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1.
MACDUFF J. H.; JARVIS S. C.; LARSSON C-M.; OSCARSON P. 《Journal of experimental botany》1993,44(9):1475-1484
Two approaches to quantifying relationships between nutrientsupply and plant growth were compared with respect to growth,partitioning, uptake and assimilation of NO3 by non-nodulatedpea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Marma). Plants grown in flowing solutionculture were supplied with NO3 at relative addition rates(RAR) of 0·03, 0·06, 0·12, and 0·18d1, or constant external concentrations ([NO3)of 3, 10, 20, and 100 mmol m3 over 19 d. Following acclimation,relative growth rates (RGR)approached the corresponding RARbetween 0·030.12 d-1, although growth was notlimited by N supply at RAR =0.18 d-1. Growth rates showed littlechange with [NO3] between 10100 mmol m3(RGR=0·15 0·16 d-1). The absence of growthlimitation over this range was suggested by high unit absorptionrates of NO3, accumulation of NO3 in tissues andprogressive increases in shoot: root ratio. Rates of net uptakeof NO3 from 1 mol m3 solutions were assessed relativeto the growth-related requirement for NO3, showing thatthe relative uptake capacity increased with RGR between 0·030·06d1 , but decreased thereafter to a theoretical minimumvalue at RGR 相似文献
2.
MATTSSON M.; LUNDBORG T.; LARSSON M.; LARSSON C.-M. 《Journal of experimental botany》1992,43(1):25-30
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L., cvs Golf, Mette, and Laevigatum)was grown under nitrogen limitation in solution culture untilnear maturity. Three different nitrogen addition regimes wereused: in the HN culture the relative rate of nitrate-Naddition (RA) was 0·08 d1 until day 48 and thendecreased stepwise to, finally, 0·005 d1 duringgrain-filling; the LN culture received 45% ofthe nitrogen added in HN; the CN culture was maintainedat RA 0·0375 d1 throughout. Kinetics of net nitrateuptake were measured during ontogeny at 30 to 150 mmol m3external nitrate. Vmax (which is argued to reflect the maximuminflux rate in these plants) declined with age in both HN andLN cultures. A pronounced transient drop was observed just beforeanthesis, which correlated in time with a peak in root nitrateconcentration. Similar, but less pronounced, trends were observedin CN. The relative Vmax (unit nitrogen taken up per unit nitrogenin plants and day) in all three cultures declined from 1·32·3d1 during vegetative growth to 0·10·7d1 during generative growth. These values are in HN andLN cultures 15- to more than 100-fold in excess of the demandset by growth rates throughout ontogeny. Predicted balancingnitrate concentrations (defined as the nitrate concentrationrequired to support the observed rate of growth) were below6·0 mmol m3 in HN and LN cultures before anthesisand then decreased during ontogeny. In CN cultures the balancingnitrate concentration increased during grain-filling. Apartfrom the transient decline during anthesis, most of the effectof ageing on relative Vmax can be explained in terms of reducedcontribution of roots to total biomass (R:T). The loss in uptakeper unit root weight is largely compensated for by the declinewith time in average tissue nitrogen concentrations. The quantitativerelationships between relative Vmax and R:T in ageing plantsare similar to those observed for vegetative plants culturedat different RAs. The data support the contention that the capacity for nitrateacquisition in N-limited plants is under general growth control,rather than controlled by specific regulation of the biochemicalpathway of nitrate assimilation. Key words: Barley, nitrogen concentration, root: total plant biomass ratio, Vmax 相似文献
3.
Developmental Responses to Drought and Abscisic Acid in Sunflower Roots: 2. MITOTIC ACTIVITY 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ROBERTSON J. MASON; YEUNG EDWARD C.; REID DAVID M.; HUBICK KERRY T. 《Journal of experimental botany》1990,41(3):339-350
Mitotic activity was studied in the root apices of aeroponicallygrown sunflower seedlings (Helianthus annum L. var. RussianGiant) which were draughted or treated with abscisic acid (ABA)over a 7 d period. Labelling index (LI) and mitotic index (MI)were scored from autoradiographs of median longitudinal sectionsof [3H] methyl-thymidine treated root apices. Both drought stressand ABA-treatment (at a concentration of 102 mol m3inhibited DNA synthesis and mitosis within the first 6 h oftreatment. The depression of mitotic activity was first evidentin the proximal regions of the meristem (10001500 µmfrom the cap junction). This was followed by a general depressionof mitotic activity throughout the meristem which was, in turn,followed by a partial recovery of mitotic activity in the distalregions of the meristem. The beginning of this partial recoverywas concurrent with the activation of the quiescent centre (QC).Treatment with lower concentrations of ABA (103 mol m3and 104 mol m3) also inhibited mitotic activity.Exogenous supplements of sucrose to the plant did not alleviatethe inhibition of mitotic activity by drought or ABA. Thesefindings support the hypothesis that ABA mediates drought-inducedchanges in the primary development of sunflower roots. Key words: Abscisic acid, drought, mitotic activity 相似文献
4.
The Partitioning of Nitrate Assimilation Between Root and Shoot of a Range of Temperate Cereals and Pasture Grasses 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Nitrate reductase activity (NRA, in vivo assay) and nitrate(NO-3) content of root and shoot and NO-3 and reduced nitrogencontent of xylem sap were measured in five temperate cerealssupplied with a range of NO-3 concentrations (0·120mol m3) and three temperate pasture grasses suppliedwith 0·5 or 5 0 mol m3 NO-3 For one cereal (Hordeumvulgare L ), in vitro NRA was also determined The effect ofexternal NO-3 concentration on the partitioning of NO-3 assimilationbetween root and shoot was assessed All measurements indicatedthat the root was the major site of NO3 assimilation in Avenasatwa L, Hordeum vulgare L, Secale cereale L, Tnticum aestivumL and x Triticosecale Wittm supplied with 0·1 to 1·0mol m3 NO-3 and that for all cereals, shoot assimilationincreased in importance as applied NO-3 concentration increasedfrom 1.0 to 20 mol m3 At 5.020 mol m3 NO3,the data indicated that the shoot played an important if notmajor role in NO-3 assimilation in all cereals studied Measurementson Lolium multiflorum Lam and L perenne L indicated that theroot was the main site of NO-3 assimilation at 0.5 mol m3NO-3 but shoot assimilation was predominant at 5.0 mol m3NO-3 Both NRA distribution data and xylem sap analysis indicatedthat shoot assimilation was predominant in Dactylis glomerataL supplied with 0.5 or 5.0 mol m3 NO-3 Avena sativa L., oats, Hordeum vulgare L., barley, Secale cereale L., rye, x Triticosecale Wittm., triticale, Triticum aestivum L., wheat, Dactylis glomerata L., cocksfoot, Lolium multiflorum Lam., Italian ryegrass, Lolium perenne L., perennial ryegrass, nitrate, nitrate assimilation, nitrate reductase activity, xylem sap 相似文献
5.
The effects of different applied NO3 concentrations onextension growth and final length and area of leaves 14of five cereals and six pasture grasses of temperate originwere examined. Increased applied NO3 in the range 0.10.5.0mol m3 caused decreased duration of growth but increasedgrowth rate and final length of leaves 24 of the cerealsAvena saliva, Hordeum vulgare, Secale cereale, x Triticosecaleand Triticum aestivum. For all cereals, increased NO3resulted in increased area of leaves 14. Pasture grasseswere supplied either 0.5 or 50 mol m3 NO3. Increasedapplied NO3 (0.55.0 mol m3) resulted indecreased duration of growth and increased growth rate and finalarea of leaves 14 of Bromus wiltdenowii, leaves 24ofFestuca arundinaceae and leaves 3 and 4 of Lolium muitiflorum.In addition, length of leaves 3 and 4 of B. witidenowii increasedwith increased NO3. Increased NO3 resulted inincreased area of leaves 24 of Dactylis gtomerata andLolium perenne and leaves 3 and 4 of Phalaris aquaiica but hadno effect on extension growth of all three species. Avena sativa L, oat, Hordeum vulgare L, barley, Secale cereale L, rye, x Triticosecale Wittm, triticale, Triticum aestivum L, wheat, Bromus willdenowii Kunth, prairie grass, Dactylis gtomerata L, cocksfoot, Festuca arundinaceae Shreb, tall fescue, Lolium multijlorum Lam, Italian ryegrass, Lolium perenne L, perennial ryegrass, Phalaris aquatica L, nitrate, leaf extension, leaf expansion 相似文献
6.
Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was grown from seed for29 d in flowing solution culture containing 0.1, 0.4 or 6.4mmol m3 P before the concentrations were changed (0.1and 0.4 raised to 6.4; 6.4 lowered to 0.4; controls unchanged)for an experimental period of two weeks to test the hypothesisthat after the seedling stage, the maximum rate of plant growthcould be sustained by a lower concentration of phosphate atthe root/solution interface than was necessary for the maximumrate of seedling growth. During the 29 d seedling period growthwas greatest on 6.4 mmol m3 P achieving 179 mg per plantdry weight compared with 122 and 26 mg on 0.4 and 0.1 mmol m3P respectively. During the experimental period growth on thetreatment 6.4 lowered to 0.4 mmol m3 P continued at thesame rate as the 6.4 control achieving 981 and 983 mg per plantdry weight respectively. Similarly growth of the treatment 0.4raised to 6.4 mol m3 P was unaffected by the change inconcentration and was comparable with the 0.4 control. Bothresults support the hypothesis for seedlings exceeding about100 mg per plant dry weight. In contrast the small plants ofthe treatment 0.1 raised to 6.4 mmol m3 P behaved similarlyto seedlings and responded rapidly to the increased concentrationof phosphate in solution, achieving high rates of phosphateuptake and increasing the growth of shoot more than the growthof root so that the ratio of root: shoot declined from 065 to0.34, a value similar to that for the seedlings grown on 6.4mmol m3 P. Key words: Lolium perenne L, Phosphate concentration, Seedling growth 相似文献
7.
The effects of different applied NO3 concentrations onextension growth and final length and area of leaves 14of five cereals and six pasture grasses of temperate originwere examined. Increased applied NO3 in the range 0.150mol m3; caused decreased duration of growth but increasedgrowth rate and final length of leaves 24 of the cerealsAvena saliva, Hordeum vulgare, Secale cereale x Triticosecaleand Triticum aestivum. For all cereals, increased NO3resulted in increased area of leaves 1-4. Pasture grasses weresupplied either 0.5 or 50 mol m3; NO3. Increasedapplied NO3 (0.550 mol m3) resulted indecreased duration of growth and increased growth rate and finalarea of leaves 14 of Bromus willdenowii leaves 24of Festuca arundinaceae and leaves 3 and 4 of Lolium multiflorum.In addition, length of leaves 3 and 4 of B. willdenowii increasedwith increased NO3. Increased NO3 resulted in increased areaof leaves 24 of Daciylis glomerata and Lolium perenneand leaves 3 and 4 of Phalaris aquatica but had no effect onextension growth of all three species. Avena saliva L., oat, Hordeum vulgare L., barley, Secale cereaie L., rye, x Triticosecale Wittm, triticale, Triticum aestivum L., wheat, Bromus willdenowii Kunth, prairie grass, Dactylis glomerata L., cocksfoot, Festuca arundinaceae Shreb, tall fescue, Lolium multiflorum Lam, Italian ryegrass, Lolium perenne L, perennial ryegrass, Phalaris aquatica L, nitrate,, leaf extension, leaf expansion 相似文献
8.
Nitrate Effects on Pre-emergence Growth and Emergence Percentage of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from Different Sowing Depths 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The effects of a range of applied nitrate (NO3) concentrations(020 mol m3) on germination and emergence percentageof Triticum aestivum L. cv. Otane were examined at 30, 60, 90and 120 mm sowing depths. Germination percentage was not affectedby either sowing depth or applied NO3 concentration whereasemergence percentage decreased with increased sowing depth regardlessof applied NO3 concentration. Nitrate did not affectemergence percentage at 30 mm sowing depth, but at 60 to 120mm depth, emergence percentage decreased sharply with an increasedapplied NO3 concentration of 0 to 1·0 mol m3then decreased only slightly with further increases in appliedNO3 of about 5·0 mol m3. Root and shoot growth, NO3 accumulation and nitrate reductaseactivity (NRA) of plants supplied with 0, 1·0 and 1·0mol m3 NO3 at a sowing depth of 60 mm were measuredprior to emergence. The coleoptile of all seedlings opened withinthe substrate. Prior to emergence from the substrate, shootextension growth was unaffected by additional NO3 butshoot fr. wt. and dry wt. were both greater at 1·0 and1·0 mol m3 NO3 than with zero NO3.Root dry wt. was unaffected by NO3. Nitrate concentrationand NRA in root and shoot were always low without NO3.At 1·0 and 10 mol m3 NO3, NO3 accumulatedin the root and shoot to concentrations substantially greaterthan that applied and caused the induction of NRA. Regardlessof the applied NO3 concentration, seedlings which failedto emerge still had substantial seed reserves one month afterplanting. Coleoptile length was substantially less for seedlingswhich did not emerge than for seedlings which emerged, but wasnot affected by NO3. It is proposed that (a) decreasedemergence percentage with increased sowing depth was due tothe emergence of leaf I from the coleoptile within the substrateand (b) decreased emergence percentage with additional NO3was due to the increased expansion of leaf 1 within the substrateresulting in greater folding and damage of the leaf. Key words: Triticum aestivwn L., nitrate, sowing depth, seedling growth, seedling emergence 相似文献
9.
Imsande, J. 1986. Inhibition of nodule development in soybeanby nitrate or reduced nitrogen.J. exp. Bot. 37: 348355. Nodulation of hydroponically grown soybean plants [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] is inhibited by continuous growth in the presenceof 4· mol m3 KNO3 The presence of 4·0 molm3 starter nitrate for 3-6 d during noduledevelopment, however, subsequently stimulates nodule dry weightaccumulation and nitrogenase activity. These stimulations occureven though 4· mol m3 nitrate temporarily delaysnodule development, i.e. the late steps of nodule developmentare reversibly inhibited by a short-term exposure to 4·0mol m3 nitrate. On the other hand, treatment with 4·0mol m3 nitrate in excess of 14 d significantly reducesnodule dry weight Thus, extended growth in the presence of 4·0mol m3 KNO3 seems to block both early and late stepsof nodule development. Nodulation of hydroponically grown soybeansis also inhibited by continuous growth in the presence of 2·0mol m3 (NH4)2SO4 This inhibition is not caused by acidityof the growth medium. On the other hand, nodule development6 d after inoculation with Rhizoblum japonicum is not delayedby a 7-d exposure to 2·0 mol m3 (NH4)2SO4 butis partially inhibited by a prolonged exposure to (NH4)2SO4Because repression of nodulation by 4·0 mol m3KNO3 is more severe than that by 2·0 mol m3 (NH4)2SO4and because ammonium taken up by the soybean plant is not activelyoxidized to nitrate, it is suggested that there are at leasttwo mechanisms by which nitrate utilization represses noduleformation in soybean. Key words: Glycine max, nitrogen, nitrogen fixation, nodulation 相似文献
10.
Two hydroponic experiments were conducted to determine the effectsof brief and prolonged AI3+ exposures on the hydraulic conductivity(Lp) of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) root systems. RootLp was determined using the pressure chamber method of Fiscus(1977). In the first experiment, 28- to 40-d-old seedlings weretreated for 4 d with complete nutrient solutions containingone of three Al concentrations (0.04, 1.85 or 3.71 mol m3)and either 0 or 50 mmol m3 P. Neither Lp nor daily transpirationwas affected by treatment. In Experiment II, seedlings were grown for 4863 d incomplete solutions containing one of three Al concentrations(0, 0.75 or 2.00 mol m3) and either 10 or 250 mmol m3Ca. Lp and leaf area to root length ratio (LA/RL) were reducedwhen (AI3+/ Ca2+), the solution activity ratio, was 2.9 andhigher. Lp and LA/RL were also negatively correlated with Alconcentration and Al/Ca concentration ratio in the roots. Lpwas positively correlated with LA/RL in both experiments. Itis unclear whether Lp in the second experiment was reduced directlyby solution and root chemistry or whether Lp changed in responseto altered leaf/root balance. Key words: Al phytotoxicity, Al x Ca interaction, Quercus rubra, root hydraulic conductivity 相似文献
11.
Root Aeration and Respiration in Young Mangrove Plants (Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh.) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The roots of young plants of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh.grown under simulated tidal conditions were harvested so asto obtain the entire root system. The roots were subdividedand weighed and subsamples taken for manometric determinationof respiration rates at different temperatures. The supply capacityof the above-ground portion of the root system was determinedand the results compared in terms of supply and demand. Theoxygen consumption rate of the roots at 15°C was found tobe 1·69±0·07 µmol kg1 s1for cable roots and 3·27±0·12 µmolkg1 s1 for fine roots. The Q10 for respirationwas 2·55 for oxygen consumption in both fine and cableroots, and for carbon dioxide production was 2·66 forfine roots and 3·04 for cable roots. The respiratoryquotient varied with temperature but was less than unity. Concentrationdifferences of between 1·8 mol m3 and 3·4mol m3 between the inside of root and the air were sufficientto permit aeration of the root system by diffusion alone, andthe aerenchyma contained sufficient oxygen to maintain aerobicconditions while the roots were covered with water. The effectof tide and seasonal temperature change on gas exchange, togetherwith the possibility of some form of carbon dioxide fixationwithin the root, are examined and the implications of theseeffects on growth and development are discussed. Key words: Mangrove, root aeration, respiration, aerenchyma 相似文献
12.
Astle, M. and Rubery, P. 1987. Carrier-mediated ABA uptake bysuspension-cultured Phaseolus coccineus L. cells: Stereospecificityand inhibition by ionones and ABA esters.J. exp. Bot.38: 150163. The substrate for the abscisic acid (ABA) carrier in Phaseoluscoccineus L. suspension-cultured cells is shown to be the (S)ABAenantiomer, Km = 1?0 mmol m3. The methyl (MeABA) andphenyl (PheABA) esters of ABA inhibit carrier-mediated uptakeof ABA with half-maximal inhibition achieved at about 7?0 mmolm3 and 10 mmol m3 respectively: with (S)MeABAthis value is decreased to about 2?0 mmol m3. There isno demethylation of radioactive MeABA by the cells during 5min incubations. Although MeABA reversibly inhibits the ABAcarrier, it is not a transport substrate: association of radioactiveMeABA with living cells is unaffected by non-radioactive MeABAor ABA and, by comparison with frozen-and-thawed cells, it isshown that the radioactivity remains extracellular. It is proposedthat MeABA binds to the carrier to form an abortive complexthat is not translocated. The terpenoid ABA analogue LAB 144143also inhibits carrier-mediated ABA uptake. At concentrationsup to about 20 mmol m3 - and ß-ionone specificallyinhibit the ABA carrier with the half-maximal effect at about0?6 mmol m3 ß-ionone. However, at higher iononeconcentrations, the uptake of ABA, indol-3-yl acetic acid andof 5,5-dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione (DMO) are all stimulated:this may reflect general permeabilization of the membrane toweak acids by ionone. Key words: Uptake carrier, abscisic acid, methyl and phenyl esters of ABA, ionone, Phaseolus coccineus L. suspension culture 相似文献
13.
Apparent uptake and transport of H232PO4 from nutrientsolutions containing 100 mmol m3 phosphate were characterizedasfunctions of time, concentration and pH in ryegrass seedlings.On a log/log plot, concentration versus uptake to the root resolvedintotwo linear phases, suggesting a change in uptake mechanism orefflux at the break. These results were compared with thosefor 32P uptake and transport in solutions containing Al rangingfrom 0185 mmol m3. Al addition depressed pH, butbecauseuptake of P was unaffected by pH below 50, noadjustments were attempted. Uptake time-courses revealed clearlythe usualinitial adsorption shoulder in the uptake curve, increasingwith Al concentration up to 37 mmol m3. Beyond about2 h, P uptaketo the root became linear, at rates increasingwith external Al concentration up to 37 mmol m3. Concentrationsof Al muchabove 100 mmol m3 were toxic. Al treatmentsdid not affect P transport to the shoot and absorbed Al wasconfined to the root.The quantities of P and Al taken up intothe root indicated storage in cortex cell vacuoles, lockingup significant amounts of P.Experiments with tillering plantsshowed similar characteristics to those with seedlings. Sequesteringof P with Al within the rootcortex cells was evident, particularlyin plants which had been grown in nutrient containing Al fromsoon after germination. Aland P solution chemistry is discussedin the context of this work and the consequences of effectson P uptake for the economy ofphosphate poor upland soils wereconsidered. Key words: Phosphate, aluminium, adsorption, uptake, Lolium perenne L 相似文献
14.
BREEZE V. G.; WILD A.; HOPPER M. J.; JONES L. H. P. 《Journal of experimental botany》1984,35(8):1210-1221
The effect of phosphate concentration in flowing solution cultureat a range between 0.04 and 32 mmol m3 P on the growthof perennial ryegrass was studied in two experiments, each lastingabout 45 d after sowing. Phosphorus contents of seedlings wereaffected by the concentration in solution within about 5 d fromgermination, and dry weight differences were first observedat about 6 d after this. The rate of uptake of phosphate byseedlings was affected by the concentration in solution beforethe root fresh weight or root/emdash shoot ratio had changed.Young plants (less than 4 weeks old) were more sensitive tophosphate concentration in solution than older ones. In conditionsof high rate of growth, older plants required a solution concentrationbetween 0.1 and 0.4 mmol m3 P to achieve maximum potentialgrowth rate, whereas for plants of similar age but less dryweight, 0.04 mmol m3 P was adequate. Towards the endof the experimental period, plants growing at a nominal solutionconcentration of 0.04 mmol m3 P were able to obtain phosphatefrom a solution of about 0.01 mmol m3P. Phosphate toxicity was not observed, nor were there visual symptoms(other than reduced growth) of phosphate deficiency in plantswhose growth was limited by phosphate concentration in solution. Key words: Lolium perenne, Phosphate uptake 相似文献
15.
Yield stress threshold (Y) and volumetric extensibility () arethe rheological properties that appear to control root growth.In this study they were measured in wheat roots by means ofparallel measurement of the growth rate (r) of intact wheatroots and of the turgor pressures (P) of individual cells withinthe expansion zone. Growth and turgor pressure were manipulatedby immersion in graded osmoticum (mannitol) solutions. Turgorwas measured with a pressure probe and growth rate by visualobservation. The influence of various growth conditions on Yand was investigated; (a) At 27 °C.In 0.5 mol m3 CaCl2 r, P, Y and were20.7±4.6 µm min1, 0.77±0.05 MPa,0.07±0.03 MPa and 26±1.9 µm min1MPa1 (expressed as increase in length), respectively.Following 24 h growth in 10 mol m3 KC1 these parametersbecame 12.3±3.5 µm min1, 0.72±0.04MPa, 0.13±0.01 MPa and 21±0.7 µm min1MPa1. After 24 h osmotic adjustment in 150 mol m3mannitol/0.5 mol m3 CaCl2 r= 19.6±4.2 µmmin1, P = 0.68±0.05 MPa and Y and were 0.07±0.04MPa and 30±0.2 µm min1 MPa01, respectively.After 24 h growth in 350 mol m3 mannitol/0.5 mol m3CaCl2 r= 13.3±4.1 µm min1, P= 0.58±0.07MPa, Y=0.12±0.01 MPa and ø 32±0.2 tim min1MPa1. During osmotic adjustment in 200 mol m3mannitol/0.5 mol m3 CaCl2, with or without KCl, the recoveryof growth rate corresponded to turgor pressure recovery (t1/2approximately 3 h). (b) At 15 °C. Lowered temperature dramatically influencedthe growth parameters which became r= 8.3±2.8 um min1,P=0.78 MPa, r=<0.2 MPa and =15±0.1 µm min1MPa1. Therefore, Y and are influenced by 10 mol m3 K+ ionsand low temperature. In each case the effective pressure forgrowth (P-Y) was large indicating that small fluctuations ofsoil water potential will not stop root elongation. Key words: Yield threshold, cell wall extensibility, wheat root growth, temperature, turgor pressur 相似文献
16.
Northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings were grown for63 d in a complete nutrient solution (pH 3.8) containing oneof three concentrations of Al (0, 0.75 or 2-0 mol m3)and either 10 or 250 mmol m3 Ca. Of all solution variables,the In of (Al3+)/(Ca2+), the solution activities ratio, wasmost closely correlated with declines in shoot and root growth.Ln (Al3+)/(Ca2+) also most closely predicted leaf and root [Mg],[Al], and [Al]/[Ca]. These three variables in turn were closelyrelated to growth. Toxic levels of (Al3+) and (Al3+)/(Ca2+)in solution are compared to levels in forest soils. Key words: Al phytotoxicity, Al x Ca interaction, Quercus rubra 相似文献
17.
The use of chlorate as an analogue for NO3 during nitrateuptake into Chara corallina cells has been investigated. NO3inhibits 36C1O3 influx into Chara over the concentrationrange 01000 mmol m3. Lineweaver-Burke plots ofthe data are characteristic of competitive inhibition by NO3in the low concentration range (0300 mmol m3 ClO3)and apparent KINO3 is 140 mmol m3 which is of a similarorder of magnitude as apparent KmCIO3- 180 mmol m3. Athigher substrate concentrations the inhibition by NO3was not characteristic of competitive or uncompetitive inhibition. 36C1O3/NO3 influx was dependent on K+ and Ca2+in the external medium and inhibited by FCCP. NO3 pretreatmentor N starvation increased subsequent 36C1O3/NO3influx into Chara. A comparison between rates of net NO3uptake and 36C1O3/NO3 influx supported the previoushypothesis that NO3 efflux is an important componentin the determination of overall uptake rates. Key words: Nitrate, Chara, 36CIO3 相似文献
18.
Spatial and Temporal Aspects of Growth in the Primary Root of Cotton Seedlings: Effects of NaCl and CaCl2 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Seedlings of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Acala SJ-2) weregrown in modified Hoagland nutrient solution with various combinationsof NaCl and CaCl2. Marking experiments and numerical analysiswere conducted to characterize the spatial and temporal patternsof cotton root growth at varied Na/Ca ratios. At 1 mol m3Ca, 150 mol m3 NaCl reduced overall root elongation rateto 60% of the control, while increasing Ca to 10 mol m3at the same NaCl concentration restored the elongation rateto 80% of the control. Analysis of the spatial distributionof elongation revealed that the presence of 150 mol m3NaCl in the medium shortened the growth zone by about 2 mm fromthe approximate 10 mm in the control and also reduced the relativeelemental elongation rate (i.e. the longitudinal strain rate,defined as the derivatives of displacement velocity of a cellularparticle with respect to position on root axis). Supply of 10mol m3 Ca at the high salt condition restored partiallythe relative elemental elongation rate, but not the length ofthe growth zone. Compared to the control, the growth trajectoriesshowed that at 1 mol m3 CaCl2 it took more time for acellular particle to move through the growth zone at 150 molm3 NaCl, while at 10 mol m3 CaCl it took lesstime and there was no difference between the NaCl treatments Key words: Gossypium hirsutum, salinity stress, root growth kinematics 相似文献
19.
The xylem vessels of excised adventitious roots of onion, Alliumcepa, were perfused with unbuffered nutrient solution adjustedinitially to either pH 9·3 or 3·9; the pH of thesolution after passage through the xylem, at rates not lessthan 2 xylem volume changes min1, was close to pH 6·5in both instances. The flux of H+ across the xylem/symplastboundary into mildly alkaline, phosphate-buffered solutionsperfusing the vessels could be increased greatly with increasingbuffer strength, up to a maximum value between 0·51·0pmol H+ mm2 s1. The apparent neutralization ofacidic malic acid buffers had a slightly lower maximum capacity,equivalent to 0·3 to 0·5 pmol H+mm2 s1. The addition of 5·0 pmol m3fusicoccin (FC) to the xylem perfusion solution stimulated theentry of H+ into the xylem; in unbuffered perfusion solutionsthe pH fell to pH 3·6 after a lag of 2535 min.FC additions to phosphate-buffered solutions also stimulatedthe H+ flux to an extent similar to that in unbuffered solution,viz. 0·20·4 pmol mm2 s1. The release of K+ (36Rb-labelled) into xylem sap transientlyincreased as the [K+] in weakly buffered perfusion solutionswas raised stepwise; a very marked increase being seen whenthe concentration was raised to 100 mol m3 from 40 molm3. The addition of 5·0 mmol m3 FC to theperfusing solution containing 100 mol m3 K+ rapidly decreasedthe K+ flux to the xylem as the H+ flux increased. Fusicoccinalso inhibited the flux of K+ into unbuffered perfusion solutionsbut the effect appeared reversible. Addition of 10 mmol m3abscisic acid (ABA) to the perfusion solution quickly producedtransient increases in both K+ and H+ fluxes into the xylem.In this and other experiments using weakly phosphate-bufferedperfusing solutions, H+ fluxes were comparable in size to thoseof K+ The results are consistent with the idea that the stele of onionroots contains a proton trarislocating ATPase whose activityresponds to the pH of the xylem sap. It is evident that theactivity of the proton secreting and proton neutralizing mechanismsin the xylem parenchyma control the movement of other ions acrossthe xylem/symplast boundary. Key words: Xylem perfusion, fusicoccin, abscisic acid, pH gradient 相似文献
20.
THORNTON F. C.; SCHAEDLE M.; RAYNAL D. J.; ZIPPERER C. 《Journal of experimental botany》1986,37(6):775-785
Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.) seedlings were grownin solution culture at pH 4.0) with 50, 150, 600 and 1500 mmolm3 aluminium. All levels of aiuminium reduced the sizeand weight of roots, shoots and leaves with the exception ofroot elongation at 50 mmol m3 Al. Aluminium content ofroots was 50 to 100 times that of shoots. With increasing concentrationof aluminium, aluminium content of leaves and roots increasedexponentially while a linear increase was observed for stems.The nutrient content of seedlings was improved in 50 mmol m3where increases in shoot calcium, magnesium, and phosphorusconcentrations were observed. Aluminium concentrations greaterthan 50 mmol m3 reduced shoot nutrient content. Presenceof aluminium increased the root phosphorus and calcium levelsbut had no effect on potassium and magnesium concentrations.Results show that honeylocust is an aluminium sensitive treespecies whose growth may be reduced by high soil Al levels. Key words: Aluminium toxicity, Gleditsia triacanthos, nutrient solution 相似文献