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1.
Summary The distributional pattern of serotonin-containing nerve fibers in the hypothalamus of the monkey (Macaca fuscata) was analyzed with the use of the peroxidaseantiperoxidase method in conjunction with a highly sensitive and specific anti-serotonin serum. The highest concentrations of serotonin-immunoreactive varicose fibers were found in the nucleus praeopticus medialis, nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami, and the complex of mammillary nuclei (nucleus praemamillaris, supramamillaris, mamillaris medialis et lateralis). However, the nucleus suprachiasmaticus, where numerous serotoninergic fibers have been reported to occur in the rat, appeared to be almost devoid of these fibers. The infundibular stalk, and the intermediate and posterior lobes of the pituitary contained considerable numbers of immunoreactive fibers. The present study provides a morphological basis for possible clarification of the influence of serotoninergic projections on various neuroendocrine mechanisms in primates. Furthermore, an attempt was made to clarify the differences and similarities concerning the distributional patterns of serotoninergic nerve fibers within the monkey hypothalamus in contrast to the rat hypothalamus.Supported by grants (No. 56440022, 57214028) from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan 相似文献
2.
Summary The occurrence of CRF (corticotropin-releasing factor)-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the circumventricular organs of adult male monkeys, Macaca fuscata, was studied on serially sectioned brains, by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique in combination with a highly specific and sensitive CRF antiserum. CRF-containing nerve fibers were found in high concentrations in the infundibulum and, in addition, in small numbers in the posterior lobe, organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, subfornical organ, and area postrema; they were missing in the pineal body and the subcommissural organ. The CRF immunoreactive nerve fibers distributed in these organs were located in the proximity of the blood vessels.Supported by a grant (No. 56440022) from the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture, Japan 相似文献
3.
Osamu Takenaka Akiko Takenaka Kenji Hayasaka Yoshi Kawamoto Takayoshi Shotake Ken Nozawa 《Primates; journal of primatology》1985,26(4):471-478
A hemoglobin variant was discovered in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) of the Wakinosawa A-1 troop of the Shimokita peninsula, the northernmost limit of this species' habitat. The variant was
characterized by slow migration on starch gel electrophoresis due to its polymerizing nature. Structural analysis revealed
that Gly at the 83rd amino acid residue of theβ chain was substituted by Cys, and the variant was identified as Hb Izu (Macaca). The gene frequency of the variant was extremely high, at 85.7%, and much higher than the 21.3% obtained for the troops
of the Izu peninsula. The genotypic frequencies in the troops of both the Izu and Shimokita peninsulas agreed with expectations
as calculated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 相似文献
4.
Summary The distribution of serotonin-containing nerve fibers in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the rat, cat, and monkey (Macaca fuscata) was studied by use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method and an antiserum against serotonin. In all three species, the pattern of fibers was denser in the ventral portion of the LGN (LGNv) than in the dorsal nuclear portion (LGNd). In the LGNd of rat, serotonin-immunoreactive fibers were evenly distributed in the form of a dense network, but in cat and monkey there were marked regional differences. Serotonin-immunoreactive elements were most numerous in the C complex and medial interlaminal nucleus of cat, and in the S layer and interlaminar zones of Macaca fuscata.Supported by a grant from the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture of Japan (No. 57214028) 相似文献
5.
Mitsuru Minezawa Ken Nozawa Shunji Gotoh Shinichi Yoshihiro Yuzuru Hamada Haruhisa Inagaki Hideo Nigi 《Primates; journal of primatology》1990,31(4):571-577
A cytogenetic investigation was performed on 88 Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) with abnormal limbs from 11 free-ranging provisioned troops including nine individuals with abnormalities indistinguishable
as to whether they were congenital or injurious. All of the monkeys with abnormal limbs including the nine questionable individuals
had the same karyotypes as those of normal individuals. The chromosome number was 42, consisting of 20 bi-arm autosome pairs
and a submetacentric X-chromosome and Y-chromosome. The ninth chromosome pair, which was the only chromosome pair with remarkable
secondary constriction, displayed length polymorphism of the centromeric C-band and secondary constriction in both deformed
and normal monkeys. These kinds of variants have also been commonly found in other monkey species, which have almost the same
karyotype as the Japanese monkey and have not been reported to show frequent occurrence of limb malformation. We concluded
therefore that chromosomal abnormalities could be excluded from the main causal factors for limb malformations of the Japanese
monkey. 相似文献
6.
Koichi Negayama Takako Negayama Kiyomi Kondo 《International journal of primatology》1986,7(4):365-378
Parturitional behavior in 12 caged Macaca fuscatawas analyzed. Wild-caught mothers showed adequate maternal behaviors immediately following the neonate’s expulsion. Parity
differences existed in the behaviors; primiparae were more idiosyncratic than were multiparae. Among multiparae, those with
two or more offspring were uniformly adequate, but those with a single birth experience varied in the adequacy of the maternal
care they provided at parturition. Mothers embraced and licked their neonates and had ventroventral contact with them frequently
immediately after parturition but decreased these behaviors after expulsion of the placenta. In contrast, mothers showed allogrooming
after consuming the placenta. Placentophagy was correlated with the level of orality represented by maternal licking behaviors.
An isolation-reared primipara reacted to her newborn in a basically negative manner, although she showed little actual aggression.
She showed a rapid shift in her negative behavior during the immediate postpartum period. This mother’s newborn sought contact
with her, indicating the neonate’s active role in establishing a stable mother-neonate bond. 相似文献
7.
Summary Monoaminergic nerve fibers were studied in the pineal organ of the monkey, Macaca fuscata, by use of fluorescence and immunohistochemical procedures. Abundant formations of noradrenergic nerve fibers were observed in the pineal organ. They entered the parenchyma in the form of several coarse bundles via the capsule in the distal portion of the organ and spread throughout the organ after branching into smaller units. The density of the autonomic innervation decreased gradually toward the proximal portion of the organ. In the distal portion, numerous nerve fibers formed perivascular plexuses around the blood vessels and some fibers ran as bundles unrelated to the blood vessels in the stroma. Fine varicose fibers and bundles derived from these plexuses penetrated among the pinealocytes. However, only a few intraparenchymal fluorescent fibers were detected in the proximal third of the gland. With the use of serotonin antiserum serotonin-immunoreactive nerve fibers were clearly restricted to the ventroproximal part of the pineal organ. Although the somata of the pinealocytes showed intense immunoreactivity, their processes were not stained. In one exceptional case, clusters of pinealocytes displaying very intense immunoreactivity were found in an area extending from the distal margin of the ventral portion of the pineal stalk to the proximal portion of the pineal organ proper; these cells were bipolar or multipolar and endowed with well-stained processes. 相似文献
8.
Summary Various types of synaptic formations on pinealocytes and pineal neurons were found in the pineal body of Macaca fuscata. Axo-somatic synapses of the Gray type-II category were detected on the pinealocyte cell body. Gap junctions and ribbon synapses were observed between adjacent pinealocytes. About 70 nerve-cell bodies were detected in one half of the whole pineal body bisected midsagittally. They were localized exclusively deep in the central part. When examined electron-microscopically, they were found to receive ribbon-synapse-like contacts from pinealocytic processes. They also received synaptic contacts of the Gray type-I category on their dendrites, and those of the Gray type-II category on their cell bodies from nerve terminals of unknown origin. All these synapse-forming axon terminals contained small clear vesicles. Thus, the pineal neurons of the monkey, at least in part, are suggested to be derived from the pineal ganglion cells in the lower vertebrates and not from the postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. The functional significance of these observations is discussed in relation to the innervation of the pineal body of the monkey. 相似文献
9.
Seasonal changes in the spermatogenic epithelium of adult Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata)
Tomoo Enomoto Kiyoaki Matsubayashi Yasukazu Nagato Mayumi Nakano 《Primates; journal of primatology》1994,35(4):465-472
A histological study was undertaken to clarify seasonal changes in the spermatogenic epithelium of Japanese macaques. Testicular
tissue samples were excised by biopsies from five adult laboratory-maintained males in mating and non-mating seasons. The
samples were fixed with Bouin's solution, embedded in paraffin, and stained with PAS and hematoxylin. Microscopic observations
on cross-sections of seminiferous tubules revealed that the seminiferous epithelium in the mating season was thicker than
in the non-mating season. PAS-stained granules were found in some of the dark A-type spermatogonia, which significantly increased
in the non-mating season. Spermatids of the steps preceding the appearance of the acrosomic cap in stages I to III were observed
significantly more often than those in the step coinciding with the formation of the acrosomic cap in stage IV. In stage I,
the ratio of mature spermatids or spermatozoa to immature spermatids in the mating season was higher than that in the non-mating
season. These findings suggest that spermiogenesis, as well as spermatocytogenesis, is inhibited in the non-mating season. 相似文献
10.
Changes in the yield and chemical composition of milk, together with those in the nipple preferences and suckling behavior
of infants, were followed in three lactating Japanese monkeys rearing single infants under laboratory conditions at monthly
intervals for six months after their paturition. Milk accumulating in the mammary glands during a 4-hr separation of the infant
was collected by milking under anesthesia with the aid of a physiological dose of oxytocin.
The stage of full lactation appeared to last for about two or three months after parturition. The milk at this stage contained
14.0% of total solids, 4.2% of lipids, 1.6% of proteins, and 6.2% of lactose, and the concentrations of Na, Cl, and K in the
milk water were 7.4, 15.1, and 5.9 mM, respectively. From the 9th or 13th week of lactation onwards, according to the individual,
the milk composition changed appreciably and the time during which the young left hold of the mother's nipple also increased.
The weaning of young in the Japanese monkey appears to begin during the 3rd or 4th month of age. The milk production then
wanes and almost ceases by the end of the 6th month. The nipple preference of the young was generally established completely
by the 3rd, or the 8th at latest, week of age. However, no difference in either the yield or composition of the milk secreted
was found between the mammary glands of the preferred and non-preferred sides. Without regard to the apparent nipple preference,
infants seem to ingest milk from the mother's breasts of both sides.
Accurate estimation of the rate of milk production could not be achieved, but the rate was expected to be 150–200 g/day at
the height of lactation based on the relation between the mother's body weight and the milk production rates of other primate
species. A disparity was noted between the observed and estimated values for the milk yield, and a diurnal fluctuation in
the milk secretion of the Japanese monkey was inferred.
This study was conducted through the official system of the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, for cooperative
research work with other institutions. 相似文献
11.
Barbara Beckerman Glide G. Gray Eaton Deanne F. Johnson Julie Worlein 《International journal of primatology》1986,7(2):139-155
The behavioral interactions of 22 infant and mother Japanese macaques with other group members were studied. Focal-animal
observations were made from the time of each infant’s birth until 1 year of age. Infants and mothers both displayed exceedingly
strong preferences for associating with matrilineal kin and, specifically, for female kin. The degree of genetic relatedness
was positively correlated with levels of spatial proximity, contact, grooming, aggression, and play. Overall frequencies of
interactions with nonkin were very low, and partner sex was not an important factor in interactions with nonkin. There were
no significant differences between male and female infants in interactions with kin versus nonkin. There was only one significant
difference between male and female infants in interactions with males versus females: female infants showed stronger preferences
for initiating proximity with females over males than did male infants. Because mothers provide the focal point for infant
interactions during the first year of life, we compared the behavior of infants and mothers. Mothers were the recipients of
more social interactions than were infants, mothers engaged in more grooming than did infants, and infants engaged in more
social play than did mothers. These findings are only partially consistent with kin-selection theory, and the inadequacies
of studying matrilineal kin discrimination to test kin selection are reviewed. The near-absence of infant sex differences
in associations with social partners suggests that although maternal kin other than the mother are important to infant socialization,
they probably do not contribute to the development of behavioral sex differences until after the first year of life. 相似文献
12.
Yasukazu Nagato Tomoo Enomoto Kiyoaki Matsubayashi 《Primates; journal of primatology》1994,35(4):455-464
The stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the Japanese macaque are investigated using testes fixed by a mixture
of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde containing picric acid and embedded in a methacrylate resin, Quetol 523M. Sections, 1.0–2.0
μm in thickness, were cut with glass knives and stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and hematoxylin. Sections from such
resin blocks illustrated cellular detail without structural distortion during the polymerization process. Furthermore, staining
affinity with PAS and hematoxylin was excellent. In stained sections, typical germ cell associations were described, based
on the nuclear morphology of type A (dark and pale) spermatogonium, type B spermatogonium, various developmental stages of
primary spermatocytes during meiosis, and the development of the acrosomic system. In the Japanese macaque, two different
steps of spermatids (steps 3 and 4) were constantly seen in the same area of the tubular epithelium during stage III. Therefore,
a classification into ten stages is proposed for the cycle in this species. Additional characteristics are described based
on the observation of the seminiferous epithelium using semithin sections. 相似文献
13.
The thickness of hairs from Japanese monkeys was measured by enclosing the hairs on slide glasses with balsam. Nine monkeys
were used for the study. Forty to 69 hairs from the back were examined per head. High correlations between the thickness of
the enclosed hairs and the diameter of cross-sections were obtained in all monkeys. In the Japanese monkey, therefore, it
is considered possible to utilize enclosed hairs for measuring the thickness without preparing cross-sections. Moreover, the
medullae of which the air layers are strongly related to thermoregulation, were readily observed in the enclosed hairs. 相似文献
14.
Hiroshi Ihobe 《Primates; journal of primatology》1989,30(1):17-25
When the individual Japanese macaques of the Koshima troop feed on natural food, they usually feed alone. In situations where
animals usually feed without other animals, there is a possibility that subordinate animals may avoid feeding sites at which
dominant animals are feeding. This paper examines whether social relationships such as kinship or dominance exert any influence
on an animal's choice of feeding sites, by analyzing episodes in which an animal approached and climbed into a tree where
other animals were. As a result, it was found that social relationships did not influence whether an animal climbed into a
tree where other animals were feeding, and that no particular age-sex pair co-fed. Agonistic interactions frequently occurred
when the inter-individual distance was less than 1 m. From these findings, the feeding sites were divided into two spaces:
(1) a tolerance feeding space, and (2) an intolerance feeding space. It is presumed that animals can feed without entering
others' intolerance feeding spaces when food is abundant, as it was in the present study period. Thus social relationships
do not influence an animal's choice of feeding sites in such a situation. 相似文献
15.
Tomoo Enomoto Kiyoaki Matsubayashi Yasukazu Nagato Mayumi Nakano 《Primates; journal of primatology》1995,36(3):411-422
The degenerating pattern of spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubule of Japanese macaques was studied to clarify a relationship
between seasonal changes of reproductive performances and cytological findings in the Japanese macaque. For light microscopy,
testis samples were obtained from five adult animals by biopsy in April (nonmating season) and October (mating season). For
electron microscopy, specimens from four additional macaques were used. Degenerating cells were found in all steps of spermatogenesis.
In stages I to V of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium, morphologically atypical pachytene spermatocytes were observed
in 14.7 and 10.0% of the cells in the nonmating and mating seasons, respectively, although the difference in percentage was
not significant. Mature spermatids with atypical features in those stages occupied 59.6% of the cells in the nonmating season,
which significantly decreased to 34.1% in the mating season. These results imply that the seasonal change of sperm production
is related, at least in part, to the process of degeneration of the spermatogenic cells in this species. 相似文献
16.
Frederick H. Silver David E. Birk 《International journal of biological macromolecules》1984,6(3):125-132
Physical properties of pepsin-solubilized types I, II, III and V collagen have been measured in acid solution at 10°C. Our results indicate that types I, II and III collagen molecules undergo a monomer-aggregate equilibrium in solution whereas type V molecules appear to attract each other but do not undergo a similar monomer-aggregate equilibrium. Interstitial collagen monomers (I, II and III) have molecular weights between , translational diffusion coefficients between and particle scattering factors at an angle of 175.5° and wavelength of 633 nm between 0.430 and 0.460. Type V collagen molecules after pepsin digestion were found to have a higher molecular weight (), similar translational diffusion coefficient () and similar particle scattering factor at 175.5° (0.440) to the interstitial collagens. Theoretical bead models are discussed and suggest that changes in the translational diffusion coefficient were less sensitive to bending motions than were changes in the particle scattering factor at 175.5°C. Bend angles of 50° were shown to increase the particle scattering factor by 5% whereas a bend angle of greater than 125° was required to increase the translational diffusion coefficient by 5%. Models developed from idealized shapes seen by electron microscopy of rotary shadowed collagen molecules agreed best with experimental laser light scattering measurements when the bend angles were less than 90°. 相似文献
17.
Summary The morphologic features of the fetal and neonatal thymus were investigated by light and electron microscopy to determine developmental changes. Primitive epithelial cells differentiate into reticular epithelial cells, medullary epithelial cells, elongated epithelial cells, Hassall's corpuscles and cysts. Thymocytes first appear at 50 days fetal age and the number of thymocytes is amplified from 75–150 days fetal age. Minor differences between the fetal thymus of the monkey and that of other species were observed. Possible functions for the various cellular components of the fetal monkey thymus are discussed.This research was supported in part by grants 5-F3-CA-28, 793-02 and FR-0167 from the National Institutes of Health. 相似文献
18.
The processes by which trophoblast cells invade and modify the walls of the uteroplacental arteries of macaques during the course of gestation were examined. Antibodies to cytokeratins were employed to identify trophoblast, anti-desmin antibody to identify smooth muscle, and antibodies to type IV collagen, laminin, and fibronectin to examine changes in extracellular matrix distribution in the arterial wall. During early gestation, endovascular trophoblast adhered to the arterial wall, often in an asymmetrical distribution. As trophoblast cells moved outwardly into the tunica media, the basement membrane underlying the endothelium was lost, as indicated by gaps in the layer when stained for type IV collagen and laminin. Trophoblast cells became sequestered in the vessel wall where they hypertrophied and became surrounded by a capsule containing type IV collagen and laminin. As the trophoblast cells became established in the vessel wall, the muscular layer of the artery became discontinuous. Throughout gestation it was common for trophoblast cells to invade the vessel intimal layer and share the lining of the artery with typical endothelial cells. This general disposition of endovascular and intramural trophoblast persisted into late gestation. In addition, and contrary to the results of earlier studies of macaques, we identified trophoblastic invasion and modification of myometrial segments of the uteroplacental arteries in later gestation. We also found evidence of interstitial trophoblast cells among the stromal cells of the endometrium, especially during early gestation. 相似文献
19.
Glick Barbara Beckerman Eaton G. Gray Johnson Deanne F. Worlein Julie M. 《International journal of primatology》1986,7(5):467-479
Quantitative data are presented on the effects of subject sex, partner sex,and kinship on the social interactions of 18 juveniles of the Oregon troop of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata).Data on these subjects as infants were also used to detail maturational changes in partner sex preferences. Nine males and
nine females, whose multiparous mothers represented a cross section of dominance ranks, were observed using a focal-animal
technique. Juveniles of both sexes engaged in more proximity, contact, grooming, mounting, aggression, and social play with
kin than with nonkin partners. They initiated less contact with females and more contact with males during their second year.
They initiated more grooming and aggression during their second year than their first year, with females displaying a strong
preference for grooming females and males specifically aggressing males more during the second year. Aggression was higher
between same-sexed partners than between opposite-sexed partners. Males engaged in more social interactions with males during
the second year than the first year of life. Males played more than females during both years. Males played more with males
during the second year than the first year, and males played with males more than did females during the second year. We conclude
that sex differences in behavioral frequencies become evident during the first year of life, and sex differences in partner
preferences emerge during the second year of life. 相似文献
20.
Summary The opioidergic, sympathetic and neuropeptide Y-positive innervation of the sphincter of Oddi (common bile duct sphincter and pancreatic duct sphincter), as well as other segments of the extrahepatic biliary tree was studied in the monkey by use of immunohistochemistry. Methionine-enkephalin-positive nerves were seen to innervate the smooth muscle of all portions of the sphincter of Oddi and also local ganglion cells. No methionine-enkephalin-positive nerves could be detected in the common bile duct, pancreatic duct or gallbladder. Tyrosine hydroxylase-positive nerves occurred between smooth muscle bundles and also ran to local ganglion cells as well as along the common bile duct. Neuropeptide Y-positive nerves were observed within smooth muscle of the sphincter of Oddi (all portions), common bile duct, pancreatic duct and gallbladder. No evidence of any differential innervation of the pancreatic duct and common bile duct sphincters could be detected with these markers. 相似文献