种球冷藏处理及栽培方式对荷兰鸢尾花期调节的效应

对荷兰鸢尾种球冷藏处理及采用不同栽培方式种植,并加强栽培管理,能使荷兰鸢尾在12月至翌年4月开花,延长供花时间。促成栽培管理的关键是温度的调节,温度可直接影响种球的生长及抽茎率。     

更新复壮技术对冷箭竹生态条件及生长习性影响的初步研究

更新复壮技术对冷箭竹生态条件及生长习性影响的初步研究周世强（中国保护大熊猫研究中心，四川汶川６２３００６）ＥｆｒｅｃｔｓｏｆＲｅｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＩｎｖｉｇｏｒａｔｉｏｎＴｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｏｎｔｈｅＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａ...     

低温贮藏期间不同含水量郁金香种球的几种生理生化指标变化

郁金香品种'阿波罗'(Apeldoorn)种球含水量分别为66.5%、64.4%和62.8%,贮藏于(2±0.5)℃下16～28周,16周内定期测定各种生理生化指标的结果表明,随着含水量的降低,种球鲜重减少的速率趋小,周径增加的速率趋大;3种种球的呼吸速率均表现为0～8周急剧下降,8～16周回升;贮藏期间种球的淀粉含量逐渐减少,而可溶性糖含量逐渐增多,含水量为62.8%的种球中可溶性糖含量最高.种植试验表明,随着贮藏时间的增加,含水量为62.8%的种球株高、花高、发芽率和开花率都高于其余种球.     

带状间伐对巴山木竹林复壮更新及大熊猫取食的影响

间伐是竹林复壮更新的有效手段之一.以陕西佛坪国家自然保护区为研究区域,对大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)冬季栖息地非主要采食区域竹林老龄化严重且密度过大的巴山木竹(Bashania fargesii)林进行为期3年(2017至2019年)的带状间伐样方监测,研究间伐对竹林复壮更新以及大熊猫觅食选择...     

新疆郁金香营养生长、个体大小和开花次序对繁殖分配的影响

植物有性繁殖与资源分配的关系研究对于揭示植物生活史特征及繁育系统进化具有重要意义。新疆郁金香(Tulipa sinkiangensis)是新疆天山北坡荒漠带特有的一种多年生早春短命植物。在自然生境中,该物种仅以有性繁殖产生后代,每株能产生1-8朵花,且不同植株上的花数及果实数以及花序不同位置上的花与果实大小明显不同。本文通过对新疆郁金香有性繁殖与营养生长及植株大小的关系以及花序中不同位置花及果实间的资源分配研究,旨在揭示营养生长、个体大小及开花次序对其繁殖分配的影响。结果表明:在开花和果实成熟阶段,新疆郁金香植株分配给营养器官(鳞茎和地上营养器官)与繁殖器官的资源间均存在极显著的负相关关系(P<0.01),说明其植株的营养生长与生殖生长间存在权衡关系。多花是新疆郁金香的一个稳定性状,其植株上花数目、花生物量、果实生物量和种子数量与植株生物量间均呈极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),说明新疆郁金香植株的繁殖分配存在大小依赖性。在具2-5朵花的新疆郁金香植株中,花序内各花的生物量、花粉数和胚珠数、结实率、果实生物量、结籽数、结籽率及种子百粒重按其开花顺序依次递减,说明花序内各花和果实的资源分配符合资源竞争假说。植株通过减少晚发育的花或果实获得的资源来保障早发育的花或果实获得较多的资源,从而达到繁殖成功。     

荒山绿化对野生新疆郁金香传粉昆虫多样性的影响

为探究荒山绿化模式下对野生新疆郁金香Tulipa sinkiangensis传粉昆虫多样性的影响,选取乌鲁木齐市雅玛里克山设置长期绿化区、短期绿化区和自然生境3个环境梯度,采取样线和样方调查等方法进行新疆郁金香传粉昆虫多样性的研究。共收集传粉昆虫共316头,隶属17科23属36种,优势种为黑腹膝芒寄蝇Gonia picea。不同绿化梯度下物种丰富度指数相似,但随着荒山绿化进程的推进传粉昆虫多样性指数、均匀度指数呈下降趋势,自然生境最高(2.719;0.941),长期绿化区最低(1.299±0.311;0.553±0.076)。长期绿化区和短期绿化区之间物种组成极不相似;长期绿化区和自然生境以及短期绿化区和自然生境之间物种组成均为中等不相似。同时发现,树木胸径对传粉昆虫多样性具有显著负面影响(P=0.047)。研究表明,未来荒山绿化工程应提高生态异质性,避免大片纯林的单一种植模式。     

姜荷花引种适应性及不同采切方式对种球生产的影响

观察姜荷花在福州地区引种栽培的适应情况,并分析其切花不同采切方式对种球产量及品质的影响。结果表明,福州地区露地栽培的姜荷花生长发育正常,种球繁殖率达3.6倍左右;切花采收时带1片叶的种球产量、质量最佳。     

茎尖组织培养对'中涡1号'杨生理复壮作用的研究

以水培'中涡1号'杨的茎段为外植体,采用多代茎尖培养方式繁殖'中涡1号'杨再生植株.结果表明:'中涡1号'杨腋芽分化的最佳培养基为MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.05 mg/L NAA;芽苗在MS+0.1 mg/L 6-BA+0.02 mg/L NAA培养基中继代增殖系数达到7.5;在生根培养基1/2MS+0.2 mg/L IBA+0.05 mg/L NAA上,生根率达到90%.采用透射电镜对叶片超微结构观察发现,多代茎尖培养繁殖的植株叶片较扦插繁殖苗植株的叶片细胞结构完整,叶绿体数量明显增多,且内部片层结构排列整齐,淀粉粒清晰可见,表明通过多代茎尖培养繁殖出的再生植株能实现'中涡1号'杨的生理复壮.     

不同保鲜液对郁金香切花保鲜及其贮藏的影响

 本文研究了不同保鲜液及贮藏20-40天后对郁金香切花瓶插寿命的影响。结果表明：1. 保鲜液延长了切花的插瓶保鲜时间;2. 预处理提高了开花率及开花时间;3. 经一个月以上贮藏,开花率及插瓶保鲜时间明显下降;4. 不同品种的耐贮性能不同。     

The Effect of Cold Storage on Some Enzyme Activities in Tulip Bulbs

The activities of α-amylase, α-glucan-phosphorylase, and β-fructofuranosidases were measured in an extract of soluble proteins of tulip bulbs of the cultivars “Apeldoorn” and “Paul Richter” stored for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks at 5°C. The enzyme activities increased during the first 4–6 weeks and then remained approximately constant during further storage at 5°C. ¹⁴C-fructosyl-sucrose oligosaccharides were identified after injection (into bulbs) of O¹⁴C-U-sucrose, thus showing fructosyl transferase activity.     

Mitochondrial Activity and Carbohydrate Levels in Tulip Bulbs in Relation to Cold Treatment

Changes in mitochondrial activity and in the levels of variouscarbohydrates were followed in tulip bulbs (cv. Apeldoorn) keptin the dark at low and high temperatures (9 and 18 ?C respectively)from the time of flower differentiation until anthesis. Afterthe first 10 weeks at either temperature, the activity of themitochondria, measured by their ability to oxidize succinate,malate, or 2-oxoglutarate, was at a minimum. Thereafter oxidationrates improved up to about the 26th week when mitochondria fromcooled (9 ?C) bulbs were usually more active than those fromuncooled (18 ?C) bulbs. Subsequently, rates for both treatmentsfell rapidly. In contrast, levels of total alcohol-soluble carbohydratesand of sucrose in the cooled bulbs were at a maximum after 10weeks and were falling rapidly by the 26th week. Statisticallysignificant inverse correlations between mitochondrial activity,typified by the succinate oxidation rate, and these carbohydrateswere established. No such relationships were found for uncooledbulbs, however, and carbohydrate levels in such bulbs tendedto increase slowly throughout the growing period. In addition,transfer of carbohydrates to the growing shoot was slow, andthe flowers either failed to develop normally or were of poorquality. The mechanism whereby the bulb controls the activityof its mitochondria is at present unknown, but the rise in sucroselevels and its subsequent redeployment to the shoot broughtabout by cold treatment appear essential for normal flowering.     

Response of Tulip Scale Mitochondria to Temperature in Relation to Cold Treatment of the Bulbs

A uniform batch of tulip bulbs were kept in the dark eitherat 2 °C or 18 °C. Sample bulbs were withdrawn at intervalsfrom both treatments and mitochondria were isolated from thescale tissue. Arrhenius plots of succinate and NADH oxidationby the mitochondria were made. Within the range 0–36 °C,mitochondria from uncooled bulbs showed a single transitionpoint at about 16 °C, as did mitochondria from freshly formeddaughter bulbs. In contrast, mitochondria from bulbs kept for 8 weeks or longerat 2 °C showed strong indications of two discontinuitiesin the Arrhenius diagrams within a similar temperature range,one about 10 °C below the other. The results suggest thattulip bulbs are chilling-sensitive, and that alterations inthe activation energies of certain oxidative enzymes in responseto accumulated cold treatment are necessary for metabolism tobe directed towards the growth of normal flowers.     

冷激处理对油桃贮藏品质和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以‘秦光2号’油桃为材料。研究了冷激处理对果实冷藏中品质及相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,0℃冷空气．处理3．5h可明显延迟油桃的后熟衰老;同时有推迟乙烯释放高峰和呼吸高峰。提高膜脂过氧化保护酶SOD、CAT、POD的活性,保持果肉硬度。减轻冷害发生的作用。但对可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量无明显影响。     

Gibberellin levels and cold-induced floral stalk elongation in tulip

To investigate the role of gibberellins (GAs) in the cold requirement of tulip ( Tulipa gesneriana L. cv. Apeldoorn), bulbs were dry-stored at 5°C or at 17°C for 12 weeks prior to planting at 20°C. Only precooled bulbs showed rapid sprout growth and developed a full-grown flower. Endogenous GA levels were measured in sprouts and basal plates at the time of planting and in the second week after planting, by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using deuterated internal standards. GA₄ was the major gibberellin. while GA₁, GA₉ and GA₃₄ were present in lower amounts. At the time of planting, sprouts from non-cooled bulbs contained significantly more GA₄ and GA₁, per sprout than those from precooled bulbs. Hence, there is no direct correlation between rapid sprout growth after planting and high GA levels at planting. In the second week after planting, floral stalks of precooled bulbs contained 2 to 3 times more GA₄ and its metabolite GA₃₄ per floral stalk and per g fresh weight than those of non-cooled bulbs. The results are discussed with regard to the role of gibberellins in the cold-induced floral stalk elongation of tulip.     

Enantiotopically Selective Oxidation of 1,5-Diols with Gluconobacters Preparation of (S)-Mevalonolactone

(±)-(2Z,4E)-α-Ionylideneacetic acid (2) was enantioselectively oxidized to (?)-(l′S)-(2Z,4E)-4′-hydroxy-α-ionylideneacetic acid (3), (+)-(1′R)-(2Z,4E)-4′-oxo-α-ionylideneacetic acid (4) and (+)-abscisic acid (ABA) (1) by Cercospora cruenta IFO 6164, which can produce (+)-ABA and (+)-4′-oxo-α-acid 4. This metabolism was confirmed by the incorporation of radioactivity from (±)-(2-¹⁴C)-(2Z,4E)-α-acid 2 into three metabolites. (?)-4′-Hydroxy-α-acid 3 was a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of major 1′,4′-trance-4′-hydroxy-α-acid 3a and minor 1′,4′-cis-4′-hydroxy-α-acid 3b. These structures, 3a and 3b, were confirmed by ¹³C-NMR and ¹H-NMR analysis. Also, the enantioselectivity of the microbial oxidation was reexamined by using optically pure α-acid (+)-2 and (?)-2, as the substrates.     

The Effect of Storage Temperature on Shoot Growth, Flowering, and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Tulip Bulbs

Dry bulbs of the cvs. ‘Apeldoorn’ and ‘Paul Richter’ at stage G of flower development were stored at 5° or 21°C for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 weeks, respectively before being planted and forced at 18°C. Samples from each treatment were taken for carbohydrate analysis. The low temperature treatment (5°C) was necessary to obtain satisfactory shoot growth and flowering after planting. The rate of shoot growth and the percentage of flowering bulbs increased with increasing duration of the 5°C treatment. Time of flowering was also precipitated. 12–14 weeks of low temperature treatment seemed optimal. High temperature (21°C), or a short period at 5°C (2–6 weeks), resulted in many non-flowering bulbs, and a very slow shoot elongation when flowering occurred. In the latter case the tips or large areas of the perianths became white, the red pigmentation being prevented. Paper chromatographic analysis of oligosaccharides revealed a substantially increased content of sucrose and fructosyl sucrose (DP ≤ 5) during the first 2–4 weeks of cooling. At the end of 12 weeks at 5°C, the content of oligosaccharides decreased. The increase in the oligosaccharide content was accompanied by a corresponding starch decrease. High temperature storage (21°) led to comparatively slight changes in the sucrose and fructosyl sucrose content of the bulbs. The significance of carbohydrate metabolism in relation to shoot elongation and flowering is discussed.     

Respiration of mitochondria isolated from tulip bulbs stored at 5 and 17°C

For the production of good quality flowers, tulip ( Tulipus gesneriana L.) bulbs need a period of low temperature. In cultivar Apeldoom a treatment of 12 weeks at 5 C can be used. In the bulb scales the respiratory metabolism has to adjust to this low temperature. Mitochondria isolated from the bulb scales are able to use succinate. NADH and pyruvate as respiratory substrates. Respiratory characteristics of these mitochondria changed after transfer of the bulbs to 5°C and the adaptation was complete within 2 weeks. Both state 3 respiration and respiratory control increased. Alternative pathway capacity was constitutively present at both 5°C and 17°C: it was low and substrate dependent at both temperatures. During the following weeks of the treatment no significant changes took place. However, when bulbs were transferred to 17°C after storage at 5°C. various responses could be demonstrated. In bulbs only cooled for a short period no readjustment to this higher temperature occurred. In bulbs stored for longer periods the change depended on the duration of the 5°C treatment. The nature of the re-adaptation is discussed     

Proton Efflux from the Outer Layer of the Peduncle of Tulip in Gravitropism and Circumnutation*

Epidermal plus hypodermal peels from tulip peduncles produced bands of acidity on agar containing bromocresol purple. Peels from horizontally oriented peduncles gave rise to an acidity band which corresponded to the lower side of the peduncle. The band began 3–6 cm beneath the flower and extended basipetally within the region of gravitropic bending. No corresponding band appeared in an agar layer laid on the cortical surface exposed by peeling. Peduncles growing in the normal vertical position showed circumnutations with a period in the range of 4 h. The peels from these stalks produced one or two bands more acid than the remaining part of the peel. Since the acidity band in horizontally positioned stalks corresponds to the zone of faster growth causing gravitropic bending, we infer that the band(s) produced by vertical stalks also correspond to zones of differential growth involved in circumnutation. On the basis of a previous finding that tulip leaves give rise to an oscillating acidity pattern, we infer that vertical stalks also show such a pattern. This inference fits the model proposing the involvement of an internal oscillator in circumnutation. However, the ratio of the circumnutation period to the gravitropic lag phase in tulip peduncles is such as predicted by the gravitropic-feedback model of circumnutation.     

上海地区郁金香引种栽培与品种综合评价

通过建立郁金香(Tulipa gesneriana)品种评价体系,筛选生长适应性好、观赏价值高,适宜应用于园林景观的郁金香品种。对29个郁金香进口品种在上海地区进行引种栽培,观察记录其物候期,并对植株高、冠幅等12个生长特性,以及开花整齐度、花型、花色等32个观赏特性进行了观测。从观测指标中筛选出了包括开花整齐度、花色均匀度、花色等27个评价指标,使用层次分析法与灰色关联度分析法建立了评价体系。综合评价将29个品种分成了4个等级：Ⅰ级包含10个品种, Ⅱ级12个品种,而Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级包含品种数较少,分别只有4和3个品种。Ⅰ、Ⅱ级品种普遍具有较高的观赏价值,同时适应性较强,适合今后推广应用于上海及周边地区园林绿化。这对筛选适于上海及周边地区园林种植的郁金香品种有重要的指导作用,建立的评价体系对评价其他郁金香品种在园林中应用也有积极参考意义。