透析充分性、微炎症、营养状态对血液透析患者生存质量及长期生存率的影响

目的:探讨透析充分性、微炎症、营养状态对血液透析患者生存质量及长期生存率的影响。方法:随机选择我院血液透析中心维持透析每周3次,治疗6月以上的患者89例,观察并评估其入组时、入组后第3、6、12、18、24月的生存质量(KDTA、SF-36)、营养状况(MQSGA、MAMC)、微炎症(hCRP、IL-6)及透析充分性(iPTH、Kt/V、β2-MG),并分析透析充分性、营养状况、微炎症与生存质量、生存率的相关性。结果:89例患者有9例死亡,死亡率为10.1%;iPHT、MQSGA与KDTA、SF-36呈负相关(P0.05),Kt/V与KDTA、SF-36呈正相关(P0.05),β2-MG、胆固醇与KDTA、SF-36无明显相关(P0.05);hCRP、IL-6分别与KDTA、SF-36呈负相关(P0.05);HGS与KDTA呈正相关(P0.05),与SF-36无明显相关(P0.05),ALB、MAMC与KDTA、SF-36呈正相关(P0.05);Kt/V、MQSGA、IL-6、iPTH均与KDAT及SF-36存回归关系(P0.05);Cox回归模型发现Kt/V、ALB及开始透析年龄是导致血透患者死亡的危险因素(P0.05)。结论:透析充分性、微炎症及营养状况均影响透析患者的生存质量及长期生存率;iPTH、Kt/V、MQSGA、IL-6是其生存质量的独立影响因素,Kt/V、ALB及开始透析年龄是血透患者的死亡独立危险因素。     

不同护理模式对维持性血液透析患者透析依从性与生活质量的影响

目的探讨不同护理模式对维持性血液透析患者透析治疗依从性与生活质量的影响。方法将行维持性血液透析的患者80例,根据护理模式的不同分为对照组与研究组各40例,对照组采用常规护理模式,研究组采用协同护理模式,两组均干预4个月,并对两组患者干预前后进行透析依从性量表、简明健康调查表(SF-36)、护理满意度进行问卷调查,分析干预前后两组患者透析依从性、生活质量变化及对护理满意度情况。结果与干预前比较,干预后研究组患者在透析依从性评分、SF-36评分及护理满意度方面均明显升高,差异有统计学意义(均P0.01);而且与对照组比较差异亦有显著统计学意义(均P0.01)。结论协同护理模式可显著提高维持性血液透析患者的血透治疗依从性及生活质量,提高了护理满意度,值得临床推广应用。     

甲状旁腺激素水平对慢性肾衰竭患者维持性血液透析期间机体营养的影响

目的:探讨慢性肾衰竭(CRF)维持性血液透析患者血清甲状旁腺激素(PTH)水平与机体营养状况的关系。方法:选择2013年8月-2015年10月我院收治的慢性肾衰竭行维持性血液透析治疗的患者98例作为研究组,另选择同期接受健康体检的志愿者69例作为对照组。采用放射免疫法检测两组患者血清甲状旁腺激素(PTH)及血清学指标。采用微型营养评定法(MNA)评价两组患者营养状况;利用Spearman相关分析方法评价血清PTH与相关血清生化指标的相关性。结果:研究组营养不良发生率(31.63%)明显高于对照组(13.04%),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组营养不良患者血清PTH,HDL-C,LDL-C,CRP,BUN及SCr水平均高于潜在营养不良和营养正常者,而血清TP,ALB,TC,TG及Hb均低于潜在营养不良和营养正常者(P0.05)。潜在营养不良患者血清PTH,HDL-C,LDL-C,CRP,BUN及SCr水平均高于营养正常者,而血清TP,ALB,TC,TG及Hb均低于营养正常者(P0.05)。慢性肾衰竭患者血清PTH与MNA,TP,TC,TG,CRP以及Hb呈负相关关系(P0.05);与BUN,SCr呈正相关关系(P0.05);与ALB,HDL-C,LDL-C无明显相关性(P0.05)。结论:CRF患者并发营养不良的发生率较高,血清PTH水平与机体营养状况存在一定相关性,临床应予以重视。     

血液灌流联合血液透析治疗尿毒症的临床价值分析

目的:探讨血液灌流联合血液透析治疗尿毒症的临床价值。方法:选取我院2014年5月~2016年4月接收血液透析的尿毒症患者90例,全部患者均采用血液透析进行维持性治疗,将其分为对照组(45例)与治疗组(45例)两组。对照组进行单纯的血液透析,而治疗组则在血液透析的基础上联合血液灌流进行治疗。观察和比较两组患者治疗前后血清肌酐(Cr)、β2微球蛋白(β2-MG)、血液尿素氮(BUN)、甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、球蛋白、白蛋白、血常规、电解质的变化情况以及治疗后临床症状的改善情况。结果:治疗前,两组患者的血清Cr、β2-MG、BUN、PTH水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,治疗组患者的血清β2-MG、PTH水平较治疗前明显下降(P0.05),对照组患者各项指标无明显变化(P0.05)。两组患者治疗前后的球蛋白、白蛋白、血常规、电解质均无明显变化。治疗后,治疗组的临床不良反应改善率明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:与单纯的血液透析相比,血液灌注联合血液透析能够更有效清除尿毒症患者体内Cr、β2-MG、BUN、PTH的蓄积,改善不良反应,且不会引起球蛋白、白蛋白、血常规、电解质的变化而破坏内平衡。     

西格列汀对早期2型糖尿病肾病患者肾功能的影响

目的:研究西格列汀对早期2型糖尿病肾病患者肾小球、肾小管标志性蛋白/酶的影响。方法:早期2型糖尿病肾病患者72例,随机数字表分为对照组36例、治疗组36例;两组均采用糖尿病饮食管理、运动治疗,在控制血糖、血脂、血压的基础上,治疗组给予磷酸西格列汀100 mg 1粒/次,1次/天,持续服药6月。观察治疗前、后两组血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)、血脂、空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2小时血糖(2 h PBG)、血清胱抑素-C(Cys-C)及24 h尿微量白蛋白(24 h UAE)、尿N-乙酰-β-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、尿β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)的变化。结果:治疗后,治疗组血脂、Hb A1c、FBG、2 h PBG较对照组明显下降,差异有显著性(P0.05)。两组患者24 h UAE、NAG、β2-MG和Cys-C较治疗前均下降,差异有显著性(P0.05);两组治疗后相比,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:西格列汀可以有效控制早期DN患者的血糖水平,减少血清Cys-C、尿微量白蛋白水平,减轻肾小管损伤,有利于延缓DN的病程和进展。     

阿托伐他汀联合厄贝沙坦对老年早期糖尿病肾病患者肾功能及微炎症状态的影响

目的:探讨阿托伐他汀联合厄贝沙坦对老年早期糖尿病肾病(DN)患者肾功能及微炎症状态的影响。方法:选取2016年4月到2017年2月在我院肾内科接受治疗的老年早期DN患者84例,根据随机数字表法将患者分为对照组和观察组,各42例。对照组给予厄贝沙坦进行治疗,观察组给予阿托伐他汀联合厄贝沙坦进行治疗。比较两组患者的尿微量白蛋白排泄率(UAER)及两组患者血肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(BUN)、β2微球蛋白(β2-MG)、白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平,并比较两组患者治疗过程中出现的不良反应。结果:治疗后两组患者的UAER、Scr、BUN、β2-MG水平均降低,且观察组的UAER、Scr、BUN、β2-MG均低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后两组患者血清中IL-1、TNF-α水平均降低,IL-10水平升高(P0.05);治疗后观察组血清中IL-1、TNF-α水平低于对照组,IL-10水平高于对照组(P0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:阿托伐他汀联合厄贝沙坦对老年早期DN患者有较好的治疗效果,可显著改善患者的肾功能,减轻微炎症状态,且安全性较好,值得临床推广应用。     

缬沙坦联合肾炎康复片治疗女性肾小球肾炎蛋白尿的疗效观察

目的:探讨缬沙坦联合肾炎康复片对女性肾小球肾炎蛋白尿患者的临床疗效和意义。方法:选取2014年1月至2015年12月于本院以肾小球肾炎为诊断的女性患者72例,行随机数字表法分为两组:对照组36例,予缬沙坦治疗;实验组36例,予缬沙坦联合肾炎康复片治疗。共治疗12周。观察两组患者治疗前后血压、24 h尿蛋白、血清Scr、BUN、Hb以及不良反应发生率,其数据结果应用统计学软件SPSS 19.0加以处理。结果:经12周治疗后,实验组临床疗效明显优于对照组,表现为:实验组收缩压、舒张压以及24 h尿蛋白定量水平均低于对照组(P0.05);实验组血清Scr和BUN水平低于对照组,Hb水平均高于对照组(P0.05);实验组总有效率高于对照组(P0.05);两组之间不良反应发生率无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:缬沙坦联合肾炎康复片能有效降低女性肾小球肾炎蛋白尿患者血压、24 h尿蛋白、血清Scr、BUN水平,升高Hb水平,且具有较好的临床疗效和安全性,值得临床应用和推广。     

连续性血液净化与血液透析对尿毒症脑病疗效的比较研究

目的:比较连续性血液净化(continuous blood purification,CBP)和血液透析(haemodialysis,HD)治疗尿毒症脑病的疗效.方法:70例尿毒症脑病(uremic encephalopathy,UE)患者随机分成连续性血液净化(CBP)组(n=35)和血液透析(HD)组(n=35),分别给予相应治疗.观察缓解率、平均动脉压、肾功能、电解质及血气指标等.结果:1周缓解率分别为100%(CBP组)和65.7%(HD组)(P＜0.05);两组的BUN,Scr,K+,Na+,Cl-和β2-MG均显著降低(P＜0.05),但治疗后CBP组的BUN,Scr和β2-MG显著低于HD组(P＜0.05);CBP组的HC03-和pH较治疗前显著降低(P＜0.05),而HD组中HC03-和pH治疗前后无显著改变(P＞0.05).CBP组治疗前后平均动脉压变化无统计学差异(P＞0.05),HD组低血压发生率为13.7%,高血压发生率为15.4%.结论:CBP治疗能很好清除BUN、Scr和β2-MG,纠正电解质及酸碱紊乱,维持患者血液动力学,具有较好的临床疗效.     

系统性红斑狼疮患者血清β2-MG、PGRN、Gas6水平与疾病严重程度和肾脏损害的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨系统性红斑狼疮患者血清β2-微球蛋白（β2-MG）、颗粒蛋白前体（PGRN）、生长停滞基因6（Gas6）水平与疾病严重程度和肾脏损害的关系。方法：选择2017年1月至2020年12月河北医科大学第二医院风湿免疫科收治的系统性红斑狼疮患者105例,根据系统性红斑狼疮疾病活动度指数(SLEDAI)将患者分为活动期组(SLEDAI≥5分)62例,缓解期组(SLEDAI ≤4分)43例。另取同期于河北医科大学第二医院接受体检的健康志愿者60例作为对照组。比较各组血清β2-MG、PGRN、Gas6、红细胞沉降率（ESR）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、血清补体、抗dsDNA抗体、血尿素氮（BUN）、血肌酐（Scr）,24 h尿蛋白（24h UTP）,并分析其相关性。结果：活动期组β2-MG、PGRN、ESR、CRP、抗dsDNA抗体、BUN、Scr、24 h UTP水平高于缓解期组、对照组,Gas6、血清补体C3、C4水平低于缓解期组、对照组;缓解期组β2-MG、PGRN、ESR、CRP、抗dsDNA抗体、BUN、Scr、24 h UTP水平均高于对照组,Gas6、血清补体C3、C4水平低于对照组,活动期组SLEDAI评分高于缓解期组（P＜0.05）。 Pearson相关性分析可得：系统性红斑狼疮患者血清β2-MG、PGRN与SLEDAI 、ESR、CRP、抗dsDNA、BUN、Scr、24h UTP呈正相关,与血清补体C3、补体C4呈负相关（均P＜0.05）,Gas6水平与SLEDAI、ESR、CRP、抗dsDNA、BUN、Scr、24h UTP呈负相关,与血清补体C3、补体C4呈正相关（均P＜0.05）。结论：系统性红斑狼疮患者血清β2-MG、PGRN水平异常升高,Gas6水平异常降低,且和患者疾病活动程度及肾脏损害密切相关,检测其水平可能为系统性红斑狼疮疾病的评估提供参考。     

血清胱抑制素和血清转化因子-β1水平在新生儿窒息中的变化及意义

目的:探究血清胱抑制素C和血清转化因子-β1在新生儿窒息中的变化及其临床意义。方法:选取2012年1月至2016年9月我院收治的窒息新生儿46例作为窒息组,将同期出生的足月健康新生儿30例作为对照组。分别检测两组新生儿入院后第1、3、7天的血清转化因子-β1(TGF-β1)、血清胱抑制素C(Cys C)、血清尿素氮(BUN)、血清肌酐(Scr)及肾小球滤过率(GFR)水平的变化,并依据是否有肾功能损伤将窒息组46例新生儿分为正常组和损伤组,分析两组新生儿血清指标的变化差异。结果:入院后第1、3、7天,窒息组新生儿的TGF-β1、GFR呈现逐渐升高趋势,且均显著低于对照组(P0.05);而Cys C、BUN及Scr呈现降低趋势,且均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。肾功能损伤组的Cys C、BUN及Scr显著高于正常组,TGF-β1、GFR显著低于正常组(P0.05)。此外,损伤组的TGF-β1水平分别与血清BUN、Scr水平呈负相关关系,与GFR呈正相关关系;而血清Cys C水平分别于血清BUN、Scr呈正相关关系,与GFR呈负相关关系(P均0.05)。结论:窒息新生儿的血清TGF-β1、Cys C水平均较健康新生儿有显著性变化,并与患儿肾功能显著相关,对患儿肾功能损伤的早期诊断、病情及预后判断有一定的临床指导意义。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.