2008年春鄱阳湖区斑背大尾莺状况

2008年1月下旬至2月上旬在中国南方广大地区发生冻雨雪灾害,给在鄱阳湖区越冬的斑背大尾莺(Locustella pryeri)带来不利影响,据3月上旬的调查,原本在江西鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区内广泛分布的斑背大尾莺已变得十分稀少.     

斑背大尾莺sinensis亚种的繁殖生物学

斑背大尾莺（Megalurus pryeri）为东亚特有鸟类,数量稀少（常家传,1995;马敬能等,2000）,2003年IUCN世界濒危物种红皮书将斑背大尾莺列为易危物种（汪松、解焱,2004）。斑背大尾莺有2个亚种,指名亚种（M．P．pryeri）仅在日本本州岛北部的Kanto平原北部繁殖,越冬区在本州岛中部的太平洋沿岸（Fujitaand Nagata,1997）;sinensis亚种在我国仅见于湖北汉口（冬候鸟）、河北秦皇岛（旅鸟）和辽宁朝阳地区（繁殖鸟？）（郑作新,1987）。     

鸭绿江口芦苇沼泽斑背大尾莺对拂子茅的偏好

2006~2009年,通过点样方方法对斑背大尾莺Megalurus pryeri的巢址进行了研究,获得53个样本,拂子茅Calamagrostis epigejos是营巢生境的主要草本。拂子茅浓密(628根/m2)、芦苇稀疏(20根/1.5 m2)是斑背大尾莺典型的生境,巢高度较高(23 cm)。通过相关分析发现:巢高度和拂子茅总数、绿拂子茅数量显著正相关,但若控制水位、盖度及枯苇数等因素,相关性则不强;巢高度与拂子茅与灯心草等典型草本的高度正相关。进一步分析表明,活拂子茅数量与活苇数量及其他绿草数量负相关。有巢口与无巢口的样方中绿拂子茅数量无差异。对于大尾莺的保护,应该保护芦苇-拂子茅群落,注重芦苇与拂子茅等杂草的平衡。     

斑背大尾莺的白色型

2007年5月20日于辽宁省东港市孤山镇苇田——鸭绿江口湿地国家级自然保护区核心区,在冬季未收割的残留枯草斑块中发现一只白色的雀鸟(封4图片),不鸣叫,飞行姿态及尾部展示与大尾莺(Megalurus)颇为相似。经多次观察发现有雄性大尾莺追随之。23日设网将其捕获,并拍照、称重、度量。最后确定该鸟为雌性斑背大尾莺(Megalurus pryeri sinensis)的白色型(white morph)。该鸟羽色以白色为主,两肋及肛羽沾黄,头顶略现灰,右翼前侧第二枚飞羽前缘距羽端0.2cm有一长0.5cm的黑褐斑。上喙黑褐、下喙肉黄、跗跖肉色等特征与正常大尾莺无异。测量数据如下:…     

江西南矶湿地斑背大尾莺食性初步分析

为了填补斑背大尾莺食性研究的空白和比较其繁殖期和非繁殖期是否有食性差异,于2011年4月繁殖期,在江西南矶湿地用望远镜观察和录像机拍摄斑背大尾莺亲鸟育雏行为,记录育雏食物的种类和数量;在11月秋季非繁殖期,斑背大尾莺专项环志过程中采集7只意外死亡的个体,进行实验室胃容物解剖分析。两种分析方法分别得出:1)春季取食动物性食物,主要有直翅目蝼蛄科成虫或幼虫、鳞翅目成虫或幼虫、蜻蜓目的成虫,蛛形纲的小型蜘蛛;2)秋季食物由动物性食物(70.24%)和植物性食物(29.76%)组成,动物性食物主要为鞘翅目、直翅目、蜻蜓目、鳞翅目、蜘蛛目等节肢动物,植物性食物为一些植物种子和少量的叶片组织。本研究表明,繁殖期和非繁殖期斑背大尾莺食性有差异,这种差异性是随季节变化生境中的食物组成不同,及育雏期雏鸟需高蛋白营养食物而导致的。     

斑背大尾莺繁殖期鸣声行为分析

2009年5-7月,在辽宁双台河口保护区录制了20只繁殖期斑背大尾莺雄性个体的鸣声.根据行为特征,该鸟鸣声定义为3种鸣声类型:求偶炫耀鸣唱、报警声和联络声.利用Wavesurfer软件对20只斑背大尾莺雄性个体543个鸣声的句子持续时间、句子音节个数、音节持续时间、音节间隔时间等4个参数进行分析测量,发现求偶炫耀鸣唱由节奏逐渐加快的前部句子和音节组成复杂的主体部两个句子组成; 报警声和联络声的句子均由单音节组成.音节类型总数为38种,其中包括前部句子的音节类型6种.采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)对求偶炫耀鸣唱的4个参数进行差异性检验发现,不同个体的各个参数均呈极显著差异(P<0.01).     

江西武夷山-黄岗山西北坡森林繁殖鸟类多样性调查

研究区属于江西武夷山国家级自然保护区范围,为中国亚热带东部最高的山地,森林原生性保存较为完好。2004—2012年,在研究区海拔300—2160 m范围,布设了穿越所有代表性生境的1条主样线和6条辅助样线,共记录有森林繁殖鸟188种,占中国东部丘陵平原亚区繁殖鸟种数的71.76%。在这些繁殖鸟中,物种数在10种及以上的优势科有鸫科(Turdidae)13种、鹟科(Muscicapidae)10种、画眉科(Timaliidae)21种、莺科(Sylviidae)22种,占研究区森林繁殖鸟种数的35.1%、雀形目(PASSERIFORMES)的51.2%。将研究区按海拔高度、植被类型和人类干扰程度分为4类生境进行分析,结果显示:物种数以次生林恢复区最多(138种)原生性森林区(127种)农林营作干扰区(119种)中山灌丛草甸区(51种),其中中山灌丛草甸区由于生境条件因素各项指标数值均最小,其余3类生境分区,无论是总鸟种数、雀形目鸟种数,还是优势科鸟种数,均支持中间膨胀效应(Mid-domain effect)。G-F指数由低海拔向高海拔依次降低,即:农林营作干扰区(DG-F=0.775)次生林恢复区(DG-F=0.772)原生性森林区(DG-F=0.760)中山灌丛草甸区(DG-F=0.603);雀形目鸟种G-F指数分析,原生性森林区(DG-F=0.650)则略大于次生林恢复区(DG-F=0.633),提示顶级植物群落更大的森林内部空间和多样的内部层次结构,对雀形目鸟种多样性具有积极意义。分析显示次生林恢复区与原生性森林区相似性系数最高,表明经过30a左右自然演替恢复的次生林,对于森林繁殖鸟来说其生态功能已接近顶级群落,而农林营作干扰区和中山灌丛草甸区相似性系数最低。同时,研究区鸡形目(GALLIFORMES)鸟类生态位分异表现最为典型。     

斑点叉尾 源维氏气单胞菌对四环素类抗生素的耐药性及耐药基因的检测简

正维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)为气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)的一种,亦被称为维罗纳气单胞菌、凡隆气单胞菌和维隆气单胞菌,存在于水体和淤泥等环境中[1],能够感染斑点叉尾(Ictalurus punctatus)[2,3]、锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)[4]、西伯利亚鲟(Acipenser baerii)[5]、鲱形白鲑(Coregonus clupeaformis)[6]、华鲮(Sinilabeo rendahl)[7]、     

四眼斑水龟个体大小和体形的两性异形

研究龟鳖的两性异形对理解形态适应具有重要意义。通过测量41只(21♀,20♂)成体四眼斑水龟(Sacalia quadriocellata)的20个形态特征指标,研究四眼斑水龟个体大小和体形的两性异形。结果表明:除头长、头宽、尾长和尾长肛前段长外,四眼斑水龟其他的形态特征均与背甲长呈正相关。雌性的背甲长、腹甲长、腹甲中线长、腹甲曲线长显著大于雄性;雄性的头长、头宽、后肢长、尾长和尾长肛前段长显著大于雌性;雌雄两性的体重、体周长、前肢长、腹甲宽、肛盾切口长、肛盾切口宽以及除背甲长外的所有背甲形态特征指标均无显著差异。研究结果表明,四眼斑水龟存在个体大小和体形两性异形。     

棕扇尾莺在辽宁省的繁殖生物学资料

棕扇尾莺Cisticola juncidis隶属于雀形目扇尾莺科扇尾莺属,体形小(体长10 cm)而具褐色纵纹,腰黄褐色,尾端白色清晰,虹膜褐色,嘴褐色,脚粉红至近红色(图1)。飞行时作波浪状炫耀,发出一连串清脆的zit声或di声。棕扇尾莺分布于非洲、南欧、印度     

Evolution of C isotopes in the Cambrian of China: implications for Cambrian subdivision and trilobite mass extinctions

Carbon and oxygen isotopes were studied in fossiliferous Cambrian carbonates in northwestern Hunan Province (South China) and in northern Anhui and southern Shandong provinces (North China). Two major C isotope excursions related to biological events occur in the Wangcun section (Yongshun County, northwestern Hunan), which consists of a slope carbonate sequence (510 m thick) containing abundant trilobites. The first C isotope excursion (δ¹³C value shifts from -2.3‰ to 2‰) occurs near the boundary between the Qingxudong and Aoxi formations, close to the traditional Lower-Middle Cambrian boundary. The second excursion (δ¹³C value shifts from 0‰ to 3‰) occurs in the interval between the Linguagnostus reconditus Zone and the Glyptagnostus reticulatus Zone. The base of the G. reticulatus Zone define the base of the Paibi Stage and Furongian Series. Similar C isotope excursions also occur in shallow - water carbonate sections in North China. In Jiagou section near Huainan (Anhui Province), recently considered an important interval for defining the lower-middle Cambrian boundary because of dramatic changes in the trilobite fauna (extinction of redlichiids and appearances of ptychopariids), a negative C isotope excursion (δ¹³C value shifts from +1.21‰ to -1.93‰) occurs at the top of the lower member of the Mantou Formation. In the Gushan section (Changqing County, Shandong Province), a C isotope excursion (δ¹³C value shifts from -0.04‰ to 2.23‰) occurs at the base of the Changshan Formation and is coincident with the base of the Chuangia Zone. This excursion can be correlated with the excursion in the lower part of Glyptagnostus reticulatus Zone in the Wangcun section. The above two distinct C isotope excursions, which occur both in slope carbonates in South China and in shallow - water carbonates in North China, have also been recognized in Cambrian sections on other continents, and they coincide with global mass extinctions of trilobites. The two excursions evidently reflect global changes of Cambrian sea level, and they have utility for Cambrian subdivisions and for both regional and global stratigraphic correlation. In addition, a negative carbon excursion below the base of the Ptychagnostus atavus Zone in the Wangcun section supports previous suggestions that the FAD of P. atavus can be considered as a global correlatable horizon within the middle Cambrian.     

Characterization of photosynthetic pathway of plant species growing in the eastern Tibetan plateau using stable carbon isotope composition

The photosynthetic pathway of plant species collected at Menyuan, Henan, and Maduo sites, east of Tibetan Plateau, China, during the growing season were studied using stable carbon isotopes in leaves. The 232 samples leaves analyzed belonged to 161 species, 30 families, and 94 genera. The δ¹³C values (from −24.6 to − 29.2 ‰) indicated that all the considered species had a photosynthetic C₃ pathway. The absence of plant species with C₄ photosynthetic pathway might be due to the extremely low air temperature characterizing the Tibetan Plateau. The average δ¹³C value was significantly (p<0.05) different between annuals and perennials at the three considered study sites. Hence the longer-lived species had greater water-use efficiency (WUE) than shorter-lived species, that is, longer-lived species are better adapted to the extreme environmental conditions of the Tibetan Plateau.     

Effect of temperature and irradiance on the growth and reproduction of the green macroalga, Chaetomorpha valida (Cladophoraceae, Chlorophyta)

“Green tides” are vast accumulations of unattached green macroalgae associated with eutrophicated marine environments. It had major ecological and economic impacts globally, thus understanding of their detailed conditions was required to inform management decisions. Chaetomorpha valida (Cladophoraceae, Chlorophyta), as a fouling green alga, was found in aquaculture ponds along the coast of Dalian and Rongcheng cities, People’s Republic of China in the past few years. Seasonal abundances of this macroalga in China have presented a significant nuisance and caused great loss to the local aquaculture. Using unialgal cultures, the effect of temperature and irradiance on growth and reproduction were investigated. Healthy growth and reproduction occurred in the range of 17–29°C while the upper lethal limit was at 33°C. A suitable temperature range over 21–29°C and a relatively high irradiance of 108?μmol photons?m^?2?s^?1 were more favorable for growth and reproduction. According to our observations, the diversity of reproductive approaches and wide adaption to temperature can be considered to be key factors that facilitate its excessive growth and colonization in spring and summer. Our results provide a basis for establishing a forecast system and taking remediation measures against seasonal green tides of this macroalga.     

Topsoil organic carbon storage of China and its loss by cultivation

Topsoil is very sensitive to human disturbance under the changing climate. Estimates of topsoil soil organic carbon (SOC) pool may be crucial for understanding soil C dynamics under human land uses and soil potential of mitigating the increasing atmospheric CO₂ by soil C sequestration. China is a country with long history of cultivation. In this paper, we present an estimate of topsoil SOC pool and cultivation-induced pool reduction of China soils based upon the data of all the soil types identified in the 2nd national soil survey conducted during 1979–1982. The area of cultivated soils of China amounted to 138 × 10⁶ ha while the uncultivated soils occupied 740 × 10⁶ ha in 1980. Topsoil SOC density ranged from 0.77 to 1489 t Cha⁻¹ in uncultivated soils and 3.52 to 591 t Cha⁻¹ in cultivated soils with the average being 50 ± 47 t Cha⁻¹ and 35 ± 32 t Cha⁻¹, respectively. Geographically, the maximum mean topsoil SOC density was found in northeastern China, being of 70 ± 104 t Cha⁻¹ for uncultivated soils and of 57 ± 54 t Cha⁻¹ for cultivated soils, respectively. The lowest topsoil SOC density for uncultivated soils was found in East China, being of 38 ± 33 t Cha⁻¹ and that for cultivated soils in North China, being of 30 ± 30 t Cha⁻¹. There is still uncertainty in estimating the total topsoil SOC of uncultivated soils because a large portion of them was not surveyed during the 2nd Soil Survey. However, an estimate of total SOC for cultivated soils amounted to 5.1 Pg. On average, cultivation of China’s soils had induced a decrease of SOC density of 15 t Cha⁻¹ giving rise to an overall pool reduction at 2 Pg. This is significantly smaller than the total SOC pool decline of 7 Pg due to cultivation of natural soils in China reported by Wu et al. (Glob. Change Biol. 2003, 9: 305–315), who made a pool estimation of whole soil profile assuming 1 m depth for all soils. As the mean topsoil SOC density of China was lower than the world average value given by Batjes (J. Soil Sci. 1996, 47: 151–163), China may be considered as a country with low SOC density and may have great potential for C sequestration under well defined management. However, the dynamics of topsoil C storage in China agricultural soils since 1980’s and the effects of modern agricultural developments on C dynamics need further study for elucidating the role of China agriculture in global climatic change.     

乙型肝炎病毒全基因序列的测定

Seven cases of chronic hepatitis B virus carriers were included for sequencing of whole gene sequences of hepatitis B virus (HBV). The serotype of 4 strains of HBV were adr, and 3 strains were adw. Two strains were classified to genotype B, and the other 5 strains to genotype C. No significant mutations, such as A¹⁸⁹⁶, T¹⁷⁶²A¹⁷⁶⁴ were present. With other reported 2 complete sequences of HBV strains prevailing in mainland China, 7 strains of HBV whole sequences of genotype C from mainland China were analyzed to produce the consensus sequence of HBV of China. Comparing of the consensus sequence with that from Genbank, there were only 22 sites with different nucleotides.     

Forest biomass estimation at regional and global levels, with special reference to China’s forest biomass

Accurate estimation of forest biomass size and regional distribution is a prerequisite in answering a long-standing debate on the role of forest vegetation in the regional and global carbon cycle. Appropriate biomass estimation methods and available forest data sources are two key factors for this purpose. Among the estimation methods, the continuous Biomass Expansion Factor (BEF; defined as the ratio of all stand biomass to stem volume or biomass) method is considered to be the best. We applied the continuous BEF to forest inventory data of China and estimated a biomass carbon of 4.6 PgC and a biomass carbon density of 38.4 Mg ha^–1. A review of recent literature shows that forest carbon density in major temperate and boreal forest regions in the Northern Hemisphere has a narrow variance ranging from 29 Mg ha^–1 to 50 Mg ha^–1, with a global mean of 36.9 Mg ha^–1. This suggests that the forest biomass density in China is closely coincident with the global mean.     

Quantification of the water,energy and carbon footprints of wastewater treatment plants in China considering a water–energy nexus perspective

Water and energy are closely connected and both are very important for human development. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are central to water–energy interactions as they consume energy to remove pollutants and thus reduce the human gray water footprint on the natural water environment. In this work, we quantified energy consumption in 9 different WWTPs in south China, with different treatment processes, objects, and capacities. The energy intensity in most of these WWTPs is in the range of 0.4–0.5 kWh/m³ in 2014. Footprint methodologies were used in this paper to provide insight into the environmental changes that result from WWTPs. A new indicator “gray water footprint reduction” is proposed based on the notion of gray water footprint to better assess the role of WWTPs in reducing human impacts on water resources. We find that higher capacity and appropriate technology of the WWTPs will result in higher gray water footprint reduction. On average, 6.78 m³ gray water footprint is reduced when 1 m³ domestic sewage is treated in WWTPs in China. 13.38 L freshwater are required to produce the 0.4 kWh electrical input needed for treating 1 m³ domestic wastewater, and 0.23 kg CO₂ is emitted during this process. The wastewater characteristics, treatment technologies as well as management systems have a major impact on the efficiency of energy utilization in reducing gray water footprint via these WWTPs. The additional climate impact associated with wastewater treatment should be considered in China due to the enormous annual wastewater discharge. Policy suggestions are provided based on results in this work and the features of China's energy and water distribution.