The Development and Organization of a Children's Psychiatric Hospital

Thistletown Hospital is a children''s psychiatric hospital which was established by the Department of Health of the Province of Ontario. Special legislation permitting control of the admissions procedures was enacted. The administrative organization consists of a series of committees made up of the heads of hospital departments. An advisory board of distinguished psychiatrists and psychologists advises the Minister of Health directly on major policy changes or innovations envisaged for the hospital. Clinical organization is related to four functions: (1) service (treatment and assessment), (2) research, (3) training of staff, and (4) community education.The basic units of the hospital are related to the treatment or research design necessary in special diagnostic categories. A children''s psychiatric hospital should not be restricted to in-patient facilities but should consist of a totally community-oriented service.     

Square pegs in round holes: a study of residents in long-term institutions in London,Ont.

In 1773 an epidemic disease with cutaneous manifestations appeared in Baie Saint-Paul, Québec and spread rapidly from nearby les Eboulements to the entire island of Montreal. The epidemic was in many ways reminiscent of a typical outbreak of syphilis, a condition then well known in Europe. Dr. Charles Blake of Montreal, as well as Drs. James Bowman and Philippe Badelart of Quebec, would not acknowledge any other diagnosis. The latter two physicians were commissioned by General Haldimand, governor of Canada, to investigate and treat this new disease. Patients were often cured by potions or ointments containing mercury if used from the onset of symptoms. However, Dr. Robert Jones, another physician from Montreal, submitted a different opinion: the clinical course of the disease, the anomalies of its transmission, its sometimes intriguing sequelae and its unpredictable response to mercurial therapy led him to believe that it might be an entity entirely different from syphilis as it was then known in Europe. Half a century earlier, in Scotland, a similar outbreak had occurred for which the same reservation had been made with regard to a possible diagnosis of syphilis.     

Purification and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Ont., Canada.

Factor EF-P is a nonribosomal (soluble) protein of Escherichia coli that stimulates peptide bond synthesis when certain aminoacyl-tRNA analogues are used. The purification of this protein to apparent homogeneity is described here. EF-P has a molecular weight of about 21 000, a Stokes radius of 27 A (1A = 0.1 nm), and a frictional coefficient of 1.48, suggesting an asymmetric structure. By this and a number of other criteria, EF-P is a new factor that controls peptide bond formation during protein biosynthesis.     

A case of cholera in Kingston,Ont.

A case of cholera occurred in Kingston, Ont. in 1974 in a traveller from South Africa. Treatment, based on an understanding of the pathophysiology of cholera diarrhea and the mechanism of action of the Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin on gastrointestinal fluid loss, consisted of correcting the severe loss of fluid and electrolytes and the metabolic acidosis, as soon as the patient could tolerate taking fluids orally, further fluid replacement consisted increasingly of oral administration of glucose and saline. Tetracycline therapy was given only to shorten the duration of the acute illness.     

Laboratory investigation and infection control of cholera in Kingston,Ont.

Vibrio cholerae, biotype El Tor, was isolated in a hospital laboratory in Kingston, Ont. in 1974. Confirmation and complete identification by the Ontario regional and provincial public health laboratories was obtained within 3 days. Institution of well established infection-control and public health measures prevented spread of the infection within the hospital and the community.     

Formation, Maintenance and Function of the Shoot Apical Meristem in Rice

In higher plants, the process of embryogenesis establishes the plant body plan (body axes). On the basis of positional information specified by the body axes, the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) differentiate at fixed positions early in embryogenesis. After germination, SAM and RAM are responsible for the development of the above-ground and below-ground parts, respectively, of the plant. Because of the importance of SAM function in plant development, the mechanisms of SAM formation during embryogenesis and of SAM maintenance and function in post-embryonic development are priority questions in plant developmental biology. Recent advances in molecular and genetic analysis of morphogenetic mutations in Arabidopsis have revealed several components required for SAM formation, maintenance and function. Although these processes are fundamental to the life cycle of every plant, conservation of the components does not explain the diversity of plant morphologies. Rice is used as a model plant of the grass family and of monocots because of the progress in research infrastructure, especially the collection of unique mutations and genome information. In comparison with the dicot Arabidopsis, rice has many unique organs or processes of development. This review summarizes what is known of the processes of SAM formation, maintenance and function in rice.     

Cell contact interactions in rheumatology, The Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, London, UK, 1-2 June 2000

The intricate interactions that regulate relationships between endogenous tissue cells and infiltrating immune cells in the rheumatic joint, particularly in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), were the subject of the meeting. A better understanding of these interactions might help to define intervention points that could be used to develop specific therapies. The presentations and discussions highlighted the fact that, once chronic inflammation is established, several pro-inflammatory loops involving tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β can be defined. Direct cellular contact with stimulated T lymphocytes induces TNF-α and IL-1β in monocytes which in turn induce functions in fibroblast-like synoviocytes. The latter include the production of stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) which enhances the expression of CD40L in T cells, which stimulates SDF-1α production in synoviocytes, which in turn protects T and B cells from apoptosis and enhances cell recruitment thus favoring inflammatory processes. IL-1β and TNF-α also induce IL-15 in fibroblast-like synoviocytes, which induces the production of IL-17 which in turn potentiates IL-1β and TNF-α production in monocyte-macrophages. This underlines the importance of TNF-α and IL-1β in RA pathogenesis, and helps explain the efficiency of agents blocking the activity of these cytokines in RA. Factors able to block the induction of cytokine production (such as apolipoprotein A-I [apo A-I] and interferon [IFN]-β) might interfere more distally in the inflammatory process. Furthermore, stimulated T lymphocytes produce osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF), which triggers erosive functions of osteoclasts. Therefore, factors capable of affecting the level of T lymphocyte activation, such as IFN-β, IL-15 antagonist, or SDF-1α antagonist, might be of interest in RA therapy.     

胆囊收缩素及其受体在胆囊结石形成过程中的作用

胆囊收缩素（cholecystokinin,CCK）＆~I起胆囊收缩的最主要的激素,ccK通过作用于胆囊收缩素受体（cholecystokininreceptcr,CCK．R）影响胆囊动力。越来越多的研究表明,胆囊动力减弱是胆囊结石形成的重要因素之一。该文对胆囊收缩素及其受体对胆囊动力的影响以及它们在胆囊结石形成过程中所起的作用进行了综述。     

Switch Function and Pathological Dissociation in Acute Psychiatric Inpatients

Swift switching, along with atypical ability on updating and inhibition, has been found in non-clinical dissociators. However, whether swift switching is a cognitive endophenotype that intertwines with traumatisation and pathological dissociation remains unknown. Unspecified acute psychiatric patients were recruited to verify a hypothesis that pathological dissociation is associated with swift switching and traumatisation may explain this relationship. Behavioural measures of intellectual function and three executive functions including updating, switching and inhibition were administered, together with standardised scales to evaluate pathological dissociation and traumatisation. Our results showed superior control ability on switching and updating in inpatients who displayed more symptoms of pathological dissociation. When all three executive functions were entered as predictors, in addition to intellectual quotient and demographic variables to regress upon pathological dissociation, switching rather than updating remained the significant predictor. Importantly, the relationship between pathological dissociation and switching became non-significant when the effect of childhood trauma were controlled. The results support a trauma-related switching hypothesis which postulates swift switching as a cognitive endophenotype of pathological dissociation; traumatisation in childhood may explain the importance of swift switching.