乌梅提取物对溶藻弧菌的抑制效应与机理

[背景] 溶藻弧菌（Vibrio alginolyticus）能够感染鱼、虾、贝等海洋经济动物,给海水养殖业带来了严重的经济损失,对公众健康及食品安全也构成较大威胁。[目的] 通过研究乌梅（Fructus mume）对溶藻弧菌的抑菌效应及其机理,为乌梅在水产养殖中的进一步开发利用提供理论依据。[方法] 采用试管二倍稀释法测定乌梅提取物（Fructus mume Extract,FME）对溶藻弧菌的最小抑菌浓度（Minimal Inhibitory Concentration,MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（Minimum Bactericidal Concentration,MBC）,电导率仪检测溶藻弧菌的相对电导率,分光光度法分析溶藻弧菌的核酸泄露和呼吸链脱氢酶活性及生物膜抑制率,蛋白质电泳检测溶藻弧菌的蛋白质合成情况,扫描电子显微镜观察溶藻弧菌的亚显微结构。[结果] 乌梅提取物对溶藻弧菌的MIC和MBC分别为1.953 mg/mL和3.906 mg/mL;乌梅提取物显著增加了溶藻弧菌的相对电导率和核酸泄露,明显降低了溶藻弧菌蛋白质的合成能力,对于弧菌的亚显微形态产生了较大影响。同时乌梅提取物显著抑制了溶藻弧菌生物膜的形成和呼吸链脱氢酶的活性。[结论] 乌梅提取物通过增加溶藻弧菌细胞膜通透性及显著抑制生物膜的生成、呼吸链脱氢酶活性及蛋白质的合成,实现抑制及杀灭溶藻弧菌的目的。     

实验感染卵圆鲳鲹的刺激隐核虫DG1虫株胞口的超微结构研究

作者从卵圆鲳鲹Trachinotus blochii分离了一株刺激隐核虫Cryptocaryon irritans,再经人工感染的方法收集各期虫体,制成电镜样品,对虫体的胞口超微结构进行了观察.同时,用银染和免疫荧光染色以及共聚焦显微镜对虫体的胞口周围及内部的纤维和微管进行了观察.结果表明刺激隐核虫的胞口结构与前口类纤毛虫(Prostome)的胞口结构有诸多相似之处,而与归属于膜口类Ophryoglenina小瓜虫差异较大,因此,作者认为刺激隐核虫的分类更适合归属于前口类Prostome,而不是膜口类Ophryoglenina.     

鲑精蛋白对致病性弧菌的抑制活性

为了解鲑精蛋白对致病性弧菌--副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus BE-98-2029)、霍乱弧菌(Vibrio cholerae CDC 2164)和创伤弧菌(Vibrio vulnificus ATCC 27562)的抑菌活性,本文分别测定了2000～4000 μg/mL浓度的鲑精蛋白对三种弧菌在TSB(大豆肉汤)+1.5%NaCl培养基中的生长抑制情况和对菌体的致死时间.试验结果表明,2000 μg/mL鲑精蛋白可有效抑制三种弧菌的生长,使霍乱弧菌48 h内完全死亡,使副溶血性弧菌数量从3.3×106 cfu/mL降至3.3×103 cfu/mL;3000 μg/mL的鲑精蛋白则可以在48h内完全杀死三种弧菌;4000 μg/mL的鲑精蛋白在12 h内使创伤弧菌总数从4.9×106 cfu/mL降至9.4×102 cfu/mL.     

斜带石斑鱼L-氨基酸氧化酶基因克隆及表达分析

鱼类的L-氨基酸氧化酶(L-amino acid oxidase, LAAO)具有广泛的抑菌杀虫效果, 为了解斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)LAAO基因序列特征及其在刺激隐核虫(Cryptocaryon irritans)感染后的表达变化, 该试验克隆得到2个石斑鱼LAAO基因: EcLAAO-1和EcLAAO-2, 它们的ORF长度分别为1536和1569 bp, 编码511和522个氨基酸, 均含有氨基酸氧化酶(Amino_oxidase)结构域以及LAAO保守序列: DBM和GG motif。多重序列比对显示石斑鱼LAAO与其他鱼类LAAO具有较高的相似性。系统进化树分析表明, 斜带石斑鱼的LAAO与硬骨鱼类亲缘关系较近。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示EcLAAO-1和EcLAAO-2在石斑鱼各组织均有表达, 其中皮肤、鳃、胸腺、肝脏和肌肉中含量较丰富; 在感染刺激隐核虫后, 鳃和脾脏EcLAAO-1, EcLAAO-2表达量显著升高(P<0.05), 这些结果暗示了石斑鱼LAAO参与先天性免疫, 并在抗御刺激隐核虫感染中发挥重要作用。     

大黄鱼主要致病菌拮抗菌株的分离鉴定、抑菌谱及安全性分析

大黄鱼是我国重要的海水养殖鱼类,随着大黄鱼养殖规模的扩大,病害也日益增多,其中细菌性疾病是造成大黄鱼疾病暴发、死亡的重要病原。近年来,哈维弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)、溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)、杀香鱼假单胞菌(Pseudomonas plecoglossicida)、鰤鱼诺卡菌(Nocardia seriolea)等细菌造成了大黄鱼养殖重大经济损失。为寻找大黄鱼主要致病菌的拮抗菌,用于大黄鱼细菌病的生态控制,作者对大黄鱼及周边环境进行了拮抗菌的分离和鉴定。以哈维弧菌、杀香鱼假单胞菌作为拮抗活性筛选指示菌,用纸片法(KB)、菌落接种法从大黄鱼体内、养殖池周边土壤、藻类、芦苇等筛选出具抗菌活性物质菌株10株;分离菌株用16S rDNA通用引物序列分析鉴定为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.)、产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes sp.)、类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.)、赖氨酸芽孢杆菌(Lysinibacillus sp.)、弧菌(Vibrio sp.)和异常球菌(Daenococcus sp.)等。对具较强抑菌活性的碱性杆菌NBPa-7(Alcaligenes faecalis)和芽孢杆菌NBlm-36(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)进行了抑菌活性测定,结果表明NBPa-7对溶藻弧菌、杀香鱼假单胞菌有良好拮抗作用,抑菌直径分别为23.20 mm、12.00 mm;NBlm-36对创伤弧菌(Vibrio vulnificus)、哈维弧菌、嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)及葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus sp.)有拮抗作用,抑菌直径为6.00 mm-14.00 mm。胞外抑菌产物对热、酸、碱有较好耐受性。将拮抗菌以1×108CFU/ind腹腔注射成年鼠、口喂新生鼠,48 h内未出现毒性和死亡,将拮抗菌以3×108CFU/ind腹腔注射大黄鱼,2周内未出现发病死亡,大黄鱼内脏未发生病变,白细胞未出现明显升高现象,初步表明拮抗菌株不具有致病力。     

卵形鲳鲹对刺激隐虫的免疫应答和免疫保护研究

用刺激隐核虫(Cryptocaryon irritans)的幼虫对卵形鲳NFDA8(Trachinotus ovatus)进行腹腔注射和体表感染,然后每隔一周用阻动试验(Immobilization assay)检测免疫鱼的抗血清和皮肤培养液对刺激隐核虫幼虫的阻动效价,在第14周中,分别用亚致死剂量和致死剂量的刺激隐核虫幼虫对免疫鱼攻毒以检测所产生的免疫保护力.实验结果显示:两种免疫方法都能让卵形鲳鲹的血清和皮肤生成阻动刺激隐核虫幼虫的特异性抗体,并能使被免疫鱼获得明显的免疫保护,但是体表感染免疫组的血清和皮肤培养液的阻动效价都要比腹腔注射免疫组高,所获得的免疫保护力也更强.同时还发现,免疫鱼血清和皮肤培养液中的抗体存在明显的差异:两者的最初生成时间、达到峰值的时间、变化规律以及阻动效价等都不一致.因此,我们推测鱼类的系统免疫应答和皮肤黏膜免疫应答有可能是相互独立的,或者是不同步的.鱼类的体液免疫应答,特别是黏膜免疫应答对抵御刺激隐核虫的感染起了重要的作用,采用刺激隐核虫虫体疫苗可能成为预防海水鱼类白点病的一种选择.     

卵形鲳鯵对刺激隐核虫的免疫应答和免疫保护研究

用刺激隐核虫(Cryptocaryon irritans)的幼虫对卵形鲳鯵(Trachinotus ovatus)进行腹腔注射和体表感染,然后每隔一周用阻动试验(Immobilization assay)检测免疫鱼的抗血清和皮肤培养液对刺激隐核虫幼虫的阻动效价,在第14周中,分别用亚致死剂量和致死剂量的刺激隐核虫幼虫对免疫鱼攻毒以检测所产生的免疫保护力。实验结果显示:两种免疫方法都能让卵形鲳鯵的血清和皮肤生成阻动刺激隐核虫幼虫的特异性抗体,并能使被免疫鱼获得明显的免疫保护,但是体表感染免疫组的血清和皮肤培养液的阻动效价都要比腹腔注射免疫组高,所获得的免疫保护力也更强。同时还发现,免疫鱼血清和皮肤培养液中的抗体存在明显的差异:两者的最初生成时间、达到峰值的时间、变化规律以及阻动效价等都不一致。因此,我们推测鱼类的系统免疫应答和皮肤黏膜免疫应答有可能是相互独立的,或者是不同步的。鱼类的体液免疫应答,特别是黏膜免疫应答对抵御刺激隐核虫的感染起了重要的作用,采用刺激隐核虫虫体疫苗可能成为预防海水鱼类白点病的一种选择。       

两株对虾幼体弧菌病病原的分离和鉴定

从患弧菌病的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼体中分离到两株病原菌zouA和zouB, 常规形态和生理生化试验表明均为弧菌属菌种, 弧菌编码鉴定系统分别鉴定为溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)和副溶血弧菌(V. parahaemolyticus)。副溶血弧菌R72H序列检测结果进一步证实菌株zouB为副溶血弧菌。对菌株zouA的16S rRNA基因序列分析表明该菌株与溶藻弧菌、副溶血弧菌等弧菌的相似性均高于98%, 相互间不能区分; HSP60基因序列分析表明该菌株与溶藻弧菌相似性达98%以上, 而与所有其它弧菌的相似性不到92%。结合表型和分子特征的鉴定结果, 菌株zouA和zouB分别被鉴定为溶藻弧菌和副溶血弧菌。     

溶藻弧菌中类霍乱弧菌毒力岛转座酶基因及侧翼序列分子生物学特征分析

[目的]调查类似霍乱弧菌毒力岛(VPI)转座酶(vpiT)的基因是否在溶藻弧菌中分布,并了解其全序列及侧翼序列的分子生物学特征.[方法]对94株溶藻弧菌是否携带类似VPI的vpiT基因进行PCR检测,对阳性株进行了PCR产物直接测序,根据获得的部分已知序列,设计引物,通过反向PCR扩增出全长类似vpiT的基因valT及部分侧翼片段,对反向PCR产物进行克隆测序,然后对获得的valT及侧翼序列进行生物信息学分析.[结果]发现94株溶藻弧菌中只有从粤东对虾池水分离的2个株E06011、E0612在PCR检测中产生了预期扩增片段.测序表明两者序列(valT-S1)完全一致.根据反向PCR及克隆最终获得的溶藻弧菌E0601全长valT基因及部分侧翼序列valT-S3.对valT-S3生物信息学分析表明:valT是一个高度类似于霍乱弧菌毒力岛vpiT的转座酶基因.[结论]根据上述结果及相关文献,有理由相信valT基因及其侧翼片段是异源获得,霍乱弧菌VPI元件或整体很可能在包括溶藻弧菌在内的弧菌种间转移.     

三种消毒剂对大黄鱼致病性弧菌的体外杀灭作用研究

为了解不同消毒剂对大黄鱼中致病性弧菌的抑菌效果。采用纸片扩散法比较了聚维酮碘(PVP-I)、聚六亚甲基双胍(PHMB)和过氧化氢(H2O2)对溶藻弧菌和副溶血性弧菌的抑菌效果,再以肉汤稀释法测定了三种消毒剂的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)、最低杀菌浓度(MBC)及MBC/MIC比值,在此基础上,获得了抑菌效果相对较优的H2O2、PHMB对溶藻弧菌、副溶血性弧菌及其混菌的杀菌动力学曲线。结果表明,H2O2(3%)对两种弧菌具有最大的抑菌圈直径(19~21mm),PHMB(30mg/mL)次之(约为15mm),PVP-I(10%)的抑菌效果最弱(小于10mm)。3种消毒剂的MIC值由小到大依次为PHMB相似文献   

The serum of rabbitfish (Siganus oramin) has antimicrobial activity to some pathogenic organisms and a novel serum L-amino acid oxidase is isolated

The serum of rabbitfish (Siganus oramin) has been confirmed previously to have killing effect to Cryptocaryon irritans, an important marine ciliate protozoan that causes a disease referred to as "marine white spot disease". Herein, we find the serum of the rabbitfish also shows antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and has killing effect on two other parasites: Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Results of scanning electron microscopy indicated that after treating with rabbitfish serum, the surface of the Staphylococcus aureus was wrinkled and pores were formed on the surface of Escherichia coli. Serum of the rabbitfish possesses a strong killing effect to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in vitro, causing a similar effect as to C. irritans. The serum of rabbitfish also showed strong killing effect to T. b. brucei in vitro, with the minimus trypanocidal titre (MTT) only to be 1.5% in 1 h. Results of laser confocal fluorescence microscopy indicated that rabbitfish serum could also induce cell rupture of T. b. brucei. A novel antimicrobial protein (SR-LAAO) was isolated from the serum of rabbitfish by using ultrafiltration, reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Native-PAGE). Results of gel overlay assay showed that the protein could act alone to inhibit the growth of S. aureus and E. coli. Results of western blot and automated Edman degradation showed that it was the same as the antiparasitic protein (APP) reported before to have killing effect on C. irritans. Full length cDNA sequence of the SR-LAAO was cloned. BLAST research suggested that the cDNA of SR-LAAO has a close similarity with a number of L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) and possesses two conserved motifs that exist in LAAOs. Combined, these results demonstrate that this protein which has antimicrobial activity to some pathogenic organisms was a novel LAAO found in the serum of rabbitfish. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated tissue specific expression and localization of SR-LAAO in the spleen, kidney, gill and blood of the rabbitfish, but was not found in other tissues. These results suggest that this protein may contribute considerably to the host non-specific immune defense mechanism to combat microbes of the rabbitfish and has the potency for using in future drug development.     

Numerical taxonomy of Vibrionaceae isolated from cultured amberjack (Seriola dumerili) and surrounding water

A numerical taxonomic study was performed on 148 isolates of Gram-negative, heterotrophic, facultative anaerobic bacteria isolated from amberjack (Seriola dumerili) and its surrounding culture water. The study included 30 type and reference strains belonging to genera Vibrio, Listonella, and Photobacterium. The strains were characterized by 109 morphological, biochemical, physiological, and nutritional tests. Cluster analysis of similarity matrices obtained with S(SM) and S(J) coefficients was carried out. UPGMA (unweighted pair group mathematical average) analysis defined 11 phena at S(SM) values > or = 86%. Nine phena were identified as Vibrio alginolyticus, V. fischeri, V. harveyi, V. carchariae, V. mediterranei, V. splendidus, V. furnissii, V. parahaemolyticus, and Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae. The two latter comprised strains isolated from diseased fish.     

Kinetics of adhesion of selected fish-pathogenic Vibrio strains of skin mucus of gilt-head sea bream (Sparus aurata L.).

The kinetics of adhesion of Vibrio strains isolated from diseased fish to skin mucus of gilt-head sea bream was studied. A modified Langmuir adsorption isotherm was calculated, and the results obtained indicate that the strains tested (Vibrio alginolyticus DP1HE4 and Vibrio anguillarum-like DC12R8 and DC12R9) showed a saturation kinetics except for V. alginolyticus (CAN), which showed a proportional adsorption kinetics. The adhesive capability for skin mucus does not seem to be an essential virulence factor of pathogenic strains of Vibrio, since this specific interaction depended on several environmental factors, temperature and salinity being the most important. However, the absence of an inhibitory effect of mucus on the pathogenic microorganisms, and the capability of the Vibrio strains to utilize mucus as a carbon source, could favor their settlement on the skin with a potential for infection of cultured, stressed fish.     

Evidence that water transmits the disease caused by the fish pathogen Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae

The transmission through water of the disease caused by the fish pathogen, Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, as well as the role of the skin mucus in the initial steps of the infection, have been studied. All tested strains resisted the bactericidal activity of the mucus and showed an ability to adhere to it, but only those virulent by the intraperitoneal route were infective through water. Moribund fishes showed the typical signs of the disease: haemorrhaged areas on the body surface and ulcerative lesions with mucus degradation. These results suggest that the pathogen can be transmitted to fish through water and use the skin as a portal of entry.     

Misidentification of Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria as Vibrio alginolyticus by the Vitek system

AIMS: To find the cause of misidentification of aeromonads when using the Vitek system. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria isolates were misidentified as Vibrio alginolyticus by the Vitek system. Both strains' identification was confirmed by biochemical testing, API 20E/20NE kits and/or 16S RFLP analysis. Thirty-one known Aeromonas species were tested by the Vitek system using 0.45 and 0.85% saline in the suspension medium. It was not clear whether low salinity causes misidentification of Aeromonas species more frequently. CONCLUSIONS: The specified reaction time may be inappropriately short for some critical biochemical tests of some strains. An ingenious reading strategy regarding incubation time is necessary to improve identification of Aeromonas species by the Vitek system. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: To our knowledge, this is the first report of misidentification of A. veronii biovar sobria as V. alginolyticus in the Vitek system.     

Incidence of toxigenic vibrios in foods available in Taiwan

A total of 1088 vibrios and related species were isolated from seafood and aquacultured foods available in Taiwan. They were identified as Vibrio alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. fluvialis I, V. fluvialis II, V. parahaemolyticus, V. mimicus, Aeromonas caviae, A. hydrophila, A. sobria and other species. Incidence of these Vibrio and Aeromonas species in these foods was high. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was frequently found in seawater and in foods of freshwater origin. The Vibrio isolates were examined for enzymatic and toxigenic activities. Most of them showed strong lipase or protease activities. Haemolytic activities of V. cholerae, V. fluvialis I and V. fluvialis II isolates were mostly strong. About 49% showed cytotoxic activity and 5% cytotonic activity in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture assay. Nevertheless, only three non-1 V. cholerae (2.07%) and two V. parahaemolyticus isolates (1.65%) produced cholera toxin and thermostable direct haemolysin activity, respectively. Various toxigenic vibrios may be important food-borne pathogens in this region because of their high incidence in foods.     

Incidence of toxigenic vibrios in foods available in Taiwan.

A total of 1088 vibrios and related species were isolated from seafood and aquacultured foods available in Taiwan. They were identified as Vibrio alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. fluvialis I, V. fluvialis II, V. parahaemolyticus, V. mimicus, Aeromonas caviae, A. hydrophila, A. sobria and other species. Incidence of these Vibrio and Aeromonas species in these foods was high. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was frequently found in seawater and in foods of freshwater origin. The Vibrio isolates were examined for enzymatic and toxigenic activities. Most of them showed strong lipase or protease activities. Haemolytic activities of V. cholerae, V. fluvialis I and V. fluvialis II isolates were mostly strong. About 49% showed cytotoxic activity and 5% cytotonic activity in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture assay. Nevertheless, only three non-O1 V. cholerae (2.07%) and two V. parahaemolyticus isolates (1.65%) produced cholera toxin and thermostable direct haemolysin activity, respectively. Various toxigenic vibrios may be important food-borne pathogens in this region because of their high incidence in foods.     

Antibacterial action of L-amino acid oxidase from the skin mucus of rockfish Sebastes schlegelii

L-amino acid oxidase (LAO) shows broadly antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by H(2)O(2) generated in the oxidative process of L-amino acids. However, LAO (termed SSAP) isolated from the rockfish Sebastes schlegelii skin mucus acted selectively on Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, this study was undertaken to clarify the antibacterial action of SSAP as compared with H(2)O(2). SSAP inhibited potently the growth of Aeromonas salmonicida, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida and Vibrio parahaemolyticus with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.078, 0.16 and 0.63 microg/mL, respectively. H(2)O(2) inhibited the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with an MIC ranging from 0.31 to 2.5 mM. When SSAP was incubated with P. damselae subsp. piscicida and Escherichia coli, SSAP was demonstrated to bind to P. damselae subsp. piscicida but not to E. coli by Western blotting and LAO activity measurement. These results show that the bacteria binding activity may be involved in the bacterial cell selectivity of SSAP. Electron microscopic observation of A. salmonicida, P. damselae subsp. piscicida and V. parahaemolyticus revealed that the treatments with SSAP and H(2)O(2) induced cell surface damage to A. salmonicida, remarkable elongation of P. damselae subsp. piscicida bodies and pores into V. parahaemolyticus cells.