚珠心,大孢子四分体直线型排列,合点端为功能大孢子、雌配子体发育方式为蓼型。从雌、雄配子体发育时间的先后来看,深山含笑春季雌、雄配子体能正常发育,雄蕊先熟,雄蕊和花瓣凋谢后雌蕊大孢子母细胞才形成。而秋季开花的深山含笑,花药中小孢子在孢原细胞或初生造孢细胞期停止发育,花粉败育;雌蕊胚珠珠心组织也未见大孢子母细胞发育,开花后雌蕊随花柄凋落。该研究为深山含笑生殖发育和杂交育种积累了资料。     

彩色马蹄莲大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育的研究

选用石蜡切片法观察了彩色马蹄莲品种‘Majestic Red’的大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育的过程。研究结果表明：彩色马蹄莲的胚珠为倒生,具双珠被、厚珠心和珠被绒毡层。大孢子母细胞的减数分裂后形成的四分体为直线型或T型排列,合点端的大孢子发育成为功能大孢子,其余3个大孢子则退化,表明胚囊发育方式为单孢子发生的蓼型胚囊。观察到每个雄花花药多数,花粉囊呈蝶形,每侧有2个小孢子囊。花药壁由外到内分别为表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层,其中绒毡层为变形绒毡层类型。在小孢子形成时,胞质分裂属于连续型,小孢子排列成十字形的四分体,成熟花粉则为二胞花粉粒。     

巨龙竹生殖器官形态结构及雌、雄配子体的发育

通过石蜡切片的方法对巨龙竹生殖器官结构、大小孢子的发生和雌、雄配子体的发育过程进行了观察研究。 巨龙竹为一心皮组成的单室单子房,子房内具有一个胚珠,倒生、双珠被、厚珠心。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成线形排列的4个大孢子,合点端大孢子具功能。胚囊的发育为蓼型,具多个反足细胞。巨龙竹的花药壁由4层结构组成,包括表皮、药室内壁、中层、绒毡层;花药壁发育为单子叶型,绒毡层为腺质型。小孢子母细胞减数分裂中的胞质分裂为连续型,四分孢子为四面体型;成熟花粉粒为2细胞型,具1个萌发孔。小穗发育雌雄异熟,雌蕊的发育早于雄蕊的发育。     

牛角瓜大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育研究

为从胚胎学方面解释牛角瓜坐果率低的原因,该实验以牛角瓜(Calotropis gigantea L.)不同时期的新鲜花朵为试材,采用石蜡切片法,观察牛角瓜大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育过程。结果显示:(1)牛角瓜小孢子孢原细胞起源于表皮细胞下面的分生组织并在两个地方分化;花药壁由外向内由1层表皮、1层药室内壁、2层中层和1层绒毡层组成,花药壁发育属于基本型,绒毡层属于分泌型;小孢子形成时胞质分裂方式为连续型,成熟花粉粒为3-细胞型复合花粉,有2个较小的精细胞和1个较大的营养细胞,精细胞呈凸透镜型。(2)牛角瓜的雌蕊具有2心皮,子房1室,边缘胎座,胚珠倒生,单珠被,薄珠心;大孢子母细胞由1个孢原细胞直接发育而成,合点端大孢子分化成为功能大孢子,由功能大孢子发育为7细胞8核的蓼型胚囊。(3)牛角瓜雌蕊发育晚于雄蕊,花蕾开放前雌雄蕊发育趋于同步。研究表明,虽然在雌雄配子体发育过程中存在败育现象,但大部分雌雄配子体发育正常。     

濒危植物香木莲的胚胎学研究

对香木莲（Manglietia aromatica）的大、小孢子发生以及雌、雄配子体发育过程进行了研究,并结合已有的资料归纳出木链属的胚胎学特征。香木链花药四囊型,腺质绒毡层有1-2层细胞,小孢子形成时胞质分裂方式为修饰性同时型,小孢子四分体排列方式为交叉型,有时为左右对型,成熟花粉粒为二细胞型。胚珠倒生,厚珠心,双珠被,大孢子四分体呈直线排列,功能大孢子位于合点端。胚囊发育属于蓼型。木莲属的胚胎学特征与木兰属、含笑属、鹅掌揪属等植物的胚胎学特征基本相同,都属于较原始的被子植物胚胎学类型。     

柴胡大、小孢子发生及雌、雄配子体发育

以柴胡(Bupleurum chinense)为研究对象, 运用石蜡切片技术对其大、小孢子发生及雌、雄配子体发育进行了研究。结果表明: 柴胡花药具4个药室, 花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层4层细胞构成, 花药壁发育为双子叶型, 腺质绒毡层。小孢子母细胞减数分裂的胞质分裂为同时型, 产生正四面体型小孢子。成熟花粉三细胞型。胚珠倒生型, 单珠被, 薄珠心。大孢子母细胞常为一个雌性孢原直接发育而成, 大孢子四分体呈线型或T型排列, 多数情况为合点端一个大孢子分化为功能大孢子, 由功能大孢子发育为蓼型成熟胚囊。在胚囊发育过程中, 珠被内表皮细胞特化成珠被绒毡层。同一朵花中, 雄蕊先熟, 记 录了花蕾大小及雌、雄配子体发育的对应关系。     

柴胡大、小孢子发生及雌、雄配子体发育

以柴胡（Bupleurum chinense）为研究对象,运用石蜡切片技术对其大、小孢子发生及雌、雄配子体发育进行了研究。结果表明：柴胡花药具4个药室,花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层4层细胞构成,花药壁发育为双子叶型,腺质绒毡层。小孢子母细胞减数分裂的胞质分裂为同时型,产生正四面体型小孢子。成熟花粉三细胞型。胚珠倒生型,单珠被,薄珠心。大孢子母细胞常为一个雌性孢原直接发育而成,大孢子四分体呈线型或T型排列,多数情况为合点端一个大孢子分化为功能大孢子,由功能大孢子发育为蓼型成熟胚囊。在胚囊发育过程中,珠被内表皮细胞特化成珠被绒毡层。同一朵花中,雄蕊先熟,记录了花蕾大小及雌、雄配子体发育的对应关系。     

三叶木通大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育研究

三叶木通（Akebia trifoliata）属于木通科（Lardizabalaceae）木通属（Akebia）,为雌雄异花,雌雄同株的木质藤本植物,具有药食两用的经济价值。本文运用石蜡切片技术观察了三叶木通的大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育过程中胚胎学特征,以期了解三叶木通有性生殖过程,分析该物种自然条件下结实率低的生殖原因,为其后续进行杂交育种和新品种培育提供理论基础。结果表明：三叶木通雄蕊6枚,每枚花药具4个小孢子囊,花药壁完全分化时由外到内依次为1层表皮、1层药室内壁、2～3层中层及1层绒毡层,且绒毡层为分泌型绒毡层。小孢子母细胞减数分裂的胞质分裂为同时型,小孢子四分体为四面体型排列,从四分体分离出来的小孢子经过进一步发育形成2-核成熟花粉细胞。小孢子囊中的小孢子四分体时期存在少量败育现象。雌蕊具1室子房,为侧膜胎座,胚珠横生,多枚,双珠被,厚珠心。大孢子母细胞减数分裂后形成的大孢子四分体呈线型排列,靠珠孔端的3个大孢子退化,合点端的1个大孢子发育成为功能大孢子,经3次连续有丝分裂并进一步发育为七细胞八核的蓼型胚囊。雌花中的雄蕊早期发育正常,但小孢子发育至单核靠边期不在进一步发育,...     

烟草大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育研究

采用卡宝品红染色压片和石蜡切片法对迪勃纳氏烟草(Nicotiana debneyi)大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育过程进行了研究.结果发现:(1)迪勃纳氏烟草为两性花,其小孢子发生和雄配子体发育早于大孢子.(2)迪勃纳氏烟草小孢子发生和发育过程基本正常,减数分裂过程有少数细胞出现滞后染色体、染色体断片和染色体桥等异常现象;其胞质分裂为同时型,四分体为十字交叉型和正四面体型,成熟的花粉粒为2细胞型.(3)迪勃纳氏烟草为2室子房,中轴胎座,倒生胚珠,胚珠多数,胚囊发育为蓼型,大孢子发生和发育过程未观察到异常现象.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000