链霉素生产菌—灰色链霉菌和热灰紫链霉菌的原生质体融合的研究

本文采用原生质体融合技术,把链霉素生产菌——灰色链霉菌No．45 Streptomyces griseus No.45(Lin,Rif‘)同耐高温的不产生抗生素的热灰紫链霉菌T272 Strep-griseus thermogriseoviolaceus T272(Lin^s,Rif^f)进行了原生质体融合。以抗性为选择标记,以PEG6000为助融剂,选出了融合体。制备超薄切片后在电镜下观察了原生质体融合的详细过程。在链霉素生物合成受抑制的高温(37℃)下,测定了融合体的抑菌括性,从形态上与两亲株不同的46株融合体中发现6．3％的融合体既有耐高温的特性也有抑菌的活性。     

链霉菌和大肠杆菌穿梭质粒载体的构建

本文报道了链霉菌和大肠杆菌穿梭质粒载体pSE-3的构建;把具有双启动子的大肠杆菌的质粒pGEM-3与新霉素抗性基因启动子缺失的链霉菌的探针质粒pIJ486分别用BamHI和BglⅡ酶切,T4 DNA连接酶连接后转化到E.coli HB101(Amp(?),Neo(?)),所得重组质粒能强启动pIJ486质粒上的氨基糖苷磷酸转移酶基因(aph),并使新霉素抗性基因在大肠杆菌中得到强表达。此重组质粒被命名为pSE-3,当其转化到变青链霉菌TK54(Tsr(?),Neo(?))的原生质体前,新霉素抗性基因亦能得到强表达。酶切结果表明,构建的具有两个启动子的穿梭质粒载体pSE-3上有HindⅢ和EcoRI的单酶位点,拷贝数约为39。经再转化和传代50代等研究表明,穿梭质粒载体pSE-3在链霉菌和大肠杆菌中均是稳定的。为某些有应用价值的目的基因在大肠杆菌和链霉菌中的克隆与表达提供了一个有价值的穿梭质粒载体。     

链霉菌基因克隆载体及基因文库的构建

利用麦迪霉素产生菌中分离的质粒pSMY1(10．8kb),将pIJ30的硫链丝菌素抗性基因(tsr)克隆到psMY1上,获得了具有硫链丝菌素抗性选择标记质粒pSJ10。通过DNA体外缺失,片段播入、λ-COS片段的插入及与大肠杆菌质粒的重组等基因技术,获得了一系列psMY1衍生质粒,包括双标记质粒pSM3,大肠杆菌／链霉菌穿梭质粒pBMJ2和穿梭粘粒pNMJ1。通过对这些质粒的分析,确定了质粒psMY1的复制必需区为3．06kd的EcoRI—sphI片段。质粒pSJ10、pSM3、pNMJ1具有可选择标记,多个单一确切的可克降位点,有一定范围的宿主并能在链霉菌中稳定存在等特点,故可作为链霉菌基因克隆的载体。其中pNMJl(11．15kb)是大肠杆菌／链霉菌穿梭粘粒,能有效地运载28—38kb的外源DNA片段,并能在体外包装λ噬菌体外壳,转导大肠杆菌。利用载体pNMJl,通过λ-噬菌体蛋白体外包装,在大肠杆菌中建立了螺旋霉素产生菌的基因文库,其基因覆盖率可达90％。重组DNA分子可通过转化转移到链霉菌中。     

转座子Tn5096对刺孢吸水链霉菌北京变种RF220转座的诱变

用大肠杆菌/链霉菌穿梭质粒pCZA168(bla,tsr,Tn5096,ColEI rep,Strep repts)多次转化农抗120产生菌刺孢吸水链霉菌北京变种(S.Streptomyces hygrospinocus var. beijingensis)RF220的原生质体,均未得到转化子。来自吸水链霉菌应城变种(S.Streptomyces hygroscopicus var.)10-22突变株的链霉菌质粒pIJ702(tsr mel+)可以转化RF220,但转化频率只有数十个转化子/μgDNA。用来自RF220本身的pIJ702对消除pIJ702后的RF220的原生质体进行了再转化,转化率没有明显的提高。用氨苄青霉素和甘氨酸协同处理RF220的菌丝体,并经-70℃冷冻原生质体再转化,得到了4个pCZA168的转化子。质粒提取、酶切、抗性测定表明：4个转化子中pCZA168中大肠杆菌DNA部分均被切除,成为大小约50～60kb的小质粒,命名为pWZH102(tsr,Tn5096,strep repts)。用pWZH102上的转座子Tn5096对RF220进行转座实验,在168个转座个体中,有2株可能为抗生素生物合成阻断变株,另有产生抗生素水平各异的变株,说明Tn5096的转座可以引起表型的不同变化。     

大肠杆菌-链霉菌高效接合载体的构建及其应用

以链霉菌质粒SCP2^*的衍生质粒pHJL400为基础,构建了能够在大肠杆菌到链霉菌之间进行高效接合转移的质粒DGH112。pGH112含有在大肠杆菌和链霉菌中复制起始位点,以及分别在大肠杆菌和链霉菌中进行筛选的抗性标记。用pGH112转化Escherichia coli ET12567(pUZ8002)后,与天蓝链霉菌(Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2))、除虫链霉菌(Streptomyces avermitilis)、变铅青链霉菌(Streptomyces lividans TK54)、毒三素链霉菌(Streptomyces toxytricini NRRL15443)、委内瑞拉链霉菌(Streptomyces．vertezuelae ISP5230)和红色糖多孢菌(Saccharopolypora erythraea)进行接合,发现本构建的pGH112与pKC1139相比,接合转移效率较高,稳定性好,而且宿主范围较广。把组成型启动子ermE^*与绿色荧光蛋白基因(gfp)克隆到本构建的pGH112,通过接合转移到链霉菌中,gfp获得表达,证明其可以用作基因接合转移的有效工具载体,这为研究链霉菌的基因功能创造了有利条件。     

黑暗链霉菌DNA转移系统的建立

研究了黑暗链霉菌的基因转移系统,探索了通过PEG介导的原生质体转化、接合转移向黑暗链霉菌中转入外源DNA的可能性。多次尝试用质粒pIJ702转化黑暗链霉菌9904原生质体均未成功。对原生质体进行“热处理”后转化、利用单链DNA转化等都不能将质粒导入黑暗链霉菌中,表明黑暗链霉菌对外源DNA有很强的限制修饰作用。利用接合转移将具有oriT的大肠杆菌链霉菌穿梭质粒pHZ132转入大肠杆菌ET12567(pUZ8002)中,获得供体菌ET12567(pUZ8002,pHZ132)。将供体菌与预萌发的黑暗链霉菌9904的孢子进行接合转移,成功地将pHZ132转入黑暗链霉菌9904中。质粒pHZ132经黑暗链霉菌自身修饰后也可转入黑暗链霉菌9904菌株的原生质体中,转化率约为103/μg DNA(pHZ132)。     

黑暗链霉菌DNA同源重组系统的构建

以黑暗链霉菌Tt-49基因组为模板,利用PCR方法,扩增安普霉素生物合成关键基因aprF-G的上、下游序列,作为同源交换臂,并将红霉素抗性基因筛选标记及其启动子插入两交换臂之间,以温敏型质粒pKC1139为基础,构建用于阻断黑暗链霉菌Tt-49安普霉素生物合成的重组质粒pFD8.该质粒通过E.coil ET12567/pUZ8002去甲基化修饰后,经接舍转移进入黑暗链霉菌Tt-49,利用红霉素抗性筛选得到3株阳性转化子,分别命名为Tt-49 AG1、Tt-49 AG2和Tt-49 AG3.通过PCR鉴定,证明pFD8已插入黑暗链霉菌Tt-49基因组的目标位点.以亲株作对照,对3株工程菌进行红霉素抗性能力考察,发现3株工程菌的抗红霉素能力均高迭1 000 μg/mL以上.     

变铅青链霉菌启动子的克隆和表达

利用启动子探测质粒pIJ486(Tsr~(?) Neo~(?))将变铅青链霉菌(streptomyces lividans)TK24染色体DNA的BamHI酶切片段插入pIJ486的BamHI位点。获得4个硫链丝菌肽抗性、新霉素抗性的重组质粒。它们分别命名为pMGI(10.6kb)、pMG40(7.6kb)、pMG50(10.8kb)和pMG88(7.92kb)。BamHI酶切分析及再转化试验表明,新霉素抗性的恢复确实来自载体的外源插入序列。用BgⅢ酶切已将pMG40的插入序列缩小到0.78kb的pMG40-2,pMG50的插入序列缩小到2.2kb的pMG50-25,仍保留启动子活性。重组质粒pMG50-25的新霉素抗性水平高达90μg/ml(卡那霉素抗性水平为500μg/ml),表明这是一个活性很强的启动子。     

水稻植物内生链霉菌中线型和环型质粒的检测

以广东番禺和五山地区水稻植株中分离到的内生链霉菌为对象,调查可能存在的内源质粒.利用脉冲电泳技术从8个菌株中检测到大小在60 kb～410 kb的线型质粒,其中4个菌株的线型质粒可能有保守的端粒复制基因.该结果与土壤链霉菌中检测到线型质粒和具有保守端粒复制基因的比例相似,表明水稻植物组织内部的独特环境不会造成链霉菌线型质粒的多样性分布产生大的变化.此外,从13个菌株中检测到6 kb～60 kb的环型质粒.     

瑞拉菌素产生菌的鉴定

自陕西秦岭太白山土壤中分离到 1株编号为S 5 12 0的放线菌。根据对其生物特征鉴定、生理生化特征分析 ,它与链霉菌属中委内瑞拉链霉菌最为相近 ,但菌种S 5 12 0对梨黑星病菌、苹果腐烂病菌等多种引起植物病害的病原真菌有拮抗和溶菌作用 ,故认为S 5 12 0是委内瑞拉链霉菌的一个新变种 ,定名为委内瑞拉链霉菌秦岭变种(Streptomycesvenezuelaevar .qinlingensis.n .Var)。     

亚硝基胍消除链霉菌FR-008的线性质粒

【目的】利用亚硝基胍(NTG)消除链霉菌FR-008线性质粒以简化其基因组,获得背景清晰的菌株,作为抗生素异源生物合成的底盘细胞。【方法】NTG溶液处理链霉菌FR-008孢子悬液,从存活的诱变株中筛选砷敏感的突变株,再通过脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)检测线性质粒是否被消除;用生测实验定性检测各个线性质粒消除突变株杀念菌素合成的能力,最后通过HPLC定量比较突变株和野生型产生杀念菌素的差异。【结果】从103个诱变株中筛选到3株砷敏感的突变株(10#、59#、115#)。PFGE检测发现它们均丢失了大线性质粒p SSFR1,此外,42#突变株的小线性质粒p SSFR2被消除,在此基础上,第二轮NTG诱变获得了双质粒消除的突变株。大线性质粒p SSFR1消除率约为3%,小线性质粒p SSFR2消除率约为1%。发酵结果显示:10#、115#突变株杀念菌素有效组分III产量分别提高了40%和30%。【结论】首次发现NTG是一种有效消除链霉菌线性质粒的诱变剂,2株大线性质粒消除的突变株杀念菌素的产量得到提高。此方法可以用来消除特定链霉菌菌株中的巨型线性质粒以高效简化其基因组,因而是一种有效的抗生素遗传育种的方法。     

Interspecific transfer of Streptomyces giant linear plasmids in sterile amended soil microcosms

The interspecific transfer of two giant linear plasmids was investigated in sterile soil microcosms. Plasmids pRJ3L (322 kb) and pRJ28 (330 kb), both encoding mercury resistance, were successfully transferred in amended soil microcosms from their streptomycete hosts, the isolates CHR3 and CHR28, respectively, to a plasmidless and mercury-sensitive strain, Streptomyces lividans TK24. Transconjugants of S. lividans TK24 were first observed after 2 to 3 days of incubation at 30 degrees C, which corresponded to the time taken for the formation of mycelia in soil. Transfer frequencies were 4.8 x 10(-4) and 3.6 x 10(-5) CFU/donor genome for pRJ3L and pRJ28, respectively. Transconjugants were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for the presence of plasmids, and plasmid identity was confirmed by restriction digests. Total genomic DNA digests confirmed that transconjugants were S. lividans TK24. The mercury resistance genes were shown to be on the plasmid in the transconjugants by hybridization analysis and were still functional. This is the first demonstration of transfer of giant linear plasmids in sterile soil microcosms. Giant linear plasmids were detected in many Streptomyces spp. isolated from mercury-contaminated sediments from Boston Harbor (United States), Townsville Harbor (Australia), and the Sali River (Tucuman, Argentina). Mercury resistance genes were shown to be present on some of these plasmids. Our findings that giant linear plasmids can be transferred between Streptomyces spp. and are common in environmental Streptomyces isolates suggest that these plasmids are important in gene transfer between streptomycetes in the environment.     

链霉菌属菌株AS4.693和AS4.702的分类学研究

链霉菌属“Setae”种群原为北里孢菌属Kitasatosporia (Omura,1982)。1992年,Wellington根据16S rRNA序列分析结果将其并入链霉菌属,并建立“Setae”种群。通过对保藏的链霉菌AS 4.693、AS 4.702进行的形态学、细胞化学、分子遗传分类研究结果表明,它们与链霉菌属“Setae”种群中的典型种——西唐链霉菌Streptomyces setae(JCM3304’)具有相似性。它们的rDNA相似性高达100％,证明它们应归属于同一种群。AS.4.693定名为西唐链霉菌不规则新亚种Streptomyces setae subsp.irregularis nov.,AS 4.702定名为西唐链霉菌波曲弗氏新亚种Streptomyces setae subsp.flexuofradiae nov.。     

Arsenical resistance of growth and phosphate control of antibiotic biosynthesis in Streptomyces

Twenty-six wild-type Streptomyces strains tested for resistance to arsenate, arsenite and antimony(III) could be divided into four groups: those resistant only to arsenite (3) or to arsenate (2) and those resistant (8) or sensitive (13) to both heavy metals. All strains were sensitive to antimony. The structural genes for the ars operon of Escherichia coli were subcloned into various Streptomyces plasmid vectors. The expression of the whole ars operon in streptomycetes may be strain-specific and occurred only from low-copy-number plasmids. The arsC gene product could be expressed from high-copy plasmids and conferred arsenate resistance to both E. coli and Streptomyces species. The ars operon expressed in S. lividans and the arsC gene expressed in S. noursei did not render the synthesis of undecylprodigiosin and nourseothricin, respectively, phosphate-resistant. In addition in wild-type strains of Streptomyces phosphate sensitivity of antibiotic biosynthesis did not show strong correlation with resistance of growth to arsenicals.     

体内遗传标记成团肠杆菌固氮质粒pEA9

用卡那霉素抗性（Kan^r)基因对成团肠杆菌固氮质粒pEA9进行活体遗传标记。将来自质粒pEA9的3.0kb片段(nif ENX)克隆到pBR322载体中,再将卡那霉素抗性(Kan^r)基因插入到3.0kb的片段中,构建成供体质粒pST5。将该质粒转化到含有待标记质粒pEA9的E.a.339菌株中,然后在AP培养基中消除供体质粒,筛选得到40个失去了pST5并保持卡那霉素抗性的克隆,分析表明它们不是质粒pEA9和pST5的共整合体,而是卡那霉素抗性基因通过两个质粒在nifENX区域内的DNA间的同源重组整合到了质粒pEA9上。     

药用植物内生放线菌的分离、筛选及活性菌株YIM 61470鉴定

从云南西双版纳热带雨林多种药用植物中分离到272株内生放线菌,活性筛选表明 146株菌的发酵产物具有抗菌活性,其中94株菌具有拮抗病原细菌活性,127株菌具有抑制病原真菌的功能.分离菌株YIM 61470具有广谱抗菌活性,通过形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征、细胞化学分类特征和基于16S rRNA基因序列的相似性分析等研究,菌株YIM 61470被鉴定为链霉菌属(Streptomyces)氢化链霉菌(S.llydrogenans)的一个菌株.     

Construction and characterization of new cloning vectors derived from Streptomyces griseobrunneus plasmid pBT1 and containing amikacin and sulfomycin resistance genes

Three cryptic plasmids, designated pBT1 (5.6 kb), pBT2 (9.7 kb), and pBT3 (16.6 kb), were isolated from Streptomyces griseobrunneus ISP5066 and physically characterized. pBT1 and pBT2, which differ by a 4.1-kb segment, are high copy-number plasmids (40-100 copies per chromosome) that coexist with each other. pBT3 is a low copy-number plasmid. Vectors containing amikacin (or kanamycin) and sulfomycin (or thiostrepton) resistance genes from Streptomyces litmocidini ISP5164 and Streptomyces viridochromogenes subsp. sulfomycini ATCC 29776, respectively, were constructed from pBT1. One such vector, pBT37, has unique restriction sites for cloning, including BglII, XhoI, PvuII, ClaI, and SacI, with the PvuII and ClaI sites allowing clone recognition by insertional inactivation of sulfomycin resistance. Since many Streptomyces species were very sensitive to amikacin and sulfomycin, these resistance genes serve as useful selective markers. pBT37 could transform several Streptomyces strains that produce antibiotics such as tetracyclines, macrolides, beta-lactams, and aminoglycosides. This plasmid is a potentially useful vector for cloning antibiotic biosynthetic genes.     

Cloning, expression in Escherichia coli and nucleotide sequence of a tetracycline-resistance gene from Streptomyces rimosus

Determinants of tetracycline resistance have been cloned from two different tetracycline-producing industrial strains of Streptomyces into Streptomyces lividans using the plasmid vector pUT206. Three plasmids, pUT250 and pUT260 with a 9.5 and a 7.5 kb insert respectively of Streptomyces rimosus DNA, and pUT270 with a 14.0 kb insert of Streptomyces aureofaciens DNA, conferring resistance to tetracycline, have been isolated. By in vitro sub-cloning, a similar fragment of 2.45 kb containing the tetracycline resistance gene (tet347) was further localized on these plasmids. The S. rimosus gene has been cloned into Escherichia coli and expressed under the control of lambda pL or Lpp promoters. Differential protein extraction of E. coli cells revealed the presence of an additional membrane-embedded protein in tetracycline-resistant cells. On the basis of available restriction endonuclease maps, the tet347 gene is probably identical to the tetB gene from S. rimosus recently identified by T. Ohnuki and co-workers as responsible for the reduced accumulation of tetracycline. The nucleotide sequence of a 2052 bp DNA fragment containing the TcR structural gene from S. rimosus has been determined. The amino acid sequence of the tet347 protein (Mr35818) deduced from the nucleotide sequence shows a limited but significant homology to other characterized tetracycline transport acting determinants from pathogenic bacteria.     

Genetic determinants of active antibiotic-producing soil streptomycetes.

Plasmids or covalently closed circular (CCC)-DNA molecules are abundant in the genus Streptomyces, and have been suggested to be involved in the genetic control of the production of many antibiotics in these organisms. In this study, 21 active antibiotic-producing Streptomyces isolates were screened for their plasmid content by an alkaline lysis method which revealed the presence of a small plasmid DNA in the positive control Streptomyces lividans ATCC 35287, containing pIJ702 plasmid (5.65 kb in size). However, no low molecular weight plasmids were observed in the tested antibiotic-producing Streptomyces strains suggesting that antibiotic production in these strains is likely chromosomally encoded DNA. Treatment of 2 Streptomyces strains with 10 mM ethidium bromide (EB) resulted in the failure to produce aerial mycelia and antibiotic activity.