Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Remodelling Potential of Ethanol Extract Rhodomyrtus Tomentosa in Combination of Asthma and Coal Dust Models

Background:Combination of asthma and coal dust is a chronic and recurring airway disease related to inflammation cell activation. The Rhodomyrtus tomentosa flowering plants native to South Kalimantan exhibit a broad therapeutic potential, like anti-inflammatory and anti-remodelling properties. This study aims to analyze the effect of ethanol extract of R. tomentosa leaves (EERTL) nebulizer on the number of inflammatory cells and histomorphometry of lung tissue in a mice-like model of a combination of asthma and coal dust.Methods:The 24 BALB/c mice were divided into four treatment groups (n= 6 per group), were sensitized with normal saline (K), OVA + coal dust (P1), OVA + coal dust + salbutamol (P2), and OVA + coal dust + EERTL (P3). Eosinophil cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, epithelial thickness, smooth muscle, fibrosis subepithelial bronchioles, and the number of goblet cells as indicators of anti-inflammatory and anti-remodelling airways.Results:The number of eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes cells are given salbutamol or EERTL was significantly lower than the OVA-sensitized and coal dust exposure group only. There are meaningful differences in the average thickness of the epithelium, smooth muscle, and subepithelial fibrosis of bronchiolus. The histopathology picture of goblet cells showed an increase in the number and size (hyperplasia) in OVA-sensitized and coal dust exposure compared to another group.Conclusion:It was concluded that the EERTL nebulizer could reduce inflammatory cells and remodelling process from bronchoalveolar lavage in the mice combination of asthma and coal dust models.Key Words: Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Remodelling, Asthma, Coal Dust, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa     

Phytotoxic effect of bioactive compounds isolated from Myrcia tomentosa (Myrtaceae) leaves

The aim of this study was to assess the phytotoxic potential of leaves of Myrcia tomentosa, as well as to isolate and identify the main bioactive compounds. The results for the coleoptile and phytotoxicity bioassays indicated the ethyl acetate extract for the phytochemistry study, owing to the high activity and the maintenance of the activity at lower concentrations. This extract was chromatographed and subjected to ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR. Two major active compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of leaves of M. tomentosa: avicularin and juglanin. The fractions where these compounds were isolated showed potent inhibition of coleoptile growth. This paper is the first report on the presence of the flavonoids avicularin and juglanin in species of Myrtaceae from Neotropical savanna and provides a basis for future studies on the bioprospecting of M. tomentosa.     

Myricetin from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk fruits attenuates inflammatory responses in histamine-exposed endothelial cells

Histamine plays a key role in inflammatory responses via increasing chemokine and adhesion molecule productions and augmenting vascular permeability in endothelial cells. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa has been found as a rich source of structurally diverse and biologically active metabolites. In this study, the role of phenolic compound from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk fruits in down-regulation of histamine-induced EA.hy926 endothelial cell activation was investigated. Herein, myricetin was successfully isolated from R. tomentosa fruits by HPLC and its characterization was identified by mass spectrometer and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It was revealed that myricetin was effective in suppression of IL-8 and MCP-1 productions and adhesion molecule generation. Moreover, NF-κB activation was inhibited by myricetin via reducing IκB-α phosphorylation and p50/p65 subunit level. Notably, myricetin potentially attenuated vascular permeability of endothelial cells through decrease in eNOS phosphorylation and intracellular calcium elevation. These results indicate that myricetin from R. tomentosa possesses a promissing pharmaceutical property for the amelioration of endothelial inflammatory responses.     

Rhodomyrtosones G and H,minor phloroglucinols from the leaves of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa

Two new phloroglucinols named rhodomyrtosones G (1) and H (2) were isolated from the crude hexane extract of the leaves of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa along with three known compounds, rhodomyrtone (3), tomentosone B (4) and rhodomyrtosone C (5). Structural determination was carried out using conventional 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data and by comparing previously reported literatures as well.     

Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in two-kidney,one-clip Goldblatt hypertensive rats

BackgroudPeperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth has been used widely to treat headache, kidney disease, fever, and hypertension. Previous in vitro studies discovered that the flavonoid-rich extract of this plant has potential hypotensive effects, specifically angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity. However, there is insufficient scientific evidence to validate the result in vivo.PurposeThis study investigated the dose dependencies of the effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanolic extract of this plant on blood pressure and biomarkers associated with the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone systems (RAAS), such as angiotensin II (AII) and the plasma renin concentration (PRC).Study designIn total, 30 two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) hypertensive model rats were divided into five groups (n = 6 each): model group, captopril 25 mg/kg BW group, and three different ethyl acetate groups (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg BW). Another six rats comprised the sham group.MethodsRenal hypertensive rats (RHRs) were generated using stainless steel modification clips. Drugs were administered via oral gavage for 2 consecutive weeks. Blood pressure was measured weekly prior to treatment. Blood samples were collected before treatment and after the last dose to measure AII and PRC. The left kidney was isolated for histopathological examination.ResultsBlood pressure, AII levels, and PRC were elevated after 6 weeks in RHRs. Treatment with captopril and the ethyl acetate fraction of P. pellucida (L.) Kunth decreased blood pressure, AII levels, and PRC. The ethyl acetate fraction at a dose of 50 mg/kg BW had similar ACE-inhibitory effects as captopril. Histopathological examination disclosed coagulative necrosis in clipped kidneys. Impairment was alleviated in a dose-dependent manner by P. pellucida (L.) Kunth, similarly as observed in the captopril group.ConclusionP. pellucida (L.) Kunth targets the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, which might explain its antihypertensive effects.     

不同种源桃金娘表型性状多样性研究

为解析桃金娘表型性状多样性及其种源间关系，该文以20个不同来源的桃金娘为研究对象，在同质园栽培条件下，对其营养器官和花器官表型性状进行观测，采用方差分析、变异分析、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分析和聚类分析等方法，探讨不同种源桃金娘表型性状多样性。结果表明：(1)不同种源桃金娘表型性状存在显著差异(P<0.05),Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均值在1.35以上，表型性状多样性丰富。(2)种源内表型性状变异系数均值在10.81%～63.75%之间，种源间的变异系数均值在13.08%～74.04%之间，种源间变异(23.33%)高于种源内变异(19.79%),营养器官变异(29.52%)高于花器官变异(14.06%)。(3)部分性状存在极显著或显著相关性，株高与分枝数呈极显著负相关，而与叶长、叶宽和叶面积等却呈显著正相关。(4)在欧式距离10处，20个种源桃金娘可分为A、B、C三类，A类包含8个种源，该类种源表现为植株高大、分枝少、叶大和花大等特征；B类包含11个种源，该类种源表现为株高中等、叶较大和花中等等特征；C类仅包含1个种源，表现为植株低矮、分枝多、叶小和...     

Physiological and cellular mechanisms of natural herbicide resource from Aglaia odorata Lour. on bioassay plants

A bioassay-guided fractionation of the allelochemicals of the ethyl acetate fraction extracted from Aglaia odorata led to isolation of a bisamide, odorine. The growth inhibitory effects of odorine and ethyl acetate fraction were studied for comparison on Echinochloa crus-galli. Odorine and ethyl acetate fraction of A. odorata could inhibit the germination and seedling growth of E. crus-galli, with ethyl acetate fraction being more potent. Thus, ethyl acetate fraction was selected for further experiment, E. crus-galli seeds were studied the effects of the ethyl acetate fraction from A. odorata leaves in wettable powder formulation on imbibition and ??-amylase activity. It was found that treated seeds showed lower imbibition and ??-amylase activity. The results of cytogenetic bioassay in Allium cepa roots showed that ethyl acetate fraction inhibited cell mitosis and induced mitotic abnormalities resulting from its action on chromatin organization and mitotic spindle in the exposed roots.     

Tectoridin from Maackia amurensis modulates both estrogen and thyroid receptors

AimThe stem bark of Maackia amurensis has been used as folk medicine for the treatment of cancer, cholecystitis, arthritis, and hyperthyroidism in females. In this study we examined the effects of the ethyl acetate fraction obtained from the 70% ethanol extract of M. amurensis and tectoridin, an active constituent isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction on thyroid and estrogen hormone activity.MethodsThe effect of the ethanolic extract of M. amurensis stem bark on thyroid hormone activity was evaluated using thyroid hormone responsive-luciferase assay. We isolated tectoridin from the ethyl acetate fraction using a recrystallization method. T-screen assays were used to confirm thyroid hormone activity. The estrogenic activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of M. amurensis and tectoridin was evaluated by estrogen responsive-luciferase assay and estrogen receptor alpha regulation as compared to 17β-estradiol.ResultsBoth the ethyl acetate fraction and tectoridin activated thyroid-responsive reporters and increased thyroid hormone-dependent proliferation of rat pituitary GH3 cells, indicating modulation of thyroid hormone receptors. In parallel, the estrogenic activity of the fraction and tectoridin were characterized in a transient transfection system using estrogen-responsive luciferase plasmids in MCF-7 cells. The ethyl acetate fraction and tectoridin activated reporter gene expression and decreased the estrogen receptor protein level.ConclusionsThese data indicate that tectoridin acts as a weak phytoestrogen as well as a thyroid hormone-like agent by activating both estrogen and thyroid hormone receptors.     

Phagodeterrence and insecticidal activity of Hyptis suaveolens (Poit.) against four important lepidopteran pests

This study was carried out to evaluate the antifeedant and larvicidal activities of Hyptis suaveolens Poit. (Lamiaceae) leaves crude extracts and their fractions against four lepidopteran pests namely Helicoverpa armigera (Hbn.), Spodoptera litura (Fab.), Earias vittella (Fab.) and Leucinodes orbonalis (G.). Hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts were tested by leaf disc and fruit disc no-choice methods at 1% and 1,000?ppm concentrations for crude and fractions, respectively. Ethyl acetate extract of H. suaveolens exhibited the maximum antifeedant and insecticidal activity at 1% concentration against all the tested insects. It was subjected to fractionation using silica column chromatography with different combinations of hexane and ethyl acetate used as mobile phase. Among the 15 fractions obtained, fraction 2 showed the maximum antifeedant and insecticidal activity against all tested insects at 1000?ppm concentration. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of fraction 2 showed the presence of terpenoids and alkaloids. H. suaveolens could be considered as a safe and eco-friendly insecticide for lepidopteron pest management.     

Antioxidant,inhibition of α-glucosidase and suppression of nitric oxide production in LPS-induced murine macrophages by different fractions of Actinidia arguta stem

In traditional systems of medicine, fruits, leaves, and stems of Actinidia arguta (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. have been used to treat various inflammatory diseases. The present study determined the proximate composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic potential of A. arguta stem. Phenolic composition of hot water extract and its sub-fractions was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu’s reagent method. In vitro antioxidant activities of the samples were evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. Anti-inflammatory activity of different fractions was investigated through the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (1 μg/ml) stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, inhibition of α-glucosidase activity of hot water extract was determined using p-nitrophenyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (pNPG) as a substrate. Ethyl acetate (557.23 mg GAE/g) fraction contains higher level of total phenolic content. The antioxidant activity evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging assay showed a strong activity for ethyl acetate (IC₅₀ of 14.28 μg/ml) and n-butanol fractions (IC₅₀ of 48.27 μg/ml). Further, ethyl acetate fraction effectively inhibited NO production in RAW 264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) than other fractions (nitrite level to 32.14 μM at 200 μg/ml). In addition, hot water extract of A. arguta stem exhibited appreciable inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase enzyme with IC₅₀ of 1.71 mg/ml. The obtained results have important consequence of using A. arguta stem toward the development of effective anti-inflammatory drugs.     

Anticariogenic and phytochemical evaluation of Eucalyptus globules Labill.

In the present study, in vitro anticariogenic potential of ethyl acetate, hexane and methanol and aqueous extracts of plant leaves of Eucalyptus globules Labill. were evaluated by using four cariogenic bacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans. Agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were used for this purpose. The ethyl acetate extracted fraction of plant leaves showed good inhibitory effects against all selected bacteria. In Eucalyptus globules, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts found highly effective against, Lactobacillus acidophilus with MIC value of 0.031 and 0.062 mg/mL, respectively. Qualitative phytochemical investigation of above extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, steroids, cardiac glycosides and terpenes. Based on the MIC value and bioautography, ethyl acetate of plant leaf was selected for further study. Further investigation on the structure elucidation of the bioactive compound using IR, GC-MS and NMR techniques revealed the presence of alpha-farnesene, a sesquiterpene. Eucalyptus globules plant leaf extracts have great potential as anticariogenic agents that may be useful in the treatment of oral disease.     

In vivo antipyretic,antiemetic, in vitro membrane stabilization,antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities of different extracts from Spilanthes paniculata leaves

Background

The study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity, cytotoxic, and membrane stabilization activities, and in vivo antiemetic and antipyretic potentials of ethanolic extract, n-hexane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions of Spilanthes paniculata leaves for the first time widely used in the traditional treatments in Bangladesh.

Results

In antipyretic activity assay, a significant reduction (P < 0.05) was observed in the temperature in the mice tested. At dose 400 mg/kg-body weight, the n-hexane soluble fraction showed the effect (36.7 ± 0.63°C ) as like as the standard (dose 150 mg/kg-body weight) after 5 h of administration. Extracts showed significant (P < 0.001) potential when tested for the antiemetic activity compared to the standard, metoclopramide. At dose 50 mg/kg-body weight, the standard showed 67.23% inhibition, whereas n-hexane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions showed 37.53% and 24.93% inhibition of emesis respectively at dose 400 mg/kg-body weight. In antimicrobial activity assay, the n-hexane soluble fraction (400 μg/disc) showed salient activity against the tested organisms. It exerts highest activity against Salmonella typhi (16.9 mm zone of inhibition); besides, crude, and ethyl acetate extracts showed resistance to Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis, and Vibrio cholera respectively. All the extracts were tested for lysis of the erythrocytes. At the concentration of 1mg/ml, ethanol extract, and n-hexane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions significantly inhibited hypotonic solution induced lysis of the human red blood cell (HRBC) (27.406 ± 3.57, 46.034 ± 3.251, and 30.72 ± 5.679% respectively); where standard drug acetylsalicylic acid (concentration 0.1 mg/ml) showed 77.276 ± 0.321% inhibition. In case of heat induced HRBC hemolysis, the plant extracts also showed significant activity (34.21 ± 4.72, 21.81 ± 3.08, and 27.62 ± 8.79% inhibition respectively). In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the n-hexane fraction showed potent (LC₅₀ value 48.978 μg/ml) activity, whereas ethyl acetate fraction showed mild (LC₅₀ value 216.77 μg/ml) cytotoxic activity.

Conclusions

Our results showed that the n-hexane extract has better effects than the other in all trials. In the context, it can be said that the leaves of S. paniculata possess remarkable pharmacological effects, and justify its folkloric use as antimicrobial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and antiemetic agent. Therefore, further research may be suggested to find possible mode of action of the plant part.     

The shrub Rhodomyrtus tomentosa acts as a nurse plant for seedlings differing in shade tolerance in degraded land of South China

Questions: What are the nurse effects of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa in degraded land of South China? Are canopy or soil factors responsible for the main nurse effect? Do facilitative effects increase with the shade tolerance of the target species? Location: Degraded shrubland in South China. Methods: Seedlings of three native climax woody species (Schima superba, Michelia macclurei, Castanopsis fissa) that differ in shade tolerance were subjected to four treatments by transplantation: (1) under the canopy of R. tomentosa shrubs; (2) in open interspaces without vegetation cover (control); (3) under the canopy of R. tomentosa from which canopies had been removed; and (4) in open interspaces without vegetation but covered by branches and leaves of R. tomentosa. Results: At low soil nutrient levels, increased canopy shade, soil porosity and soil moisture under the canopy of R. tomentosa increased seedling survival of the climax tree species S. superba, C. fissa and M. macclurei, and shoot height of S. superba. The nurse effect (a form of facilitation) of R. tomentosa depended more on canopy shade than on soil amelioration. The magnitude of facilitation or nurse effect was positively correlated with shade tolerance of the target species. Conclusions: Use of nurse plants in restoration differs from traditional reforestation (clearing and/or burning to reduce interspecific competition between target tree species and non‐target species) because it focuses on positive interactions between nurse plants and target plants that increase establishment of target species and reduce time required for restoration. Because nurse effects of R. tomentosa shrubs tended to be larger on target species with greater shade tolerance, shade‐tolerant plants are suggested as target species to accelerate restoration.     

A potential anti-inflammation activity and depigmentation effect of Lespedeza bicolor extract and its fractions

Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is an acquire hypermelanosis after cutaneous inflammation and injury. The aim of the present study was to investigate a natural ingredient with the anti-inflammatory and depigmentation activities into possible applications of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Methanol extracts of Lespedeza bicolor and its various fractions inhibited LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. In particular, the ethyl acetate fraction was shown to be inhibition of NO production (89%) and down-regulation of iNOS mRNA without causing cytotoxicity. In addition, ethyl acetate fraction significantly attenuated LPS-induced NF-κB activation (P < 0.05), indicating the anti-inflammatory activity due to NF-κB inhibition. Moreover, extracts, mainly ethyl acetate fraction, exhibited not only DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀, 112.45 μg/mL) with 4 times lower activity than ascorbic acid, but also anti-tyrosinase activity (IC₅₀, 1 μg/mL) with a similar activity to arbutin showing a competitive inhibitor. Furthermore, vitexin and haginins A, B and C were identified through LC–MS analysis as potential compounds responsible for these effects. These results suggest that L. bicolor extract have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activities and tyrosinase inhibitory effect and it might be used in the management of postinflammatory pigmentation through inhibition of pathogenic process involved in hyperpigmentation.     

The broad host range of Metharmostis multilineata precludes its use as a biological control agent of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa is an invasive weed in Florida and Hawaii, USA. Host range testing indicates that the stem-mining lepidopteran Metharmostis multilineata, collected from Hong Kong, China aggressively feeds and completes development on R. tomentosa as well as New World species in three other genera. The unsuitability of M. multilineata as a biological control agent and details of the newly described species' biology are addressed.     

Potential Anti-Inflammatory Components of Rhododendron molle G. Don Leaf Extracts in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7

As a traditional Chinese medicine, Rhododendron molle G. Don has a long history of treating rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, RAW 264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were established as cell inflammatory model to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of chloroform extract from R. molle leaves (CERL), ethyl acetate extract from R. molle leaves (EERL) and butanol extract from R. molle leaves (BERL) and analyze the potential anti-inflammatory components of R. molle. Potential anti-inflammatory components analysis of CERL were performed by HPLC and UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Prediction of potential anti-inflammatory components by molecular docking experiments. Compared with negative control group, 25 μg/mL CERL could reduce the release level of NO by 62 %, and the mRNA expression levels of COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α were reduced by 69.74 %, 86.25 %, 77.94 % and 56.80 %, respectively. Western-Blot showed similar results. CERL, EERL and BERL exerted their inhibitory activity in dose-dependent manner. All results showed that the higher the concentration, the better the anti-inflammatory activity. CERL showed the best inhibitory activity, the second was EERL, and then was BERL. 21 terpenoids and 4 flavonoids were identified in CERL by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Molecular docking results showed that triterpenoids in CERL had better interaction with target proteins (TNF-α, IL-1β). It indicated that triterpenoids may be potential anti-inflammatory components of R. molle leaves. This study explored the anti-inflammatory activities of CERL, EERL, BERL, which laid a foundation for further promoting the clinical application of R. molle.     

Non-selective feeding and oviposition behaviour of Cryptocephalus trifasciata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cryptocephalinae) precludes its use as a biological control agent for downy rose myrtle (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa)*

Downy rose myrtle (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa), a southeast Asian native shrub, invades natural areas in Florida and Hawaii, where it forms dense, impenetrable thickets. We tested the host affinity and survivorship of a case-bearing beetle, Cryptocephalus trifasciata on R. tomentosa and related species. C. trifasciata adults and larvae fed, oviposited and/or completed development on all non-target species tested (N?=?11). C. trifasciata has a broad host range and is unsuitable for use as a biological control agent.     

Host range of the defoliator Strepsicrates sp. is too broad for biological control of the invasive weed Rhodomyrtus tomentosa

In its native range the invasive weed, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa is host to a suite of herbivores. One, Strepsicrates sp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), was collected in China in 2014, introduced under quarantine in Florida, USA, and tested against related species to determine its host range and suitability for biological control. In no-choice tests, neonates fed and completed development to the pupal stage on several species of Myrtaceae, including the target weed R. tomentosa, the exotics Melaleuca quinquenervia, and Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and three native species, Eugenia axillaris, Mosiera longipes and Morella cerifera (Myricaceae). Due to the broad host range exhibited in quarantine testing, this species will not be pursued as a biological control agent of R. tomentosa.     

Nephroprotective,cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Euphorbia paralias

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of the ethyl acetate fraction of the aerial parts of E. paralias L. F. Euphorbiaceae on nephroprotective, cytotoxic, and antioxidant.Methodsdifferent spectroscopic and spectrophotometric methods were applied to identify phytoconstituents. The nephroprotective potential of E. paralias ethyl acetate fraction (Ep EtOAc) was evaluated in male rats with thioacetamide-induced kidney injury, as wll as cytotoxic activity was evaluated using a viability assay, and the antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH method. Results: quantitative estimation of total phenolics and flavonoids of E. paralias was performed using unique spectrophotometric methods. The polyphenolic compounds gallic acid (1), ellagic acid (2), kaempferol-3-O-(6″-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) (3), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4) and quercetin-3-O-β-D-arabinoside (5) were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of the aerial parts of E. paralias. The thioacetamide administration resulted in marked nephrotoxicity, but pretreatment with Ep EtOAc significantly attenuated the nephrotoxicity through alteration of kidney biomarkers, thereby improving the redox status of the tissue and restoring serum biochemical parameters nearly to normal levels. This study revealed a significant cytotoxic and strong antioxidant effect. Conclusion: we conclude that the Ep EtOAc may be used in the future as nephroprotective, cytotoxic, and antioxidant agent derived from a natural source.     

Evaluation of anti-nociceptive,anti-inflammatory and antipyretic potential of Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) Robinson in experimental animal model

Mikania cordata is widely used for the treatment of cuts, wounds, and dengue fever in Bangladesh. In the present study, essential oil (12.5, 25 and 50?mg/kg) and two extracts, viz., chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts (200, 400, 800?mg/kg b.w.) were tested for peripheral and central anti-nociceptive activity by acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate method, respectively. Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema assay and yeast-induced hyperthermia assay were also carried out to evaluate anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties of oil and extracts, respectively at aforesaid doses. The essential oil (50?mg/kg), chloroform extract (800?mg/kg) and ethyl acetate extract (800?mg/kg) showed potent peripheral anti-nociceptive activity having 47.33%, 29.33% and 16.65% of writhing inhibition, respectively, comparable with standard diclofenac (52.0%). Essential oil (50?mg/kg), chloroform extract (800?mg/kg) and ethyl acetate extract (800?mg/kg) presented promising central anti-nociceptive activity as well having 95.86%, 79.18% and 42.37% elongation of reaction time, respectively, at 90?min after administration of essential oil, ethyl acetate extract and 60?min after administration of chloroform extract. In anti-inflammatory activity screening, the essential oil (50?mg/kg) produced the highest 72.80% edema inhibition at 4?h after administration of carrageenan which was comparable with that of standard phenylbutazoe (87.87%). On the other hand, chloroform extract (800?mg/kg) and ethyl acetate extract (800?mg/kg) showed up to 34.31% and 15.27% of edema inhibition, respectively, at 4?h after administration of carrageenan. In antipyretic assay, the essential oil and chloroform extract displayed a strong antipyretic effect in yeast-induced rats, whereas the ethyl acetate extract had no antipyretic activity. The present study revealed anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic potential of M. cordata which could be the therapeutic option against fever, inflammations as well as painful conditions and confirmed the traditional use of M. cordata.