东北东部森林生态系统土壤呼吸组分的分离量化

对森林生态系统的土壤呼吸组分进行分离和量化,确定不同组分CO2释放速率的控制因子,是估测局域和区域森林生态系统碳平衡研究中必不可少的内容。采用挖壕法和红外气体分析法测定无根和有根样地的土壤表面CO2通量(RS),确定东北东部6种典型森林生态系统RS中异养呼吸(RH)和根系自养呼吸(RA)的贡献量及其影响因子。具体研究目标包括:(1)量化各种生态系统的RH及其与主要环境影响因子的关系;(2)量化各种生态系统RS中根系呼吸贡献率(RC)的季节动态;(3)比较6种森林生态系统RH和RA的年通量。土壤温度、土壤含水量及其交互作用显著地影响森林生态系统的RH(R2=0.465~0.788),但其影响程度因森林生态系统类型而异。硬阔叶林和落叶松人工林的RH主要受土壤温度控制,其他生态系统RH受土壤温度和含水量的联合影响。各个森林生态系统类型的RC变化范围依次为:硬阔叶林32.40%~51.44%;杨桦林39.72%~46.65%;杂木林17.94%~47.74%;蒙古栎林34.31%~37.36%;红松人工林33.78%~37.02%;落叶松人工林14.39%~35.75%。每个生态系统类型RH年通量都显著高于RA年通量,其变化范围分别为337~540 gC.m-2.a-1和88~331 gC.m-2.a-1。不同生态系统间的RH和RA也存在着显著性差异。     

移栽自不同纬度的落叶松（Larix gmelinii Rupr.）林的春季土壤呼吸

以往的土壤呼吸(RS)研究大多集中于生长季,而对非生长季RS的认知甚少.常见于中高纬度地区的春季土壤冻融交替是影响陆地生态系统碳循环的关键事件,是RS年内变化格局的转折期.但是春季冻融交替期间RS的动态规律及其机理过程尚缺乏了解.研究以我国北方森林的优势类型--兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii Rupr.)林为对象,在其自然分布区内,将地处4个纬度(处理)的8年生兴安落叶松林生态系统整体移至其分布区的南缘,以模拟气候暖化对RS及其组分的影响.在春季土壤冻融交替时期,采用红外气体分析法和根系排除法测定了移栽自不同纬度的落叶松林的RS和异养呼吸(RH)及其相关的环境因子.研究结果表明:RS与温度的耦联关系随土壤解冻进程而变化.在解冻初期和中期,RS的日进程与温度解耦联,但在土壤完全解冻后却强烈地依赖于土壤温度.从整个土壤解冻过程看,4个处理的RS和RH与土壤温度和含水量相关极显著(R2 = 0.569～0.743,P < 0.001).解冻的初期和中期的RS基本上来自RH组分,土壤根际呼吸(RR)到4月底才出现.RS和RH均受到实验处理、解冻时期及其交互作用的显著影响.RS和RH的平均值随着解冻的进程而增大,而且RS与RH之间的差异也随之增大.RS波动在0.50～3.30 μmolCO2 m-2s-1之间;而RH则波动在0.52～3.04 μmolCO2 m-2s-1之间.在相同气候条件下,4个处理RS有随着纬度的增加而增加的趋势,而且RS对土壤温度的响应程度也随纬度增加而增加.研究结果意味着土壤解冻期间来自纬度较高的兴安落叶松林的RS对气候变暖方案的响应可能更为强烈.     

武夷山不同林龄甜槠林土壤呼吸特征及影响因素

为揭示中亚热带常绿阔叶林群落优势种一甜槠天然林不同林龄林下土壤呼吸(Soil respiration,RS)差异及影响因素,采用LI-8100开路式土壤碳通量系统对武夷山自然保护区不同林龄(18、36、54、72 a)天然甜槠林进行了1年的野外原位测定。结果表明:(1)不同林龄甜槠林RS季节动态呈现明显的单峰趋势,林龄对冬季RS影响并不显著(P>0.05),秋季18 a甜槠林RS与其他3种林龄差异显著(P<0.05),林龄对土壤含水率的季节变化没有显著影响(P>0.05);(2)不同林龄甜槠林5 cm深土壤温度与RS拟合R2明显高于土壤含水率与RS拟合R2,随着林龄增大,RS温度敏感性指数Q10值呈上升趋势,依次为1.551、1.589、1.640、1.664,且54、72 a甜槠林RS温度敏感性指数Q10值显著高于18、36 a(P<0.05);(3)土壤含水率与5 cm深土壤温度共同解释了RS变异的86%—90.3%;0—60 cm土层根系生物量与5 cm深土壤温度共同解释了RS变异的88.3%—91.8%,由此可见,生物因子与非生物因子双因素拟合可以更好地解释不同林龄RS差异。在对未来森林植被土壤呼吸及碳汇功能进行研究时,应在考虑林龄及季节差异的基础上,加强对生物因子的测定。     

东北东部森林生态系统土壤碳贮量和碳通量

土壤碳是高纬度地区森林生态系统最大的碳库,是森林生态系统碳循环的极其重要组分。研究了东北东部典型的6种次生林生态系统(天然蒙古栎林、杨桦林、杂木林、硬阔叶林、红松人工林和落叶松人工林)的土壤碳动态,包括(1)量化土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、碳密度及周转时间,(2)比较不同森林生态系统的土壤表面CO2通量(RS)年通量差异,(3)建立RS年通量及其分量与SOC的量化关系。研究结果表明:阔叶天然次生林和针叶人工林的SOC含量变化范围分别为52.63~66.29 g.kg-1和42.15~49.15 g.kg-1;平均SOC密度分别为15.57和17.16 kg.m-2;平均SOC周转时间分别为32a和48a。各个生态系统的RS依次为杂木林951 gC.m-2.a-1、硬阔叶林892 gC.m-2.-a 1、杨桦林812 gC.m-2.-a 1、蒙古栎林678gC.m-2.-a 1、红松林596 gC.m-2.-a 1和落叶松林451 gC.m-2.a-1。RS年通量及其分量(土壤异养呼吸和自养呼吸)与SOC含量呈显著的正相关,但其相关程度因土层不同而异(R2=0.747~0.933)。同一生态系统中,SOC含量随土深增加而降低,而SOC密度和SOC周转时间随深度增加而增大。采用统一规范的研究方法,获取大量有代表性的森林生态系统土壤碳贮量和RS的实测数据,是减少区域尺度碳平衡研究中不确定性的不可缺少的研究内容。     

干扰强度对亚热带米槠人促更新林土壤呼吸及其组分的影响

研究轻度干扰和重度干扰对亚热带米槠人促更新林土壤总呼吸、异养呼吸的影响.结果表明:与轻度干扰米槠林相比,重度干扰林的土壤呼吸及其各组分均下降,其中,自养呼吸(R_A,1.75 t C·hm^-2·a^-1)下降了40%.与轻度干扰林相比,重度干扰林土壤有机碳储量、细根生物量和凋落物量均显著降低.土壤温度可以分别解释轻度干扰林土壤呼吸(R_S)、异养呼吸(R_H)、自养呼吸(R_A)的84.7%、68.3%、5.1%,可以解释重度干扰林的84.4%、54.6%、21.7%.轻度干扰林和重度干扰林R_S、R_H、R_A的Q₁₀值分别为1.75、1.93、1.27和2.46、2.34、1.65.随着干扰强度的增加,森林生态系统碳储量降低,土壤呼吸下降,且土壤呼吸及其各组分对外界环境变化的响应更明显,生态系统表现出脆弱性,重度干扰下森林生态系统在短时间内难以恢复.     

6 种温带森林碳密度与碳分配

量化森林碳储量及其分配格局是森林碳循环和陆地生态系统模型的重要研究内容. 采用样地清查和异速生长方程法测定了相同气候条件下林龄相近(42~59 年生)的6 种典型温带森林类型 (杨桦林、硬阔叶林、红松林、兴安落叶松林、杂木林和蒙古栎林)的碳密度和碳分配格局. 结果表明, 所处的立地条件和植被组成不同的6 种温带森林, 其生态系统组分碳密度(除碎屑碳库外)差异不显著, 但用林分胸高断面积标准化之后则存在显著差异. 6 种温带森林的总碳密度在 186.9~349.2 tC/hm² 之间波动; 其中, 植被碳密度、碎屑碳密度和土壤碳密度分别在86.3~122.7, 6.5~10.5 和93.7~220.1 tC/hm² 之间波动, 占总碳密度的(39.7±7.1)%(均值±标准差), (3.3±1.1)%和 (57.0±7.9)%. 在植被碳库中, 乔木层占99%以上. 叶生物量、中细根(直径<5 mm)生物量、根冠比、中细根生物量与叶生物量之比分别在2.08~4.72 tC/hm², 0.95~3.24 tC/hm², 22.0%~28.3%, 34.5%~122.2%之间波动. 6 种森林中, 红松林的叶生产效率(总生物量与叶生物量之比)最低(22.6 g/g), 兴安落叶松林的中细根生产效率(总生物量与中细根生物量之比)最高(124.7 g/g). 除蒙古栎林外, 其他5 种森林的中细根碳密度(包括死活中细根量)均随土壤层次加深而下降; 而蒙古栎林的中细根碳密度的垂直分布却有下移趋势. 两种人工林(红松林和兴安落叶松林)的粗木质残体碳密度显著低于4 种天然林. 本研究指出, 特定森林碳分配格局的分异主要受植被类型、经营历史、局域土壤的水分和养分有效性等因素的共同作用, 同时也为温带森林碳循环模型提供了重要的构建和校验参数.     

锐齿栎林年龄序列土壤呼吸组分特征研究

林龄作为影响土壤呼吸的因素已是碳循环关注的热点问题之一,且林龄在模拟演替及长期碳动态的监测过程中发挥重要作用。该研究采用Li-Co-r8100土壤呼吸仪,研究林龄对土壤呼吸通量及其组分的影响。结果表明：锐齿栎林年龄序列(40 a,80 a,>160 a)及不同组分的土壤呼吸速率都表现出明显的单峰型季节动态,且与5 cm土壤温度呈显著指数相关。这可能是由于温度变化影响土壤生物活性引起的,土壤温度与土壤呼吸关系的指数方程可以解释80％以上的土壤呼吸变化。土壤呼吸及其不同组分在林龄间均无明显差异,土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性在锐齿栎林年龄序列及各组分间也无显著差异,这可能与林龄间土壤特性、森林生产力、微环境条件等相差不大有关。加倍凋落物的累计土壤呼吸通量显著( P<0.05)高于对照、断根和去除凋落物处理的累积呼吸量,说明增加凋落物输入为土壤提供了更丰富的养分,改善了样地微环境,有利于激发土壤微生物活性。锐齿栎林累计土壤呼吸通量与土壤有机碳( SOC)、细根生物量( FR)和微生物呼吸( MR)也显著相关,表明该地区土壤特性以及地下新陈代谢能很好地解释锐齿栎林土壤呼吸格局。     

贵州月亮山不同演替阶段亮叶水青冈林碳储量及其分配格局

林龄对森林生态系统碳储量及其在不同碳组分(植被、木质残体、凋落物和土壤)中的分配有着重要影响。亚热带森林在陆地生态系统碳循环中起着重要作用, 水青冈属(Fagus)植物是我国亚热带广泛分布的重要树种, 而有关水青冈林碳储量随林龄变化的研究在我国鲜有报道。该研究选取贵州月亮山3个演替阶段(林龄分别为33年、82年和208年)的亮叶水青冈(Fagus lucida)林为研究对象, 对其生态系统全组分的碳储量及其分配格局进行了调查与估算。研究发现, 随林龄增加, 亮叶水青冈林生态系统碳储量显著增加, 33年、82年和208年林分别为(186.9 ± 46.0)、(265.8 ± 82.3)和(515.1 ± 176.4) Mg·hm ^-2, 且生态系统碳储量的增加主要由植被碳储量(占比由32%增长至79%)贡献。凋落物与木质残体碳储量随林龄增加亦呈增加趋势, 但二者占生态系统碳储量的比例很小(<1%)。而不同林龄土壤碳储量无显著差异, 其占比由33年林的67%降至208年林的20%。这些结果验证了林龄对森林生态系统各组分碳储量及其分配的重要影响, 同时指出干扰和土地利用历史等对森林植物残体和土壤碳积累的重要作用。     

三峡库区不同林龄人工橘林土壤异养呼吸及其温度敏感性

土壤异养呼吸是土壤碳库净输出的主要途径, 其对气候变暖的响应已引起国内外学者的广泛关注。对森林生态系统来说, 林龄是影响生态系统碳平衡的一个重要因素。柑橘作为三峡库区第一大支柱产业, 种植面积极广, 对维持该区域的生态平衡起着巨大的调节作用。该文以三峡库区宜昌市郊区种植年限不同的3个橘林土壤为研究对象, 采用室内培养法, 研究在不同温度条件下, 不同林龄土壤的异养呼吸及其温度敏感系数的差异, 探讨该区域生态系统对未来气候变化的潜在响应。结果显示, 随着种植年限的增加, 橘林土壤pH值减小, 有机质和全氮含量显著增加, 土壤微生物生物量碳呈下降趋势。无论在低温、常温还是高温条件下, 林龄较小的橘树土壤异养呼吸及其累积释放量较低。与其他研究相比, 该区域人工橘林土壤异养呼吸的温度敏感系数Q₁₀值相对较低(1.45-1.69), 且随着培养时间的变化而变化。随着种植年限的增加, 人工橘林土壤异养呼吸的温度敏感性逐渐降低, 表明在未来全球气候变暖条件下, 幼龄人工橘林要比成熟林对温度的反应敏感。     

Ecosystem carbon stock and within-system distribution in successional Fagus lucida forests in Mt. Yueliang,Guizhou, China

林龄对森林生态系统碳储量及其在不同碳组分(植被、木质残体、凋落物和土壤)中的分配有着重要影响。亚热带森林在陆地生态系统碳循环中起着重要作用, 水青冈属(Fagus)植物是我国亚热带广泛分布的重要树种, 而有关水青冈林碳储量随林龄变化的研究在我国鲜有报道。该研究选取贵州月亮山3个演替阶段(林龄分别为33年、82年和208年)的亮叶水青冈(Fagus lucida)林为研究对象, 对其生态系统全组分的碳储量及其分配格局进行了调查与估算。研究发现, 随林龄增加, 亮叶水青冈林生态系统碳储量显著增加, 33年、82年和208年林分别为(186.9 ± 46.0)、(265.8 ± 82.3)和(515.1 ± 176.4) Mg·hm ^-2, 且生态系统碳储量的增加主要由植被碳储量(占比由32%增长至79%)贡献。凋落物与木质残体碳储量随林龄增加亦呈增加趋势, 但二者占生态系统碳储量的比例很小(<1%)。而不同林龄土壤碳储量无显著差异, 其占比由33年林的67%降至208年林的20%。这些结果验证了林龄对森林生态系统各组分碳储量及其分配的重要影响, 同时指出干扰和土地利用历史等对森林植物残体和土壤碳积累的重要作用。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.