共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
In this paper, we explore the role of reciprocity in the employment of restrictive measures in contexts of contagion. Reciprocity
should be understood as a substantive value that governs the use, level and extent of restrictive measures. We also argue
that independent of the role reciprocity plays in the legitimisation the use of restrictive measures, reciprocity can also
motivate support and compliance with legitimate restrictive measures. The importance of reciprocity has implications for how
restrictive measures should be undertaken when preparing and evaluating public health responses to contagion.
相似文献
A. M. ViensEmail: |
2.
3.
Alejandro Rosas 《Biology & philosophy》2008,23(4):555-566
Recent developments in evolutionary game theory argue the superiority of punishment over reciprocity as accounts of large-scale
human cooperation. I introduce a distinction between a behavioral and a psychological perspective on reciprocity and punishment
to question this view. I examine a narrow and a wide version of a psychological mechanism for reciprocity and conclude that a narrow version is clearly distinguishable from punishment, but inadequate for
humans; whereas a wide version is applicable to humans but indistinguishable from punishment. The mechanism for reciprocity
in humans emerges as a meta-norm that governs both retaliation and punishment. I make predictions open to empirical investigation
to confirm or disconfirm this view.
相似文献
Alejandro RosasEmail: |
4.
5.
Sub-Antarctic Marion Island has had a permanent research station for 50 years and the islands Wandering Albatrosses have been intensively studied for 20 years. The reactions of breeding birds to approaches by a human on foot were recorded. Three response variables were calculated: intensity of vocal reaction (IVR), intensity of non-vocal reaction (INR) and overall response index (ORI). At 5 m from the nest, twice as many birds stood and/or vocalised as at 15 m. Nearest neighbour distance, age and gender did not explain individual variability of responses. Study colony birds had higher IVR scores than non-study colony birds; birds at colonies closest to the station had the highest ORI scores. A better breeding record was associated with lower IVR and ORI scores, but a causative relationship remains to be demonstrated. A minimum viewing distance of 25 m is recommended for breeding Wandering Albatrosses.
相似文献
Marienne S. de VilliersEmail: Fax: +27-21-6503434 |
John CooperEmail: |
Peter G. RyanEmail: |
6.
Methanogens growing on C-1 substrates synthesize 2-carbon acetyl groups in the form of acetyl-CoA for carbon assimilation
using the multienzyme complex acetyl-CoA decarbonylase/synthase (ACDS) which contains five different subunits encoded within
an operon. In species growing on acetate ACDS also functions to cleave the acetate C-C bond for energy production by methanogenesis.
A number of species of Methanosarcina that are capable of growth on either C-1 compounds or acetate contain two separate ACDS operons, and questions have been
raised about whether or not these operons play separate roles in acetate synthesis and cleavage. Methanosarcina thermophila genomic DNA was analyzed for the presence of two ACDS operons by PCR amplifications with different primer pairs, restriction
enzyme analyses, DNA sequencing and Southern blot analyses. A single ACDS operon was identified and characterized, with no
evidence for more than one. MALDI mass spectrometric analyses were carried out on ACDS preparations from methanol- and acetate-grown
cells. Peptide fragmentation patterns showed that the same ACDS subunits were present regardless of growth conditions. The
evidence indicates that a single form of ACDS is used both for acetate cleavage during growth on acetate and for acetate synthesis
during growth on C-1 substrates.
Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at
相似文献
David A. Grahame (Corresponding author)Email: |
Edward DeMoll (Corresponding author)Email: |
7.
The recent contribution by Jarmila Kukalová-Peck on Hennigian phylogenetics and hexapod limb evolution is critically evaluated.
相似文献
Michael S. Engel (Corresponding author)Email: |
8.
Heather Rupp Giliah R. Librach Nick C. Feipel Ellen D. Ketterson Dale R. Sengelaub Julia R. Heiman 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》2009,20(1):93-104
Previous research has demonstrated that hormones, relationship goals, and social context influence interest in the opposite
sex. It has not been previously reported, however, whether having a current sexual partner also influences interest in members
of the opposite sex. To test this, we obtained explicit and implicit measures of interest by measuring men’s and women’s subjective
ratings and response times while they evaluated photos of opposite-sex faces. Fifty-nine men and 56 women rated 510 photos
of opposite-sex faces for realism, masculinity, attractiveness, or affect. We found that these subjective ratings were not
influenced by partner status in either men or women. However, women who did not report having a current sexual partner spent
more time evaluating the photos than women who did have partners, demonstrating greater interest in the photos. Sexual partner
status did not predict men’s response times. These findings may reveal that relationship commitment in women suppresses interest
in alternative partners.
相似文献
Heather RuppEmail: |
9.
Information,complexity and generative replication 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The established definition of replication in terms of the conditions of causality, similarity and information transfer is
very broad. We draw inspiration from the literature on self-reproducing automata to strengthen the notion of information transfer
in replication processes. To the triple conditions of causality, similarity and information transfer, we add a fourth condition
that defines a “generative replicator” as a conditional generative mechanism, which can turn input signals from an environment into developmental instructions. Generative replication must have the potential to enhance complexity, which in turn requires that developmental instructions are part
of the information that is transmitted in replication. Demonstrating the usefulness of the generative replicator concept in
the social domain, we identify social generative replicators that satisfy all of the four proposed conditions.
相似文献
Geoffrey M. HodgsonEmail: |
10.
11.
The maintenance of exceptionally high numbers of folk varieties by the Piaroa people of the Venezuelan Amazon is considered.
We cataloged 113 manioc folk varieties, their nomenclature, use and relevant characters, revealing significant insights into
the role of manioc in Piaroa social life. Through a qualitative investigation of the cultivation, processing and symbolic
significance of manioc (Manihot esculenta) in two Piaroa regions over a period of 18 years, we have found that such agrobiodiversity can only be fully explained by
a combination of multiple factors, including pragmatic and ecological considerations, the subtle and complex diversity of
Piaroa manioc preparations and a variety of sociocultural factors, such as manioc’s role as a mediator of social relationships
and as a marker of cultural and social heritage.
相似文献
Stanford ZentEmail: |
12.
Paul F. Cannon Nigel L. Hywel-Jones Norbert Maczey Lungten Norbu Tshitila Tashi Samdup Phurba Lhendup 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2009,18(9):2263-2281
The insect-pathogenic fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (better known as Cordyceps sinensis) is harvested over much of the Himalayan plateau as a highly prized remedy in traditional Oriental medicine. Over the past
10 years its financial value has increased dramatically, with collectors paid as much as US $12,500 kg−1 for top-quality material. This is causing significant distortion to local economies, and there is widespread concern that
the current rate of collection is unsustainable. This paper introduces the fungus and its insect hosts, documents some of
the biological and social constraints to achieving sustainability, describes the socioeconomic climate within which harvest
and sale occurs in Bhutan, and details the measures put in place by the Royal Government of Bhutan to promote wise management
of this valuable natural resource.
相似文献
Paul F. CannonEmail: |
13.
A key point in the analysis of dynamical models of biological systems is to handle systems of relatively high dimensions.
In the present paper we propose a method to hierarchically organize a certain type of piecewise affine (PWA) differential
systems. This specific class of systems has been extensively studied for the past few years, as it provides a good framework
to model gene regulatory networks. The method, shown on several examples, allows a qualitative analysis of the asymptotic
behavior of a PWA system, decomposing it into several smaller subsystems. This technique, based on the well-known strongly
connected components decomposition, is not new. However, its adaptation to the non-smooth PWA differential equations turns
out to be quite relevant because of the strong discrete structure underlying these equations. Its biological relevance is
shown on a 7-dimensional PWA system modeling the gene network responsible for the carbon starvation response in Escherichia coli.
相似文献
Laurent Tournier (Corresponding author)Email: |
Jean-Luc GouzéEmail: |
14.
Previous research suggests that individuals diagnosed with morbid jealousy have jealousy mechanisms that are activated at
lower thresholds than individuals with normal jealousy, but that these mechanisms produce behavior that is similar to individuals
with normal jealousy. We extended previous research documenting these similarities by investigating sex differences in partner-directed
violence committed by individuals diagnosed with morbid jealousy. The results support some of our predictions. For example,
a greater percentage of men than women diagnosed with morbid jealousy used physical violence, attempted to kill, and actually
killed their partners, and used their hands rather than an object to kill their partners. These results replicate results
generated for individuals with normal jealousy. Discussion addresses implications of the current research and highlights directions
for future research on the psychology of morbid jealousy.
相似文献
Judith A. EastonEmail: |
15.
16.
Machado RR Lima Filho ES Jardim DF Ferreira MA de Faria CG Duarte RS Lesche B 《European biophysics journal : EBJ》2008,38(1):111-119
An interferometer that measures the refractive index changes due to bacterial metabolism is described. The apparatus permits
simultaneous and real time measurement of bacterial growth in several samples of slowly growing mycobacteria. The error sources
are discussed and the sensitivity of the apparatus is tested. For the species Mycobacterium bovis BCG and M. smegmatis, a relation between refractive index change and bacterial concentration is determined experimentally and the time constant
of bacterial growth is measured.
相似文献
B. LescheEmail: |
17.
Cooperative child care among humans, where individuals other than the biological mother (allomothers) provide care, may increase
a mother’s fertility and the survivorship of her children. Although the potential benefits to the mother are clear, the motivations
for allomothers to provide care are less clear. Here, we evaluate the kin selection allomothering hypothesis using observations
on Hadza hunter-gatherers collected in ten camps over 17 months. Our results indicate that related allomothers spend the largest
percentage of time holding children. The higher the degree of relatedness among kin, the more time they spend holding, supporting
the hypothesis of nepotism as the strongest motivation for providing allomaternal care. Unrelated helpers of all ages also
provide a substantial amount of investment, which may be motivated by learning to mother, reciprocity, or coercion.
相似文献
Frank W. MarloweEmail: |
18.
Community Attachment: The Complexity and Consequence of the Natural Environment Facet 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Joan M. Brehm 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(4):477-488
The primary objective of this paper is to examine more closely the complex nature of the natural environment dimension of
community attachment using the narratives of local community members. This work seeks to build and elaborate on previous quantitative
analyses that demonstrated two distinct dimensions of community attachment––social and natural environment. The findings reveal
several distinct facets of the natural environment dimension of community attachment and demonstrate both a discreet perception
of the natural environment in terms of community attachment as well as one that is more embedded within the social context
of a particular lifestyle. The findings further demonstrate the need to include consideration of the natural environment in
the broader assessment of community attachment and bolster previous quantitative research findings.
相似文献
Joan M. BrehmEmail: |
19.
Does Investment in the Sexes Differ When Fathers Are Absent? 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Mhairi A. Gibson 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》2008,19(3):263-276
This study examines child survival and growth in a patrilineal Ethiopian community as a function of father absence and sex.
In line with evolutionary predictions for sex-biased parental investment, the absence of a father and associated constraints
on household resources is more detrimental for sons’ than daughters’ survival in infancy. Father absence doubles a son’s risk
of dying in infancy but has a positive influence on the well-being of female members of the household, improving daughter
survival, growth, and maternal nutritional status. Lack of paternal investment may be compensated for by other matrilateral
kin through increased reciprocity between mother, daughter, and sister.
相似文献
Mhairi A. GibsonEmail: |
20.
Peter Godfrey-Smith 《Biology & philosophy》2007,22(3):429-437
Jablonka and Lamb's claim that evolutionary biology is undergoing a ‘revolution’ is queried. But the very concept of revolutionary
change has uncertain application to a field organized in the manner of contemporary biology. The explanatory primacy of sequence
properties is also discussed.
相似文献
Peter Godfrey-SmithEmail: |