研究生病理学实验带教的探索与实践

医学研究生教育的目的是培养高素质创新型医学人才,创新离不开科研,病理学是多学科科研究工作的基础。建立科研平台提高科研能力是研究生教育十分关注的问题。如何培养研究生病理学实验能力,使学到知识技术在今后的科研活动中得以运用,本文就近几年我们在研究生病理学实验带教实践过程中的一些方法作一介绍。     

Depth in Training in Academic Pathology Including Teaching and Research

Excellent training in academic pathology, including research, results when teaching becomes the prime function of the scholars in an academic department. Teaching of postgraduates requires research and practice and furthermore requires excellence in these fields. A program designed to teach the postgraduates orientates the research and practice to this end rather than making these ends in themselves. A major aim of pathology is to explain at the cell level the mechanism of interaction between intrinsic and extrinsic factors resulting in the abnormality of cell function in disease. The traditional core training in tissue diagnosis develops the interest and ability to analyze the cell and its intracellular activities. To realize the relation of structure and function as the ultimate aim of pathology an intensive study of some of the collateral fields of cell chemistry, physiology, immunology and genetics must become a major part of the organized program.     

GP registrars as teachers: a survey of their level of involvement and training

The role of general practice in medical education is increasing both at the undergraduate and postgraduate level. There is a paucity of evidence as to the level of involvement of GP registrars and their training to teach. Two hundred and forty one GP trainees in the Peninsula Deanery were surveyed as to their current level of involvement in teaching and their training to provide it. Seventy eight completed surveys were returned and these revealed that 62% were regularly involved in teaching but only 41% had ever received any training in this area. There was a strong feeling that teaching was an important skill for GPs with 92% of trainees wanting further training in this area. There is clearly a need for further research in this area both to identity whether this sample is representative of the situation nationally and to determine how best to equip trainees in their roles as educators now and in the future.     

General surgical workload in England and Wales.

An attempt was made to measure the workload of a typical general surgical firm (two part time consultants and their junior staff) serving a population of 100 000 in England and Wales. This provides a background against which to plan curricula for undergraduate and postgraduate teaching, as well as being a guide to the experience that a surgical trainee should get in a suitable training post. The effect of changes in surgical staffing on the number of operations done by a surgeon may also be estimated.     

European College of Gerodontology: undergraduate curriculum guidelines in Gerodontology

Effective undergraduate teaching of gerodontology to present and future dental students is important if good oral health care of older people is to be assured. A review of the undergraduate curriculum for gerodontology is presented and indicates the need for a knowledge base from which new graduates can develop a special interest in care of older patients. The aim is improved care of older patients, satisfaction for teaching staff involved and improved professional standing for Dentistry. Motivation of students could also be achieved by the positive match between rising patient awareness and ethical responsibility of the profession for those older patients. As it stands, the undergraduate curriculum should include topics on specific care for the elderly and other patient groups, which extend the competences already agreed by the Association for Dental Education in Europe (ADEE). The logistics of teaching these topics will need co‐ordination of those staff with appropriate skill and interest, preferably as a development of existing curriculum content.     

Journal Club和Progress Discussion教学方法在卫生毒理学研究生培养中的应用

本实验室在卫生毒理学研究生培养中开展Journal Club和Progress Discussion教学模式,使研究生耳濡目染地学习国际同行的高水平研究,开阔科研视野,带着问题去进行研究,并及时进行总结提高,旨在提高研究生科研选题、文献获取、实践操作、英文阅读与使用等综合能力。5年的实践证明,Journal Club和Progress Discussion取得了很好的效果。     

新形势下神经内科研究生专业特色培养的模式探索

：新形势下我国医学教育提出了培养高素质创新人才的要求,医学研究生的培养是医学生培养的最高层次。随着神经病学及其亚专业的迅猛发展,不仅对研究生的临床和科研水平提出了严峻的挑战,而且要求研究生在某一专业领域有较高的造诣。因此,对研究生进行专业特色培养是值得探索的新课题。本研究对我校神经内科研究生专业特色培养的系列探索与实践进行了总结。实践表明,我校神经内科研究生专业特色培养教学改革已取得明显成效：探索出一套行之有效的研究生专业特色培养的新模式,建立并完善了研究生培养中高素质专业人才的质量保障体系,强化了研究生的专业特色。为国内高等医学院校研究生培养模式提供了有价值的参考。     

生态学综合实验的教学探索与实践

暨南大学生态学专业是2004年开始招生的新办专业,生态学综合实验是生态学专业的一门综合性实验课程。课程设置充分发挥学科点在水域生态学方面的优势,以科研促进本科教学,开设了若干具有水生态特色的综合实验。经过一年的教学探索与实践,取得了良好的效果。本论文就该实验课的课程设置、内容安排、教学效果等进行了总结。     

研究生基因工程实验教学改革探讨

基因工程是一门实践性非常强的专业课程,教学改革是非常必要的。在研究生基因工程实验课的教学过程中,通过加强课程规划,构建和谐课堂,充实教学内容,重视师资队伍建设以及不断将科研内容渗入到教学过程中等方式进行实验教学的教学改革,提高了学生实验兴趣,收到了良好的教学效果。     

The academic jungle: ecosystem modelling reveals why women are driven out of research

The number of women studying science and engineering at undergraduate and postgraduate levels has increased markedly in recent decades. However females have lower retention rates than males in these fields, and perform worse on average than men in terms of promotion and common research metrics. Two key differences between men and women are the larger role that women play in childcare and house work in most families, and the narrower window for female fertility. Here we explore how these two factors affect research output by applying a common ecological model to research performance, incorporating part‐time work and the duration of career prior to the onset of part‐time work. The model parameterizes the positive feedback between historical research output (i.e. track record) and current output, and the minimum threshold below which research output declines. We use the model to provide insight into how women (and men) can pursue a career in academia while working part‐time and devoting substantial time to their family. The model suggests that researchers entering a tenure track (teaching and research) role part‐time without an established track record in research will spend longer in the early career phase compared to full‐time academics, researchers without teaching commitments, and those who were beyond the early career phase prior to working part‐time. The results explain some of the mechanisms behind the observed difference between male and female performance in common metrics and the higher participation of women in teaching‐focussed roles. Based on this analysis, we provide strategies for researchers (particularly women) who want to devote substantial time to raising their families while still remaining engaged with their profession. We also identify how university leaders can enable part‐time academics to flourish rather than flounder. In particular, we demonstrate that careless application of metrics is likely to further reduce female participation in research, and so reduce the pool of talent available.     

An Infrastructure to Advance the Scholarly Work of Staff Nurses

The traditional role of the acute care staff nurse is changing. The new norm establishes an expectation that staff nurses base their practice on best evidence. When evidence is lacking, nurses are charged with using the research process to generate and disseminate new knowledge. This article describes the critical forces behind the transformation of this role and the organizational mission, culture, and capacity required to support practice that is based on science. The vital role of senior nursing leaders, the nurse researcher, and the nursing research committee within the context of a collaborative governance structure is highlighted. Several well-known, evidence-based practice models are presented. Finally, there is a discussion of the infrastructure created by Yale-New Haven Hospital to advance the scholarly work of the nursing staff.     

The academic base for general practice: the case for change.

University departments of general practice and the postgraduate education system for general practice have developed separately over the past 30 years. This separation is now impeding the academic development of the discipline and causes difficulties with recruitment and career progression. These problems could be eased by the creation of integrated departments. This would establish a critical mass for research and educational development, allow human and other resources to be used more flexibly and effectively, and provide a strong base for undergraduate education, vocational training, higher professional training, and continuing education. It could encourage collaborative ventures with other disciplines and also lead to higher standards of patient care.     

General medicine in the 'eighties.

The general physician with or without an interest is directly responsible for the initial and continuing care in most acute medicine. Specialty interests cover the whole range of medicine but in most instances are subordinate to the claims of general medicine. Consultants in district general hospitals carry a bigger caseload in acute medicine than their colleagues in teaching hospitals, and this has implications for undergraduate and postgraduate training. The management of patients in intensive care units remains very much the task of the general physician. The general physician will continue to be an essential member of the hospital service in the foreseeable future.     

模块化设计和微课应用在研究生课程教学中的实践研究——以分子细胞生物学课程为例

基于研究生课程教学区别于本科教学的新高度、新要求和新期待,依托分子细胞生物学良好的理论教学基础,充分把握课程发展趋势,引导学生扩展知识外延并洞悉学科前沿,探索出将模块化教学设计与微课应用相结合的研究生课堂教学新模式。在分子细胞生物学的教学实践探索中,发现该模式对激发研究生学习兴趣、增进对知识的理解、培养学生的创新思维等方面均具有积极的作用。     

Delivery of postgraduate medical education--who pays?

As the cost of academic postgraduate medical education increases the DHSS may sometimes need to fund established academic posts or sessions within universities, and it must recognise the need for salaried sessional commitments by clinical tutors and encourage universities to integrate them more effectively into regional medical schools. Such activities will otherwise increasingly impose on undergraduate departments teaching demands that are neither practicable nor proper.     

Oxygen consumption by isolated mitochondria: Software for planning and interpreting experiments

A computer program for teaching is described which stimulates oxygen consumption by isolated mitochondria. The effects of different compounds (substrates, inhibitors, uncouplers) may be tested. Results from evaluation with 166 undergraduate and 11 postgraduate students are presented.     

The Part-time Prosector: A Personal Experience of Medico-Legal Autopsies

This article examines the medico-legal autopsies performed in a period of nine years in a community and teaching hospital; there was a total of 900 such examinations. It records the experience of a pathologist without specialized forensic training, and suggests that much medico-legal pathology will continue to be performed by general pathologists. Recommendations are made for expansion of ancillary services, for postgraduate and refresher training, and for modifications in the legal and police system.     

浅议微生态学在植物病理学理论和实践教学中的应用

植物微生态学作为植物病理学相关的一门边缘学科,将微生态学的理论引入到植物病理学的理论和实践教学中,将有助于学生对植物病害的概念、发生的原因以及防治有更深入的理解和认识,有助于提高植物病理学课程的教学质量。     

案例教学法在法医病理学国家精品课程教学中的应用

精品课程是国家教育部关于高等学校教学质量和教学改革工程的重要内容,是衡量高等学校教学质量和人才培养质量的标杆之一,精品课程建设在高等医学教学工作中具有重要的地位。法医病理学是一门应用学科,是法医学专业的主干课程,法医病理学教材中部分内容单调、枯燥,在教学中紧靠教材上知识,很难调动起学生的热情。传统教学方法虽然可以系统讲解基本理论知识,但属灌输式教学,不利于发挥学生的主观能动性和培养学生的思维。采用案例教学法,以学生为中心,理论联系实践,提高学生分析问题和解决问题的能力,有组于学生实践能力的培养,提高了法医病理学教学质量,值得推广及应用。