基因型与生态环境对小麦籽粒品质与蛋白质组分的影响

通过2年3点试验,研究了40个小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种(品系)籽粒品质性状和蛋白质组分含量的变异。结果表明,籽粒品质和蛋白质组分在基因型间存在较大的差异;根据小麦籽粒品质的综合性状,可将40个小麦品种(品系)分为6组不同的品质类型,在本试验点的生态环境条件下。基本以中筋及弱筋小麦为主;生态环境对小麦籽粒的容重、沉降值、湿面筋含量、蛋白质含量、赖氨酸含量与蛋白质组分含量均有极显著的影响,而面筋指数、淀粉含量和直链淀粉含量对环境反应不敏感,适宜的生态环境条件有利于形成合理的谷蛋白／醇溶蛋白比。面粉面筋质量好,基因型与生态环境的互作对小麦籽粒品质。谷蛋白与醇溶蛋白及两者的比值有显著影响,对球蛋白影响不大,而面粉蛋白质含量、面筋含量、沉降值及千粒重主要受基因的表达和环境的独立影响,蛋白质组分含量在基因型间和环境间的变化与小麦籽粒烘烤品质密切相关。     

Gliadins polymerized with cysteine: effects on the physical and water barrier properties of derived films

To study the effects of disulfide bonds on certain functional properties of films made from the wheat gluten proteins gliadin and glutenin, cysteine was used to promote the formation of interchain disulfide bridges between gliadins in 70% ethanolic solution. Disulfide-mediated polymerization of gliadins was confirmed by means of SDS-PAGE analysis. After chemical treatment of gliadins, films were solution cast and the effects of both glycerol (used as a plasticizer) and relative humidity were studied on water vapor permeability, moisture sorption isotherms at 23 degrees C, and the optical properties of the films. The results were compared with those obtained from analogous films made from untreated glutenin macromolecules. Cysteine-mediated polymerization of gliadins improved the water vapor resistance of films achieving values close to those obtained for glutenin films. Development of intra- and interchain disulfide bonds did not change the moisture sorption capacity of the films but transparency was slightly diminished.     

播期和种植密度对强、中筋冬小麦蛋白质组分及品质性状的影响

采取裂裂区试验设计,研究了播期和种植密度对强筋小麦临优145和中筋小麦临优2018蛋白质组分和品质性状的影响.结果表明：适期播种的小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量均最高;推迟播期,强筋品种的醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量明显增加,而中筋品种变化不明显;强筋品种的品质性状受播期影响程度高于中筋品种.适期播种,小麦籽粒蛋白质、麦谷蛋白与湿面筋、沉降值、稳定时间、软化度和评价值呈显著或极显著正相关;推迟播期,醇溶蛋白与湿面筋含量呈显著正相关.播期变化引起的蛋白质各组分所占比例的改变是改善小麦品质性状的重要原因.在试验种植密度范围内（225万株·hm-2、300万株·hm^-2和375万株·hm^-2）,小麦籽粒蛋白质含量变化不明显,密度对强筋品种的品质性状有一定调节作用;在低密度条件下（225万株·hm^-2）中筋品种的品质性状最佳.     

Rheological behaviour and physical properties of controlled-release gluten-based bioplastics

Bioplastics based on glycerol, water and wheat gluten have been manufactured in order to determine the effect that mechanical processing and further thermal treatments exert on different thermo-mechanical properties of the biomaterials obtained. An “active agent”, KCl was incorporated in these matrices to develop controlled-release formulations. Oscillatory shear, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), diffusion and water absorption tests were carried out in order to study the influence of the above-mentioned treatments on the physico–chemical characteristics and rheological behaviour of these bioplastic samples. Wheat gluten protein-based bioplastics studied in this work present a high ability for thermosetting modification, due to protein denaturation, which may favour the development of a wide variety of biomaterials. Bioplastic hygroscopic properties depend on plasticizer nature and processing procedure, and may be a key factor for industrial applications where water absorption is required. On the other hand, high water absorption and slow KCl release from bioplastic samples (both of them suitable properties in agricultural applications) may be obtained by adding citric acid to a given formulation, at selected processing conditions.     

Extracellular production of lipoxygenase from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anabaena</Emphasis> sp. PCC 7120 in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus subtilis</Emphasis> and its effect on wheat protein

In this study, the lipoxygenase (ana-LOX) gene from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 was successful expressed and secreted in Bacillus subtilis. Under the control of the P43 promoter, with a signal peptide from the B. subtilis 168 nprB gene, and facilitated by the molecular chaperone PrsA, the production of the recombinant ana-LOX (ana-rLOX) reached 76 U/mL (171.9 μg/ml) in the supernatant. The purified ana-rLOX was investigated for its effect on dough protein. Ana-rLOX treatment decreased free sulfhydryl groups, increased glutenin macropolymer content, promoted the formation of covalent bonds between gluten protein, and affected protein crosslinking. The results indicated that large aggregates involving gliadin and glutenin were formed. The glutenin macropolymer played a role in the formation of the dough network structure through the exchange of thiol disulfide bonds and the formation of hydrogen or hydrophobic bonds with other proteins.     

花后干旱或渍水逆境下氮素对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

 池栽试验条件下,设置渍水、干旱和对照3个水分处理,每个水分处理下设置两个施氮水平 ,研究了花后渍水或干旱逆境下氮素营养对两个不同类型小麦（Triticum aestivum） 品种籽粒产量和品质性状的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,花后渍水或干旱处理显著降低了小麦的千粒重、穗粒数和籽粒产量。在适宜水分和干旱条件下,增施氮肥增加了小麦籽粒产量,而在渍水条件下,增施氮肥降低了产量。干旱处理提高了蛋白质含量,干、湿面 筋含量,沉降值和降落值;而渍水处理则降低了小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和干、湿面筋含量。同 一水分处理下,增施氮肥提高了蛋白质含量,谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比,支链淀粉含量和支/直链淀粉比。在小麦籽粒主要品质性状上存在显著的水氮互作效应,且水分、氮肥及水氮互作效 应对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响因品种的不同而异。     

小麦产量和品质对灌浆期不同阶段低光照强度的响应

在田间池栽条件下,分别于小麦(品种:'济南17' 和 '鲁麦21')(Triticum aestivum cv. 'Jinan17' and 'Lumai21') 灌浆的前期(开花后1~10 d), 中期(11~20 d)和后期(21~30 d)进行了遮去50%光合有效辐射的试验,研究了产量和品质的变化及其生理原因。主要结论如下:1)弱光条件下,光合物质生产均受到严重抑制,产量下降,容重降低;植株的氮素积累量减少、向子粒分配的比例低,但子粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量升高,其中,子粒灌浆前期遮光升高的幅度最大。2)遮光后小麦子粒麦谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量均升高,但麦谷蛋白升高的幅度大于醇溶蛋白,使麦谷蛋白与醇溶蛋白的比例升高,麦谷蛋白大聚合体(GMP)含量也升高,粉质仪参数也显著提高;子粒灌浆前期或中期遮光对上述指标的影响则较小,子粒品质的形成与灌浆后期的光照条件关系更为密切。3)灌浆期相对较弱的光照强度对改善品质有利,但以降低产量为代价,两个品种的小麦所表现出的趋势基本一致。     

强筋与弱筋小麦籽粒蛋白质组分与加工品质对灌浆期弱光的响应

选用强筋小麦品种济麦20和弱筋小麦品种山农1391,在大田试验条件下,分别于籽粒灌浆前期(花后6—9 d)、中期(花后16—19 d)和后期(花后26—29 d)对小麦进行弱光照处理,研究了籽粒产量、蛋白质组分及加工品质的变化。灌浆期弱光显著降低小麦籽粒产量,灌浆中期对济麦20和灌浆后期对山农1391的产量降幅最大。弱光处理后,籽粒氮素积累量及氮素收获指数减少。但弱光使籽粒蛋白质含量显著升高,其中灌浆中期弱光升幅最大,原因可能是由于其粒重降低造成的。弱光对可溶性谷蛋白无显著影响,但增加不溶性谷蛋白含量,使谷蛋白聚合指数显著升高,面团形成时间和稳定时间亦升高,籽粒灌浆中、后期弱光对上述指标的影响较前期大。灌浆期短暂的弱光照对改善强筋小麦粉质仪参数有利,但使弱筋小麦变劣;并均伴随籽粒产量的显著降低这一不利影响。     

Targeting of prolamins by RNAi in bread wheat: effectiveness of seven silencing‐fragment combinations for obtaining lines devoid of coeliac disease epitopes from highly immunogenic gliadins

Gluten proteins are responsible for the viscoelastic properties of wheat flour but also for triggering pathologies in susceptible individuals, of which coeliac disease (CD) and noncoeliac gluten sensitivity may affect up to 8% of the population. The only effective treatment for affected persons is a strict gluten‐free diet. Here, we report the effectiveness of seven plasmid combinations, encompassing RNAi fragments from α‐, γ‐, ω‐gliadins, and LMW glutenin subunits, for silencing the expression of different prolamin fractions. Silencing patterns of transgenic lines were analysed by gel electrophoresis, RP‐HPLC and mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS), whereas gluten immunogenicity was assayed by an anti‐gliadin 33‐mer monoclonal antibody (moAb). Plasmid combinations 1 and 2 downregulated only γ‐ and α‐gliadins, respectively. Four plasmid combinations were highly effective in the silencing of ω‐gliadins and γ‐gliadins, and three of these also silenced α‐gliadins. HMW glutenins were upregulated in all but one plasmid combination, while LMW glutenins were downregulated in three plasmid combinations. Total protein and starch contents were unaffected regardless of the plasmid combination used. Six plasmid combinations provided strong reduction in the gluten content as measured by moAb and for two combinations, this reduction was higher than 90% in comparison with the wild type. CD epitope analysis in peptides identified in LC‐MS/MS showed that lines from three plasmid combinations were totally devoid of CD epitopes from the highly immunogenic α‐ and ω‐gliadins. Our findings raise the prospect of breeding wheat species with low levels of harmful gluten, and of achieving the important goal of developing nontoxic wheat cultivars.     

土壤肥力对小麦籽粒蛋白质组分含量及加工品质的影响

研究了基础土壤肥力对小麦籽粒蛋白质组分含量变化及加工品质的影响。结果表明,高肥力土壤栽培的小麦比低肥力土壤栽培的小麦,其籽粒蛋白质及各组分含量都显著提高,但清蛋白和球蛋白占总蛋白含量的比例为低肥力土壤高于高肥力土壤,而醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白为高肥力土壤高低肥力土壤;低肥力土壤栽培的小麦籽粒醇溶蛋白开始形成的时间比高肥力的早,高肥力土壤栽培小麦的籽粒醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量的提高主要源于灌浆后期合成的快,高肥力土壤垢小麦湿面筋含量,沉降值,吸水率,面团形成时间,稳定时间,断裂时间和评价值均显著或极显著高于或长于低肥力的。     

Effects of Gamma Irradiation on Wheat Gluten

The effects of γ-irradiation on wheat gluten were studied by means of gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, starch gel electrophoresis and analysis of amino acid composition. Analyses of gluten at a moisture content of 2% revealed no significant change in amino acid composition except for cystine which was decreased by about 8% with irradiation at 10 Mrad. Changes in the chromatogram from gel filtration were interpreted in terms of random depolymerization resulting from irradiation. The results of starch gel electrophoresis suggested that irradiation levels greater than 3 Mrad resulted in characteristic changes in the molecular configuration of gliadin components.     

土壤紧实度变化对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

以济南17(强筋品种)、烟农15(中筋品种)、鲁麦22(弱筋品种)为供试品种,设置人为碾压和不碾压2种处理,研究了土壤紧实度(以土壤容重表示)变化对不同类型小麦品种的籽粒产量和加工品质的影响。结果表明,随着土壤紧实度提高,3个品种的分蘖成穗率均显著降低,从而导致单位面积穗数和籽粒产量降低。3个品种相比较分蘖成穗率低的鲁麦22籽粒产量降幅最大。相关品质指标测定结果显示,提高土壤紧实度,对3个品种的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值和吸水率均无显著影响,但济南17的面筋指数明显降低,面团断裂时间和面团稳定时间显著缩短,单位重量面粉烘焙所得的面包体积变小,而烟农15和鲁麦22受影响较小。其原因可能与土壤紧实度提高条件下济南17籽粒中谷蛋白／醇溶蛋白比例和谷蛋白大聚体含量降低有关。将济南17面团流变学特性年际间变化幅度与紧实度变化的处理效应相比较发现,土壤紧实度是影响强筋小麦品种品质性状稳定性的重要因素之一。     

谷氨酰胺供应水平对离体培养小麦穗籽粒淀粉和蛋白质及其组分含量的影响

选用籽粒蛋白质含量不同的小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种,运用离体穗培养技术,研究了谷氨酰胺供应水平对小麦穗籽粒重、淀粉和蛋白质及其组分积累的影响.实验结果表明,随着培养基中谷氨酰胺供应水平的提高,粒重、籽粒淀粉和蛋白质积累量均呈单峰曲线,在6 g·L-1谷氨酰胺水平时达到最大值;籽粒氨基酸和蛋白质含量随谷氨酰胺浓度的提高呈上升趋势,而淀粉含量呈下降趋势.籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白含量的变化与总蛋白质含量变化趋势一致,而醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量在2～6 g·L-1谷氨酰胺浓度范围内呈上升趋势,此后则无明显变化.     

谷氨酰胺供应水平对离体培养小麦穗籽粒淀粉和蛋白质及其组分含量的影响

选用籽粒蛋白质含量不同的小麦(Triticam aestivum)品种, 运用离体穗培养技术, 研究了谷氨酰胺供应水平对小麦穗籽粒重、淀粉和蛋白质及其组分积累的影响。实验结果表明, 随着培养基中谷氨酰胺供应水平的提高, 粒重、籽粒淀粉和蛋白质积累量均呈单峰曲线, 在6 g.L-1谷氨酰胺水平时达到最大值; 籽粒氨基酸和蛋白质含量随谷氨酰胺浓度的提高呈上升趋势, 而淀粉含量呈下降趋势。籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白含量的变化与总蛋白质含量变化趋势一致, 而醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量在2~6 g.L-1谷氨酰胺浓度范围内呈上升趋势, 此后则无明显变化。     

Physicochemical properties of proteins from wheat grown under high-contrast climatic conditions

Studies using electrophoresis, gel chromatography, viscometry, and calorimetry revealed an interrelation of several physicochemical properties of proteins of soft wheat grown under conditions of cool and wet weather with rheological characteristics of gluten and dough and bread quality. The ratio of gliadin and albumin-globulin polypeptides in flour with short-tearing gluten was much lower compared to that in flour with normal gluten. Proteins from flour with short-tearing gluten, including the water-soluble and salt-soluble fraction, had a loose spatial structure. Gluten fractions of this gluten (gliadin and glutenin) were characterized by a more compact and elongated structure compared to normal gluten. As distinct from normal gluten, the conformation of protein particles in short-tearing gluten depended little on hydrophobic interactions. The results suggest that the main components of grain determine the rheological properties of short-tearing gluten.     

Physicochemical properties of proteins from wheat grown under high-contrast climatic conditions

Studies using electrophoresis, gel chromatography, viscometry, and calorimetry revealed an interrelation of several physicochemical properties of proteins of soft wheat grown under conditions of cool and wet weather with rheological characteristics of gluten and dough and bread quality. The ratio of gliadin and albumin-globulin polypeptides in flour with short-tearing gluten was much lower compared to that in flour with normal gluten. Proteins from flour with short-tearing gluten, including the water-soluble and salt-soluble fraction, had a loose spatial structure. Gluten fractions of this gluten (gliadin and glutenin) were characterized by a more compact and elongated structure compared to normal gluten. As distinct from normal gluten, the conformation of protein particles in short-tearing gluten depended little on hydrophobic interactions. The results suggest that the main components of grain determine the rheological properties of short-tearing gluten.     

纬度变化对不同冬小麦品种蛋白质组分的影响

选用6个有代表性的冬小麦品种在河南省5个不同纬度试验点（32°—36°N）进行种植,研究纬度变化对冬小麦蛋白质组分含量的影响.结果表明：纬度变化对冬小麦清蛋白、麦谷蛋白含量和谷/醇比值有显著影响,而基因型差异对蛋白质组分的影响不显著.随着纬度的升高,清蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量呈降低趋势,而麦谷蛋白含量、谷/醇比值、蛋白质组分之和及小麦产量呈递增趋势.与其他试验点相比,信阳种植的6个小麦品种的清蛋白含量相对较高,驻马店和许昌的醇溶蛋白含量较高,而武陟和汤阴的麦谷蛋白含量较高.5月份平均气温、总日照时数和降雨量与小麦蛋白质组分地点间变化关系密切.因此,生产上选择适宜的小麦种植区,同时可在5月份采取改善光合作用、延长灌浆时间等栽培措施,以提高小麦籽粒品质.     

Quantitative proteome analysis of wheat gluten as influenced by N and S nutrition

To increase grain quality, optimal nutrient management is desirable. Recently, atmospheric S emissions from industry have decreased leading to reduced grain quality. Fertilization of N primarily affects protein concentration and biomass production while S fertilization affects the fine tuning of storage protein composition. Additionally, high N supply increases the N/S ratio to the extent that the grains could be classified as S-deficient. Although total protein amounts were not changed by the fertilizer treatments, the amounts of individual gluten proteins were altered. High resolution proteomic analysis of S-containing gluten protein fractions demonstrates that under high N supply, low or high S fertilization significantly changed 41 and 66 of the gliadin and the glutenin proteins. In particular, this change may lead to different dough and baking quality. In conclusion, a high N fertilization induces S deficiency together with a change in gluten proteins and a loss of nutritional quality of grains.     

花后盐与渍水逆境对小麦籽粒产量及蛋白质和淀粉积累的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了花后渍水、盐胁迫和盐渍处理对2个小麦品种（扬麦12和淮麦17）籽粒产量及蛋白质和淀粉积累与组分的影响.结果表明：与对照相比,花后渍水、盐胁迫和盐渍处理显著降低了小麦花前贮藏氮素（花前贮藏干物质）转运量和花后同化氮素（花后同化物）输入籽粒量,从而导致小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质和淀粉产量显著降低,其中盐胁迫和盐渍处理表现更为明显.与对照和渍水处理相比,盐胁迫和盐渍处理显著降低了小麦籽粒蛋白质积累量及谷/醇蛋白比,显著提高了蛋白质组分含量;同时降低了小麦籽粒淀粉积累量、淀粉组分含量及直/支链淀粉比;盐胁迫处理对扬麦12的影响较盐渍处理明显,而盐渍处理对淮麦17的影响较盐胁迫处理明显.渍水条件下小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累量均下降,除淮麦17谷蛋白和清蛋白含量有所提高外,淮麦17其他蛋白组分含量和扬麦12各蛋白组分含量均下降.     

Synthesis and characterization of starch based bioplatics using varying plant-based ingredients,plasticizers and natural fillers

With the ever-increasing demand of plastics in the world and their consequent disastrous effects on environment, a suitable environmental-friendly substitute like bioplastics/biodegradable plastics is the need time. This study centers on green-production of a variety of bioplastic samples from (1) banana peel starch (BPP) and (2) a composite of banana peel starch, cornstarch and rice starch (COM) with varying amounts of potato peel powder and wood dust powder as fillers, respectively. Two different plasticizers – Glycerol and Sorbitol – have been utilized separately and in a 1:1 combination. A total of 12 samples of each of two types of bioplastics were made using multiple amounts and combinations of the fillers and plasticizers, to test the differences in the physical and chemical characteristics (moisture content, absorption of water, solubility in water, solubility in alcohol, biodegradation in soil, tensile strength, Young’s modulus and FT-IR) of the produced samples due to their different compositions. The differences in the properties of the bioplastic samples produced make them suitable for usage in many different applications. All 24 of the samples produced were synthesized using natural and environmentally safe raw material and showed biodegradation, thus proving to be a good alternative to the conventional plastics.