胸段硬膜外麻醉的研究进展及应用

硬膜外应用局麻药为手术提供麻醉与镇痛,同时胸段硬膜外麻醉与镇痛也被广泛应用于心脏,大血管,胸部和腹部的手术中.它不仅可以加快病人麻醉后的苏醒,而且可以提供很好的术后镇痛.除了上述优点,许多基础及临床研究发现硬膜外麻醉还有许多其它方面的作用,如:减轻神经内分泌系统的应激反应、减少围术期并发症的发生,以及通过暂时性的阻滞胸交感神经提供心肺及胃肠道的保护作用,改善免疫和凝血功能.本文就近年来胸段硬膜外麻醉应用及研究进展作一综述.     

硬膜外阻滞用于多发性痔、瘘手术及术后镇痛观察（附76例报告）

目的 观察硬膜外阻滞用于多发性痔、瘘手术麻醉效果及硬膜外注入布比卡因混合液术后镇痛研究。方法 于L3－4椎间隙进行硬膜外穿刺管,阻滞应用1．6％－2％利用多卡因8－11ml,术中必须时辅助用氟芬合剂,术后经硬膜外导管一次性汪入布比卡因混合液一个单位进行术后镇痛。结果 全组麻醉效果良好,术后镇痛优良率达100％。而且全组术后在无刺激的情况下始终无明显疼痛。结论 硬膜外阻滞用于痔、痔手术效果,而且较安全。硬膜外注入布比卡因混合液达到长时间术后镇痛作用,认为地塞米松能显著延长布比卡因止痛时间,维生素B12也具有局麻药协同作用及镇痛效果。     

外周神经阻滞的临床应用概述

神经阻滞也称为传导阻滞或传导麻醉,是将局麻药注射至神经干(丛)旁,暂时阻滞神经的传导功能,达到手术无痛的效果。阻滞的程度不同,临床效果也不同,如果只有感觉神经受到阻滞,只能产生镇痛效果;如果感觉与运动神经都完全受到阻滞,则产生无痛和运动麻痹,达到麻醉效果。     

关于连续股神经阻滞在膝关节置换术后镇痛的临床效果

目的研究连续股神经阻滞在膝关节置换术后中的镇痛效果。方法选取我院在2012年1月至2015年1月间收治的92例行膝关节置换术患者的临床资料,以数字随机分组法原则为依据,将患者分为观察组与对照组,观察组给予连续股神经阻滞镇痛,对照组给予静脉止痛泵镇痛,分析两组患者术后2h、24h、36h、72h的VAS疼痛评分情况与不良反应发生率。结果 1观察组术后2h、24h、36h、72h的VAS疼痛评分均低于对照组,两组对比有统计学意义(P0.05)。2观察组不良反应发生率为4.35%,对照组不良反应发生率为15.22%,对比有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论连续股神经阻滞在膝关节置换术后镇痛中应用效果显著,有着良好的安全性能,可有效控制不良反应率,对患者术后功能恢复有促进作用,值得临床推广应用。     

超声引导下胸横肌平面阻滞的临床应用

胸横肌平面阻滞是一种将局麻药单次注射于肋间肌和胸横肌平面之间的神经阻滞技术，阻滞范围为前胸壁。超声引导的胸横肌平面阻滞能提高操作的精准度和成功率，降低并发症，能为前胸壁手术提供一个可行的多模式镇痛方案。目前，超声引导的胸横肌平面阻滞主要应用于心胸、乳腺等各类前胸壁操作或手术的围术期多模式镇痛。本文将从胸横肌平面阻滞的定义、用法、用量、临床应用及相关并发症等方面进行阐述，以期为该技术在更多外科手术围术期多模式镇痛的临床应用提供参考。     

B超声引导下肋锁间隙与喙突入路连续臂丛神经阻滞对Barton骨折术后镇痛效果比较

目的:比较超声引导下肋锁间隙与喙突两种入路连续臂丛神经阻滞对Barton骨折手术患者术后的镇痛效果。方法:选择择期行Barton骨折手术患者60例,随机分为肋锁间隙入路连续臂丛神经阻滞组(A组,n=30)和喙突入路连续锁骨下臂丛神经阻滞组(B组,n=30)。两组均在超声引导下进行臂丛神经阻滞,同时留置神经阻滞导管,麻醉后2小时经神经阻滞导管连接无线电子镇痛泵。记录手术过程中神经深度、麻醉操作时间,并评估麻醉效果;记录术后第一次追加药物时间;记录麻醉后6 h、12 h、18 h、24 h、36 h、48 h静息及运动状态VAS评分;记录术后第一天和第二天镇痛泵有效按压次数及补救镇痛情况;记录患者满意度及并发症发生情况。结果:与B组相比,A组神经深度明显减浅(P<0.05),麻醉操作时间显著缩短(P<0.05),术后第一次追加药物时间延长(P<0.05),麻醉后12 h、18 h、24 h、36 h静息及运动状态VAS评分较低(P<0.05),术后第一天有效按压次数明显减少(P<0.05),患者满意度评分高(P<0.05),误穿血管发生率明显减少(P<0.05)。结论:超声引导下肋锁间隙入路与喙突入路连续锁骨下臂丛神经阻滞均可安全有效用于Barton骨折手术术后镇痛;但肋锁间隙连续臂丛神经阻滞术后镇痛效果更好,且具有神经阻滞深度浅、操作时间更短、阻滞效果更好、患者满意度更高及并发症更少等优点。     

神经阻滞与全身麻醉在跟骨骨折内固定术后疼痛控制中的价值

目的:探讨神经阻滞与全身麻醉在跟骨骨折内固定术后疼痛控制中的价值。方法:2019年1月到2019年10月选择在本院诊治的开放性跟骨骨折患者480例,按照入院顺序,根据随机数字表法分为研究组与对照组,各240例。所有患者都给予跟骨骨折内固定治疗与全身麻醉,观察组术后给予连续坐骨神经自控镇痛,对照组术后给予静脉自控镇痛,记录疼痛控制效果。结果:两组的手术时间、引流时间、引流量等对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),研究组的切口干燥时间与切口愈合时间显著短于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组术后4 h、24 h与48 h的疼痛视觉模拟评分法(Visual analog scales,VAS)评分显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组术后48 h的感觉阻滞情况0级、1级、2级对比差异无统计学意义(x2=0.00、0.083、0.083,P=1.0、0.773、0.773),组间对比均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。研究组术后1个月的切口裂开、感染、皮下血肿与皮缘坏死等并发症发生率为4.2%,显著低于对照组的15.8%(x2=18.148,P=0.000),两组对比有显著的统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论:神经阻滞与全身麻醉在跟骨骨折内固定术后的应用具有更好的镇痛效果,且不影响阻滞效果,能促进患者康复,减少术后并发症的发生。     

超声引导连续胸椎旁神经阻滞在乳腺癌手术患者术后镇痛中的应用

目的探讨超声引导连续胸椎旁神经阻滞在乳腺癌手术患者术后镇痛中的应用效果。方法收集2016年1月~2017年12月在我院行乳腺癌根治手术的患者66例,采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各33例,对照组采用舒芬太尼静脉镇痛,观察组采用超声引导连续胸椎旁神经阻滞镇痛,观察两组患者术后4、8、12、24、48h的镇痛评分及不良反应情况,并比较48h时患者对镇痛效果的总体满意度。结果观察组患者术后4、8、12h的静息状态VAS评分明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后24、48h两组患者的静息状态VAS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后48h,观察组患者对镇痛效果的满意率为100%显著优于对照组的69.7%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。不良反应发生率比较,观察组患者出现恶心(6.1%)、呕吐(0%)、头晕(3.0%),对照组出现恶心(15.2%)、呕吐(9.1%)、头晕(27.3%),两组不良反应发生率比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论超声引导连续胸椎旁神经阻滞用于女性乳腺癌术后具有良好的镇痛效果,有利于降低不良反应发生率,值得临床推广和应用。     

前入路腹膜前修补腹股沟疝82 例临床分析

目的:探讨Modified Kugel补片治疗腹股沟疝的手术操作要点,并评价其疗效。方法:对2010年1~12月我院应用ModifiedKugel补片行开放性前入路腹膜前修补术的82例临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:平均手术时间(55±10)min,术后住院(5.2±1.4)d。术后无尿潴留、切口感染等并发症。全组病人伤口一期愈合,无浆液肿及感染发生。术后随访12-23个月,无复发。结论:应用Modified Kugel补片修补腹股沟疝是一种创伤小、无张力、安全的手术方式,术后恢复快,近期疗效满意。     

帕瑞昔布钠在术后镇痛中应用的研究进展

手术方式的不断完善和创新,对术后镇痛提出了更高要求。非甾体抗炎药为我国临床术后镇痛常用的一类药物,近年来应用范围仍在不断扩大,但总结长期术后镇痛用药经验发现,传统的非甾体抗炎药易引起胃肠道毒性反应和血小板抑制,因此迫切需要寻找一种安全、有效的术后镇痛药物。帕瑞昔布钠是一种环氧合酶-2(COX-2)特异性抑制剂,注射使用,可用于术后不同程度疼痛的短期治疗,近年来已被临床实践证实具有良好的疗效和较高的安全性。本文结合已经发表的临床研究报道对该药物在术后镇痛中的应用进展进行综述,旨在对该药物的作用机制、疗效、安全性有一个系统性的认识。     

肺癌根治术后不同镇痛方式的临床效果比较

目的：观察和比较硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）和静脉自控镇痛（PCIA）用于肺癌根治术患者围术期的镇痛效果及其不良反应的发生情况。方法：选择择期全麻下行肺癌根治性切除术的患者1214例,ASAI～II级,依镇痛方式不同分为硬膜外自控镇痛组（PCEA组,n=1023）和静脉自控镇痛组（PCtA组,n=191）。观察围术期两组患者镇痛效果、不良反应及术后康复情况。结果：PCEA组术后2h静止状态下和术后6h、24h活动状态下VAS评分均明显低于PCIA组（P〈O．05）;术后48h的Ramsay评分明显低于PCIA组（P〈0．05）;术后住院时间明显短于PCIA组（P〈0．05）;肺部并发症的发生率、切口感染和术后谵妄、恶心呕吐的发生率均明显低于PCIA组（P〈0．01）。结论：PCEA和PCIA两种镇痛方式用于肺癌根治术患者围术期均可达到满意的临床镇痛效果,但PCEA的用药量更少,镇静作用轻,副反应少,并可以降低肺感染和切口感染的几率,缩短住院时间,更有利于肺癌根治术患者的镇痛和康复。     

Intercostal catheter analgesia is more efficient vs. intercostal nerve blockade for post-thoracotomy pain relief

A pain after thoracotomy may result in a postoperative hypoventilation and lead to atelectases and pneumonia. This study was aimed to compare two analgesic regimens after posterolateral thoracotomy. 80 patients (40-70 years) undergoing thoracotomy were randomized to intercostal catheter analgesia (group A, n = 40) and intercostal nerve block (group B, n = 40). Patients in group A were given 20 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine injections twice a day by intercostal catheter. Intercostal nerve blockade was performed using 5 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine. Intercostal nerve in thoracotomy wound, nerves below and above thoracotomy wound was also injected. PaO2, PaCO2, FVC, FEV1 and visual analog pain scale (VAS) were obtained preoperatively, 24, 48 and 72 hours after operation. Postoperative complications were recorded at the patient discharge. Differences between groups were calculated using Mann-Whitney, KW test and chi square test. The arterial blood gas analyses did not show statistically significant change in any group and time according to the baseline values. FVC and FEV1 decreased significantly in both groups at first postoperative day according to baseline measurements. Patients in B group had significantly higher FEV1 values in the third postoperative day (73.05 +/- 11.25 in A vs. 83.50 +/- 9.17 in B group, p < 0.05). Intercostal catheter analgesia resulted in significantly lower postoperative VAS scores and reduced opioid requirement as compared to intercostal nerve blockade. No differences in the postoperative complications were observed between groups.     

Postoperative pain management in patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a narrative review

Posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is one of the most invasive surgical procedures performed in children and adolescents. Because of the extensive surgical incision and massive tissue trauma, posterior spinal fusion causes severe postoperative pain. Intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with opioids has been the mainstay of postoperative pain management in these patients. However, the use of systemic opioids is sometimes limited by opioid-related side effects, resulting in poor analgesia. To improve pain management while reducing opioid consumption and opioid-related complications, concurrent use of analgesics and analgesic modalities with different mechanisms of action seems to be rational. The efficacy of intrathecal opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as components of multimodal analgesia in scoliosis surgery has been well established. However, there is either controversy or insufficient evidence regarding the use of other analgesic methods, such as continuous ketamine infusion, perioperative oral gabapentin, acetaminophen, continuous wound infiltration of local anesthetics, a single dose of systemic dexamethasone, and lidocaine infusion in this patient population. Moreover, appropriate combinations of analgesics have not been established. The aim of this literature review is to provide detailed information of each analgesic technique so that clinicians can make appropriate choices regarding pain management in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis undergoing posterior spinal fusion.     

LATE POSTOPERATIVE INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION

Early postoperative intestinal obstruction is most successfully treated with intestinal intubation with a long intestinal tube of the Miller-Abbott, Harris or Cantor type, and only when this fails is reoperation indicated. However, late postoperative intestinal obstruction is better treated by operation as soon as the diagnosis is established and the patient is prepared for the procedure.Decompression of the bowel at the time of operation has become a procedure of choice and it is now possible to completely decompress the bowel in the course of the operation using a Foley catheter inserted through a stab wound in the bowel. Details of the technique are described in this article.     

全麻术后患者苏醒期躁动发生情况及影响因素分析

目的:统计全麻术后患者苏醒期躁动(EA)的发生率,并分析其影响因素。方法:本研究为回顾性研究,分析2021年5月~2021年6月期间我院收治的204例全麻手术患者的临床资料,采用躁动-镇静程度量表(RASS)评分评价患者术后是否发生EA,观察全麻术后患者EA发生率,并根据患者术后是否发生EA进行分组,采用logistic回归分析其影响因素。结果:204例患者中有47例发生EA,发生率为23.04%,纳为EA组,剩余的157例未发生EA,纳为非EA组。EA组、非EA组在性别、全麻方式、术前用药、苏醒时间方面对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。EA组、非EA组在年龄、手术类型、手术时间、留置胃管/导尿管、麻醉时间、美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级、术后镇痛、术后疼痛方面对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥50岁、手术类型为妇科手术或泌尿外科手术、留置胃管/导尿管、ASA分级为Ⅱ级、术后疼痛是EA发生的危险因素,而术后镇痛是EA发生的保护因素(P<0.05)。结论:年龄、手术类型、留置胃管/导尿管、ASA分级、术后疼痛、术后镇痛是全麻术后患者EA发生的影响因素,临床需重点关注并给予相应防控措施。     

Peripheral regional analgesia with femoral catheter versus intravenous patient controlled analgesia after total knee arthroplasty: a prospective randomized study

The aim of this study is to compare the effects of femoral analgesia (FA) with 0.25% levobupivacain and intravenous patient controlled analgesia (PCA) with morphine on postoperative pain assessed by a visual-analog scale (VAS) score and their complications during the first 24 postoperative hours after the a total knee arthroplasty in a prospective randomized study. Secondary outcomes included: morphine use, patient satisfaction, complication of analgesia and duration of hospital stay. We analyzed 71 patients with an ASA score of II or III. The patients were randomized into two groups: group PCA (n = 36) was given the PCA pump, which contained morphine; and group FA (n = 35) was given first a bolus dose, then a continuous infusion 0.25% levobupivacain via a femoral catheter. The assessment of VAS was performed every 2 hours. There were no differences between the PCA and FA groups regarding demographic characteristics, operation duration, ASA score distribution, duration of hospital stay and satisfaction with analgesia (although there were more satisfied patients in the FA group). Significant differences were noted in the quantity of morphine used (higher values were in the PCA group; p < 0.001). More complications were recorded in PCA group (p < 0.001). The VAS score was lower in the FA group (p < 0.001). The highest difference occurred 4 hours after the operation, with the PCA group having significantly higher VAS score values compared to the FA group. Femoral analgesia leads to a stronger pain relief with less side effects, less morphine use and more patient satisfaction than intravenous PCA with morphine.     

Multimodal analgesia protocol for pain management after total knee arthroplasty: comparison of three different regional analgesic techniques

Objectives:To evaluate three different analgesic techniques, continuous epidural analgesia (EA), continuous intra-articular (IA) infusion analgesia and continuous femoral nerve block (FNB) in postoperative pain management, length of hospital stay (LOS), and time of patient mobilization after total knee arthroplasty (TKA).Methods:Seventy-two patients undergoing TKA were randomly allocated into three groups according to the analgesic technique used for postoperative pain management. Group EA patients received epidural analgesia (control group), group IA received intra-articular infusion and group FNB received femoral nerve block.Results:Upon analyzing the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) scores at rest, at passive and active movement, up to 3 days postoperatively, we observed no statistically significant differences at any time point among the three groups. Similarly, no association among these analgesic techniques (EA, IA, FNB) was revealed regarding LOS. However, significant differences emerged concerning the time of mobilization. Patients who received IA achieved earlier mobilization compared to FNB and EA.Conclusions:Both IA and FNB generate similar analgesic effect with EA for postoperative pain management after TKA. However, IA appears to be significantly more effective in early mobilization compared to EA and FNB. Finally, no clinically important differences could be detected regarding LOS among the techniques studied.     

多模式术后镇痛在腹腔镜结肠手术中的应用

目的:理论上联合使用不同机制镇痛药较镇痛药单独使用镇痛效果更完善,在妇科、骨科等手术中已有结论;笔者观察比较腹腔镜结肠手术术使用单一止痛药及联合使用不同机制镇痛药在术后镇痛的效果以及各自不良反应的发生率。方法:择期腹腔镜结肠手术患者90例,随机分为3组,每组30例。A组使用地佐辛+氟比洛酚酯行术后镇痛为多模式镇痛组;B组使用地佐辛行术后镇痛;C组使用氟比洛酚酯行术后镇痛。记录每组术后4、8、12、24 h视觉模糊评分(VAS)及术后不良反应包括嗜睡、躁动、恶心呕吐的发生率。结果:A组术后4 h、8 h的VAS评分低于B、C两组,差异有显著性,A组无嗜睡及躁动发生,发生呕吐1例,不良反应发生率A组低于B、C两组,差异有显著性。结论:地佐辛+氟比洛酚酯联合用药可安全有效应用于腹腔镜结肠手术术后镇痛,是一种有效的多模式术后镇痛方式,在减弱疼痛的放大效应及对中枢神经的作用两方面起效,因而较单独使用地佐辛及氟比洛酚酯有更好的镇痛效果,且不良反应低于单独使用地佐辛及氟比洛酚酯。     

Postoperative analgesia: a comparison of intravenous on-demand fentanyl with epidural bupivacaine.

In a randomised trial postoperative pain relief was provided by either epidural injections of bupivacaine or an infusion of fentanyl adjusted by the patient to achieve adequate pain relief. Both techniques produced satisfactory analgesia without respiratory depression after peripheral arterial surgery. The technique of infusing intravenously a potent analgesic in a dose adjusted by the patient appears to offer several advantages in postoperative care.