化学工业废水对洋葱根尖细胞核结构的影响

报道了兰州化学工业公司工业废水对洋葱尖细胞有丝分裂影响的研究结果。研究表明（１）兰化工业废水洋葱根尖细胞分裂具有严重的抑制和危害,其主要表现期核结构异常,形成大量的核裂团和微核;（２）洋葱根尖细胞分裂对环境诱变剂,特别是工业废水的反应是十分敏感的,可以作为环境监测的指示植物。     

污水诱导大蒜细胞微核及异常有丝分裂的研究

研究污染的河水对大蒜根尖细胞微核的诱导及细胞分裂的效应。结果表明,较重污染（PI=7.63）的河水对大蒜根尖染毒24 h以上,致使其有丝分裂指数下降明显（p<0.05）,诱发间期细胞微核显著（p<0.01）,导致有丝分裂异常和前微核的产生。     

工业废水诱发的洋葱根尖细胞有丝分裂染色体畸变与微核的测定

用工业废水对洋葱根尖染毒,对其诱发的根尖细胞有丝分裂期染色体畸变、微术是定表明,处理样品有丝分裂过程中存在着大量的畸变类型,主要表现为多极分裂、染色体桥、染色体片段、滞后染色体以及微核的产生。     

对几种百合科植物基因组大小的评价

利用孚尔根显微分光光度法测定了洋葱（ＡｌｌｉｕｍｃｅｐａＬ．）、头（Ａ．ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅＧ．Ｄｏｎ,）、分葱（Ａ．ａｓｃａｌｏｎｉｕｍＬ．）和黄花（ＨｅｍｅｒｏｃａｌｌｉｓｃｉｔｒｉｎａＢａｒｏｎｉ）４种百合科植物根尖的细胞核ＤＮＡ含量,并根据各自的核型得出了每个物种的基因组大小。它们分别为：洋葱１８．１６×１０９ｂｐ、头１２．８４×１０９ｂｐ、分葱１０．４４×ｌ０９ｂｐ和黄花７．４８×１０９ｂｐ。由此认为,基因组是生物体维持其生存所需的全套基因。它反映了生物物种全部的、特定的遗传信息。与胞核ＤＮＡ含量相比较,基因组大小更适合作为生物研究的特征参数。这不仅对细胞学、分类学和遗传学,而且对分子生物学亦有一定的意义。     

初生根长度对蚕豆根尖细胞微核率影响的研究

研究了不同长度蚕豆初生根微核率的差异,结果表明,初生根越短微核率越低,初生根越长微核率越高,提示蚕豆根尖细胞微核是可积累的,细胞分裂次数越多微核率越高,从而对蚕豆根尖微核测试的可靠性提供理论参考。     

一种培养植物根尖的新方法

在生物学教学中,洋葱根尖是观察植物细胞有丝分裂常用的实验材料。培养洋葱根尖的传统方法是清水培养。用这种方法,根尖生长缓慢,细胞分裂相少,所需培养时间较长。为此,笔者根据植物生长的生理需要,用植物溶液培     

环境监测植物豌豆根尖细胞的研究

本文通过不同浓度的甲基磺酸乙脂（ＥＭＳ）对豌豆根尖细胞微核的诱导,结果表明,豌豆根尖用作检测诱变剂是可行的。     

褐藻寡糖抗环磷酰胺诱导蚕豆根尖的细胞遗传毒性

采用蚕豆根尖细胞的微核试验和染色体畸变试验方法,测定不同浓度的褐藻寡糖对环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide,CP)诱导的蚕豆根尖细胞的微核率、有丝分裂指数和染色体畸变率的影响。结果表明:褐藻寡糖能有效抑制环磷酰胺诱导的蚕豆根尖细胞微核的产生,即在一定浓度范围内,微核率随褐藻寡糖处理浓度的降低而减少,但低于一定浓度后反而呈上升趋势;不同浓度的褐藻寡糖均可使蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂指数增大;褐藻寡糖还能有效降低蚕豆根尖细胞染色体畸变率。因此,褐藻寡糖对蚕豆根尖细胞具有明显的诱抗活性和调节细胞分裂生长的效应。     

8-羟基喹琳和对苯二酚对几种常用植物材料根尖细胞有丝分裂中期指数的影响

为了了解8-羟基喹啉（8-Hydroxyquinoline）和对苯二酚（P-hydroquinone）对蚕豆、洋葱和大蒜几种实验室常用植物有丝分裂材料根尖细胞中期分裂指数的效应．应用不同浓度的8-羟基喹啉和对苯二酚（0.002mol／L、0.004mol／L、0.006mol／L、0.008mol／L）分别处理3种植物根尖细胞．结果表明,8-羟基喹啉在0.004mol／L时处理洋葱和大蒜根尖,中期分裂指数较高：对苯二酚在0．004mol／L时处理蚕豆根尖,中期分裂指数较高;而对苯二酚处理洋葱和大蒜根尖时最佳浓度是0.008mol／L．该浓度根尖细胞有丝分裂指数达到最大值。     

利用染色体消除法获得太谷核不育小麦纯合体

太谷核不育小麦的育性受单个显性雄性不育基因（Ｔａ１）控制,其不育株总是杂合（Ｔａ１ｔａ１）的,纯合不育株（Ｔａ１Ｔａ１）并不存在。实验以太谷核不育小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）为母本和玉米（ＺｅａｍａｙｓＬ．）杂交,利用杂合子和幼胚细胞分裂过程中父本玉米染色体自发消除的特点,经过激素处理、幼胚拯救和染色体人工加倍,成功地获得了自然界不存在的纯合显性太谷核不育小麦新种质（Ｔａ１Ｔａ１）,并利用“玻璃化”超低温保存方法,将这一宝贵新种质长期保存下来。     

CYTOEMBRYOLOGY OF ALLIUM TEXTILE NELS. & MACBR.

Root tip mitosis, meiosis, sporogeneses, and the development of gametophytes are described for eight populations of Allium textile Nels. & Macbr., native to Montana. The basic chromosome number is n = 7, with tetraploids being predominant. Of the eight populations studied, only one was composed entirely of diploids (2n = 14). Meiosis is generally normal with bivalents and tetravalents formed during the process. Laggard chromosomes leading to the formation of micronuclei are frequently observed during microsporogeny. The anther wall is five-layered and its development corresponds to the Monocotyledonous type. The tapetum is glandular and its cells remain uninucleate throughout microsporogeny. The adjacent anther locules coalesce before dehiscence. Pollen grains are shed at the three-celled stage. A stomium is organized. Ovules are anatropous, tenuinucellar and bitegminal. The archesporial cell develops directly into a megasporocyte. Development of the female gametophyte is bisporic and corresponds to the Allium type. These observations support Traub's classification (1975) on Allium.     

Distribution of calcium during interphase and mitosis as observed by ion microscopy

The ion microscope, based on secondary ion mass spectrometry, has been used to demonstrate the distribution of calcium in the root tip cells of two plant species, Allium cepa and Vicia faba. Interphase nuclei showed higher intensities of calcium than cytoplasm, while nucleoli exhibited higher calcium intensities than the rest of the nucleoplasm. The chromosomes showed high intensities of calcium at all stages of mitosis. Calcium was also detected in the cell plate and phragmoplast region of dividing cells. It appears that during prophase calcium concentrates in the condensing chromosomes, and during telophase it is transferred to nucleoli. These observations suggest that chromosomes may serve as a reservoir of calcium during mitosis.     

Genotoxicity of wastewater samples from sewage and industrial effluent detected by the Allium root anaphase aberration and micronucleus assays.

The genotoxicity of wastewater samples from sewage, and industrial effluent from the Amritsar, India, area were investigated using the Allium micronucleus and anaphase aberration assays. Raw sewage samples and acetone extracts of the dehydrated sewage were use for treatment of the Allium roots. Industrial effluents were collected and stored in the form of sludge (semi-dried matter). The acetone extracts of the sludge samples were also used for treatment of the Allium roots. From the Allium root micronuclei tests on the sewage extracts, no significant increase in the number of micronuclei was found in comparison with negative controls. All the other extracts from industrial effluent showed positive responses both in the micronucleus and anaphase aberration assays.     

THE PROCESSES OF ANTHER DEHISCENCE AND POLLEN DISPERSAL III. THE DEHYDRATION OF THE FILAMENT TIP AND THE ANTHER IN THREE MONOCOTYLEDONOUS SPECIES

The relationship between anther dehiscence and dehydration of the filament tip and the connective tissue were followed in Gasteria verrucosa (Mill.) H. Duval, Allium cepa L. and Lilium hybrida cv.'Enchantment'using various microscopical techniques, including direct observations of living tissues in the SEM.
In G. verrucosa anther dehiscence immediately follows anthesis, with concomitant dehydration and shrivelling of the filament tip. In L. hybrida the filament tip dehydrates and shrivels before anthesis. The anthers start to dehisce immediately after anthesis. In A. cepa the filament tip dehydrates and shrivels slowly after anthesis and dehiscence, which may take up to several days, correlates with the rate of extension of the filament.
The attenuated period of dehiscence in A. cepa may be related to the absence of stomata on the anther. Experiments on xylem conductivity and transpiration reveal that the presence of continuously open stomata on the anthers sets the time of dehiscence after anthesis in G. verrucosa and L. hybrida.
The shrinking filament tip in all three species functions as a hinge which suspends the dangling anther after dehiscence. The uniformly thickened epidermal cell walls on the anthers opposite the filament prevent the outwardly bending locule walls from embracing the filament.     

Uno studio citofotometrico delle proteine durante la mitosi nel meristema radicale di Allium cepa L.

Abstract

A cytophotometric study of proteins during mitosis in root tip meristematic cells of «Allium cepa L.». — Spectrophotometric analyses of the amount of Fast-green stainable proteins at different pH values (8,1; 6; 4; 2) have been accomplished in Allium cepa root tip meristematic cells during the four phases of mitosis. The results seem to indicate that: a) the highest absorption is detectable in correspondence of metaphase at each of the four pH values; b) the transition from prophase to metaphase is characterized by an increase of both proteins reacting at pH 8,1 (histones) and between pH 6 and pH 8,1 (neutral proteins); c) the transition from metaphase to anaphase is characterized by a loss of histones and of proteins reacting between pH 4 and pH 6 (acid proteins); d) the transition from anaphase to telophase is characterized by a loss of neutral proteins. The data are discussed in relation to the problem of chromosome coiling.     

秋水仙素对洋葱根尖细胞的诱变效应

通过三种浓度的秋水仙素对洋葱根尖进行控时处理,结果发现,该药剂能使洋葱根尖细胞有丝分裂指数下降,促进洋葱根尖膨大,导致染色体加倍,并产生畸变细胞。     

钙调素对细胞周期的调节

RC3细胞是一种用真核表达载体1~(CaM)转染NIH 3T3细胞建成的可调钙凋素(Calmodulin,CaM)高表达细胞模型。通过分子杂交及蛋白免疫印迹方法证实在地塞米松(Dexamethasome,DXM)作用下,RC3细胞可高表达CaM。CaM的过表达使G_1期细胞减少,S期细胞增加;CaM拮抗剂三氟拉嗪(trifluoperazine,TFP)则使G_1期细胞增加,S期细胞减少。高表达CaM使细胞分裂指数提高,G_2期细胞减少,有丝分裂前期细胞增加,M中期细胞比例下降。而TFP处理则使分裂指数下降,G_2期细胞增加,M前期细胞减少,M中期细胞增加。实验结果表明CaM在G_1/S、G_2/M和M中期/M后期3个位点上对细胞周期进行调控;通过加速G_1至S期,G_2至M期和M中期至M后期的进程,使细胞倍增时间缩短,促进细胞增殖。本工作表明,RC3细胞作为CaM表达可调细胞模型,是研究细胞周期调控的有力工具。     

洋葱花粉发育过程中ATP酶的分布特征(简报)

在真核细胞中,除了线粒体和叶绿体ATPase的功能是合成ATP外,其余部位ATPase是水解ATP以获取生物能量的代谢酶,在生物体细胞内广泛存在。探索ATPase在细胞中的分布状态是研究细胞生理状态的一种重要手段。ATPase在细胞中的多少可反映出细胞当时的生活状态,这一特征已被初步用于探索小麦和水稻雄性不育的细胞生物学研究中,希望通过比较可育花药和不育花药中ATPase的分布差异寻找雄性不育的机理,发现     

STUDIES OF THE BIOLOGY OF SCLEROTIUM CEPIVORUM BERK.

Sclerotia from 6-week-old pure cultures of Sclerotium cepivorum germinated immediately in soil only after abrasion of their rinds, but after burial in soil for a month or more, unabraded sclerotia became capable of germination.
Marked stimulation of germination occurred in the presence of host plants (onion, leek and shallot). Little or no germination occurred in soil alone or in the presence of non-host plants (barley, cabbage, carrot and white clover). Sclerotial germination was observed in a number of soils of widely differing pH and over a wide range of soil water content. Germination of sclerotia on uninjured onion roots was greatest at the tip region. On artificially injured roots sclerotial germination was enhanced but the effect of position was lost.
Sclerotial germination was independent of contact between roots and sclerotia. It was induced by root extracts of all Allium spp. tested, but of no other plants. Boiling or autoclaving root extracts did not destroy the active principle and it is concluded that under field conditions sclerotia are induced to germinate by a thermostable chemical substance from Allium roots.
The process of germination of sclerotia is described.