黄土塬区玉米大豆不同间作方式对产量和经济收益的影响及其机制

利用不同玉米品种(郑单958和豫玉22)和大豆品种(中黄24和中黄13)在单作和两种(2∶2和2∶4)间作方式下,研究品种、间作方式对间作系统产量和经济效益的影响,探讨其潜在的作用过程和机制,以期为旱区农业高产高效服务。实验结果表明:(1)两种间作方式的土地当量比(LER),相对拥挤系数(K)都高于单作,表明玉米、大豆在两种间作方式下较单作具有显著的间作优势,玉米间作相比单作增产显著。K、实际产量损失(AYL)、侵占力(A)和竞争比率(CR)的变化规律均表明在间作栽培条件下,玉米相对于大豆为竞争优势物种;郑单958相对于豫玉22,中黄24相对于中黄13均占有一定竞争优势。郑单958与中黄24以2∶4比例间作的间作优势(IA)及货币优势指数(MAI)值最高。(2)相比单作,间作种植模式下玉米的水分利用效率明显增加,而且玉米∶大豆以2∶4间作的水分利用效率显著高于2∶2。郑单958与中黄24在2∶4间作方式下的产量和经济效益都最高,适合在当地应用和推广。     

Maximizing land utilization efficiency and competitive indices of roselle and cluster bean plants by intercropping pattern and foliar spray with lithovit

To maximize the land utilization efficiency of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (roselle) and Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Taub (cluster bean), this experiment was executed successfully at Experimental Farm, Fac. Agric., Zagazig Univ., Egypt during 2018 and 2019 at summer season. Intercropping pattern treatments as main plots (sole planting of each component as control, 1: 2, 1: 3 and 2: 3 of roselle: cluster bean as row ratio, respectively), lithovit as sub-plots (CO2 nano-material) at various rates (0.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 g/l) as well as their interaction effects were estimated. In addition, from calculating competitive indices, it was clear that, the highest land equivalent ratio (abbreviated as LER), area time equivalent ratio (abbreviated as ATER), land utilization efficiency percentage (abbreviated as LUE%) and relative crowding coefficient (abbreviated as RCC) values 1.24 and 1.12, 1.16 and 1.03, 120.57% and 108.06% as well as 0.82 and 0.41 were achieved by the treatment of intercropping pattern of 1 row of roselle alternating with 3 rows of cluster bean during the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. The highest values in this concern were achieved with 1: 3 planting pattern combined with 0.0 lithovit rate in the first seasonas well as 1: 2 planting pattern combined with 6.0 g/l lithovit rate in the second one. Also, the highest values of competitive ratio for roselle (Crr) were achieved by combination between 4.0 g/l lithovit rate under 1: 3 pattern, in contrary, the highest values of competitive ratio for cluster bean (Crc) were recorded by combination between 1: 2 pattern with 2.0 g/l lithovit rate in first season. Regardless of the planting patterns combined with different lithovit rates, aggressivity, based on the results, therewas a positive sign for roselle and a negative sign for the intercropped cluster bean, indicating that roselle was dominant, while, cluster bean was dominated.     

水稻-雍菜间作系统中种间关系和水稻的硅、氮营养状况

间作是一种优良的生态农业模式,但以水稻为主的水生作物间作研究很少.本试验以水稻和雍菜为研究对象,开展了连续两年(2014—2015年)四季的大田试验,研究水稻和雍菜间作条件下产量、种间关系以及水稻的硅、氮营养状况.试验共设置5个处理,包括水稻单作、雍菜单作、水稻-雍菜2∶2间作、3∶2间作、4∶2间作.结果表明: 水稻和雍菜间作显著增加水稻的产量,其中2∶2间作、3∶2间作和4∶2间作在单位面积上的增产幅度分别为77.5%～120.6%、64.9%～80.9%、37.7%～56.0%,但间作显著降低了雍菜的产量.从土地当量比(LER)来看,水稻和雍菜间作可增加系统的综合产量,3种间作的LER全部大于1,其中3∶2间作模式最佳.从竞争指数来看,在间作系统中,水稻比雍菜有更强的竞争能力,特别是在早季.与水稻单作相比,水稻-雍菜间作显著增加水稻叶片对硅和氮的吸收量以及成熟期水稻叶片的硅含量,但是并没有增加水稻叶片的氮含量,甚至在成熟期略低于单作;而对土壤有效硅、铵态氮和硝态氮含量没有显著影响.在整个试验期间,与水稻单作和间作相比,雍菜单作始终有最高的土壤有效硅、铵态氮和硝态氮含量.本研究表明,水稻和雍菜间作可以促进水稻对硅和氮的吸收,增加水稻的竞争能力.     

Intercropping patterns and different farming systems affect the yield and yield components of safflower and bitter vetch

This factorial field experiment was done based on a randomized complete block design in Urmia University, Iran, in 2013 and was repeated in 2014. Treatments included two farming systems (high input and organic) and different intercropping patterns that alternated bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia L.) and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) with row ratios of 2:2, 3:2, 4:2 and 5:2. Sole cropping of bitter vetch and safflower was used as the control. In both years, the 2:2 intercropping pattern had biomass yield advantages compared to sole cropping and the other intercropping ratios, based on greater land equivalent ratio values. Safflower had higher relative crowding coef?cients, competitive ratio (CR) and aggressivity (A) values than bitter vetch. High-input farming was more effective than the organic system in both years. Safflower was the superior competitor when grown with bitter vetch, and its productivity dominated the total biomass yields. Thus, intercropping of safflower with bitter vetch has the potential to improve performance with high land-use efficiency.     

Fluctuations in fruit fly abundance and infestation in sweet gourd fields in relation to varied meteorological factors

The study was conducted with the aim of furthering our understanding of seasonality in the population dynamics and infestation rates of the fruit fly Bactrocera spp. in sweet gourd (Cucurbita moschata) during winter and summer in 2017. We also investigated the effects of using methyl eugenol traps on fly abundance and infestation. Two fruit fly species, namely, B. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis, were present in the sweet gourd field, and we observed fluctuations in their abundance. Compared to B. dorsalis, B. cucurbitae was significantly more abundant in both winter and summer. Infestation level was found to be the highest in fields lacking methyl eugenol traps in both seasons. Fruit fly larval population per infested fruit was higher in summer than in winter. Fly abundance was significantly and positively correlated with mean temperature and rainfall but significantly and negatively correlated with light intensity. Relative humidity was insignificantly but positively correlated with fly abundance. The temperature, light intensity, relative humidity, and rainfall individually explained 48.9, 24.1, 0.8, and 1.6% of variation in fruit fly abundance, respectively. The combined effect of the weather parameters on fruit fly abundance was 75.4% and was significant predictor of fruit fly abundance.     

Tobacco mutants with reduced microtubule dynamics are less susceptible to TMV

A panel of seven SR1 tobacco mutants (ATER1 to ATER7) derived via T‐DNA activation tagging and screening for resistance to a microtubule assembly inhibitor, ethyl phenyl carbamate, were used to study the role of microtubules during infection and spread of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). In one of these lines, ATER2, α‐tubulin is shifted from the tyrosinylated into the detyrosinated form, and the microtubule plus‐end marker GFP–EB1 moves significantly slower when expressed in the background of the ATER2 mutant as compared with the SR1 wild type. The efficiency of cell‐to‐cell movement of TMV encoding GFP‐tagged movement protein (MP‐GFP) is reduced in ATER2 accompanied by a reduced association of MP‐GFP with plasmodesmata. This mutant is also more tolerant to viral infection as compared with the SR1 wild type, implying that reduced microtubule dynamics confer a comparative advantage in face of TMV infection.     

Soils from intercropped fields have a higher capacity to suppress black root rot in cassava,caused by Scytalidium lignicola

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the natural suppressive capacity of soils from forest, and monocropping and intercropping systems, against root rot, caused by Scytalidium lignicola, in a greenhouse experiment. We used soils from a tropical dry forest (FOR) and two intercropping and two monoculture systems. The first intercrop was maize and beans (CORNCOWP), and the second intercrop was cassava, pigeon peas and beans (CASPIGPCOWP). The first monoculture was beans, and the second was passion fruit. The intercropping soils showed a higher capacity to suppress black root rot in cassava than the monoculture because such soils were able to reduce disease severity by about 50%. Bean soil in the monoculture showed less microbial biomass carbon than in the intercrop, with means of 10.05 and 38.2 mg/kg, respectively. The higher density of bacteria and fungal populations, microbial biomass, urease and arylsulphatase activities correlated with a decrease in disease severity. Soils from the intercrops produced changes in soil quality, primarily in the population and density of microorganisms, enzymatic activities, total organic carbon and nutrients, reducing disease severity in cassava plants. These effects were validated by multivariate principal component analysis and showed three distinct groups: one FOR, one intercropping and one monocropping. The majority of vectors were in the direction of FOR and intercropping soils. We have provided some of the first data related to the beneficial effects of intercropping on the suppression of black root rot in cassava, which is validated through different attributes.     

Nitrogen fixation and N transfer from peanut to rice cultivated in aerobic soil in an intercropping system and its effect on soil N fertility

The novel cultivation of paddy rice in aerobic soil reveals the great potential not only for water-saving agriculture, but also for rice intercropping with legumes and both are important for the development of sustainable agriculture. A two-year field experiment was carried out to investigate the yield advantage of intercropping peanut (Arachis hypogaea L., Zhenyuanza 9102) and rice (Oryza sativa L., Wuyujing 99-15) in aerobic soil, and its effect on soil nitrogen (N) fertility. A pot experiment was also conducted to examine the N₂-fixation by peanut and N transfer from peanut to rice at three N fertilizer application rates, i.e., 15, 75 and 150 kg N ha^–1 using a ¹⁵N isotope dilution method. The results showed that the relative advantage of intercropping, expressed as land equivalent ratio (LER), was 1.41 in 2001 and 1.36 in 2002. Both area-adjusted yield and N content of rice were significantly increased in the intercropping system while those of peanut were not significantly different between intercropping and monocropping systems. The yields of rice grain and peanut, for example, were increased by 29–37% and 4–7% in the intercropping system when compared to the crop grown in the monocropping system. The intercropping advantage was mainly due to the sparing effect of soil inorganic N contributed by the peanut. This result was proved by the higher soil mineral N concentration under peanut monocropping and intercropping than under the rice monocropping system.%Ndfa (nitrogen derived from atmosphere) by peanut was 72.8, 56.5 and 35.4% under monocropping and 76.1, 53.3 and 50.7% under the intercropping system at N fertilizer application rates of 15, 75 and 150 kg ha^–1, respectively. The ¹⁵N-based estimates of N transfer from peanut (%NTFL) was 12.2, 9.2 and 6.2% at the three N fertilizer application rates. N transferred from peanut accounted for 11.9, 6.4 and 5.5% of the total N accumulated in the rice plants in intercropping at the same three N fertilizer application rates, suggesting that the transferred N from peanut in the intercropping system made a contribution to the N nutrition of rice, especially in low-N soil.     

不同基因型玉米间作对叶片衰老、籽粒产量和品质的影响

 采用大田试验, 研究了不同基因型玉米(Zea mays)间作对叶片衰老、籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明, ‘豫玉19’(YY19)与‘周单 041’(ZD041)、‘郑单958’(ZD958)与‘鲁单981’(LD981)间作, 可提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活 性, 降低丙二醛(MDA)含量, 延缓叶片衰老。具体表现为, 在吐丝后10 d, 4个玉米品种叶片中的SOD和POD活性均有所提高或显著提高, ZD041和 ZD958叶片中的CAT活性提高或显著提高, YY19和LD981变化不显著; 4个玉米品种叶片中的MDA含量降低。在吐丝后40 d, SOD和POD活性及MDA含 量的变化与吐丝后10 d基本一致, CAT活性均有所提高, 其中以YY19较为显著。研究还表明, 间作增加了复合群体产量, 土地当量比(Land equivalent ratio, LER)均大于1, 籽粒品质也有所改善。     

间作对不同类型饲料作物光能利用特征及生产能力的影响

为探究豆-禾间作模式中的光能利用特征及产量效应,本研究以苜蓿、小黑麦、燕麦、玉米、甜高粱5种单作模式为参照,对苜蓿-小黑麦、苜蓿-燕麦、苜蓿-玉米和苜蓿-甜高粱4种间作模式开展田间试验,研究其光能利用特征和生产能力,并采用通径分析法探讨光能利用各指标对产量形成的贡献程度.结果表明: 光能利用各指标对产量的贡献由大到小依次是叶面积指数(LAI,1.236)、净光合速率(P_n,0.519)、冠层开度(DIFN,0.302)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i,-0.026)、气孔导度(g_s,-0.116)、蒸腾速率(T_r,-0.188)、光合有效辐射(PAR)截获率(FIPAR,-1.708);光能利用率(LUE)作为光能利用各指标的综合体现,其数值最大(1.367).与单作相比,间作提高了4种禾本科牧草的LAI、P_n、g_s、T_r和FIPAR,降低了DIFN和C_i,而苜蓿则呈相反的变化趋势.4种禾本科牧草间作下LUE与单作相比均显著提高,其中,小黑麦和燕麦的平均增幅(35.2%和30.4%)高于玉米和甜高粱(28.7%和26.3%),且与小黑麦、燕麦间作的苜蓿其LUE的平均降幅(6.1%和8.3%)明显低于与玉米、甜高粱间作(21.8%和24.5%).4种间作模式的土地当量比(LER)均大于1,其中,苜蓿-小黑麦和苜蓿-燕麦的LER值显著大于苜蓿-玉米和苜蓿-甜高粱.LAI对产量的直接贡献最大,其次是P_n.4种间作模式中,苜蓿-小黑麦和苜蓿-燕麦的光能利用提升潜力和增产潜力更大.     

Long-read genome assembly and genetic architecture of fruit shape in the bottle gourd

The bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria, Cucurbitaceae) is an important horticultural crop exhibiting tremendous diversity in fruit shape. The genetic architecture of fruit shape variation in this species remains unknown. We assembled a long-read-based, high-quality reference genome (ZAAS_Lsic_2.0) with a contig N50 value over 390-fold greater than the existing reference genomes. We then focused on dissection of fruit shape using a one-step geometric morphometrics-based functional mapping approach. We identified 11 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for fruit shape (fsQTLs), reconstructed their visible effects and revealed syntenic relationships of bottle gourd fsQTLs with 12 fsQTLs previously reported in cucumber, melon or watermelon. Homologs of several well-known and newly identified fruit shape genes, including SUN, OFP, AP2 and auxin transporters, were comapped with bottle gourd QTLs.     

Some properties of a previously undescribed virus from cassava: Cassava American Latent Virus

A virus with spherical particles c. 28 nm in diameter was sap-transmitted from different cassava (Manihot esculenta) cultivars to a limited range of species in the families Chenopodiaceae and Solanaceae. Cassava seedlings infected by inoculation with sap or with purified virus preparations did not show any symptom, although the virus was readily detected by ELISA or by further inoculations. Leaf extracts from infected Nicotiana benthamiana were infective after dilution of 10^--³but not 10^--⁴, and after heating for 10 min at 70°C, but not at 72°C. The virus was purified from N. benthamiana, N. clevelandii or from cassava. On sucrose gradients, the virus particles sediment as three components all containing a protein of mol. wt c. 57000. The genome of the virus is composed of two RNAs of mol. wt c. 2.54 times 10⁶(RNA-1) and 1.44 times 10⁶(RNA-2). RNA-2 was detected in the middle and the bottom nucleoprotein components, and RNA-1 only in the bottom component. An antiserum prepared to purified virus particles was used to readily detect the virus in cassava and other host plants by ELISA and by ISEM. No serological relationship was shown between this virus and eight nepoviruses, including the recently described cassava green mottle nepovirus infecting cassava in the Solomon Islands (Lennon, Aiton & Harrison, 1987). The virus described here is the first nepovirus isolated from cassava in South America, and is named cassava American latent virus.     

Purification and characterization of a glucokinase from young tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. Mill.) fruit

In order to clearly establish the properties of the enzymes responsible for hexose phosphorylation we have undertaken the separation and characterization of these enzymes present in tomato fruit (Martinez-Barajas and Randall 1996). This report describes the partial purification and characterization of glucokinase (EC. 2.7.1.1) from young green tomato fruit. The procedure yielded a 360-fold enrichment of glucokinase. Tomato fruit glucokinase is a monomer with a molecular mass of 53 kDa. Glucokinase activity was optimal between pH 7.5 and 8.5, preferred ATP as the phosphate donor (K _m = 0.223 mM) and exhibited low activity with GTP or UTP. The tomato fruit glucokinase showed highest affinity for glucose (K _m = 65 μM). Activity observed with glucose was 4-fold greater than with mannose and 50-fold greater than with fructose. The tomato fruit glucokinase was sensitive to product inhibition by ADP (K _i = 36 μM). Little inhibition was observed with glucose 6-phosphate (up to 15 mM) at pH 8.0; however, at pH 7.0 glucokinase activity was inhibited 30–50% by physiological concentrations of glucose 6-phosphate. Received: 4 October 1997 / Accepted: 10 January 1998     

Relative uptake of32P by cassava,banana, elephant foot yam and groundnut in intercropping systems

Absorption of applied³²P by the treated as well as neighbouring plants in two- and three-crop intercropping systems involving cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), banana (Musa (AAB) Mysore), elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus campanulatus Blume) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) was studied in field trials. Radiophosphorus applied to the root zone of one of the component species in the mixed systems was found to be absorbed not only by the treated plant but also by the neighbouring plants. Banana was the most dominant species in the cassava-banana-elephant foot yam intercropping system and accumulated the major portion of the radioactivity recovered in the whole system. Cassava planted on raised mounds absorbed³²P from the root zones of elephant foot yam and banana growing in the interspaces. Absorption of³²P from cassava mounds by elephant foot yam was negligible.In cassava-groundnut intercropping system, cassava was the dominant component accumulating about 96 to 99 per cent of the total³²P recovery in the system when the radiolabel was applied to cassava and about 48 to 88 per cent when applied to the intercrops depending on whether cassava was planted on paired row-ridge, mound or flat bed. The groundnut was able to absorb only negligible quantity of³²P from cassava root zone. The absorption of³²P by treated groundnut was highest in paired-row ridge method of planting and lowest in flat bed method of planting.     

The influence of atmospheric humidity on leaf expansion in Beta vulgaris L.

Humidity effects on leaf expansion in sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.) were explored using linear variable differential transducers. In continuous light, an increase in relative humidity (RH) from 35 to 61 or 75% resulted in a rapid increase in leaf extension which was maintained for 10–15 min before slowing down. Increasing RH from 35 to 85% increased leaf-extension rate (LER) in light and in dark and substantially diminished the ratio of dark LER to light LER, showing that high humidity can offset the reduction in LER which occurs on illumination. Episodes of irradiance with visible or infrared radiation resulted in diminished LER, indicating that increases in transpiration may reduce the flux of water available for leaf cell expansion. The hypothesis that leaf area expansion in sugarbeet may be controlled by the expansion of the leaf epidermis is discussed.Abbreviations IR infrared - LER leaf extension rate - LVDT linear variable differential transformer - RH relative humidity     

Transgenic plants of cassava (Manihot esculenta) with resistance to Basta obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation

 Transgenic plants of cassava (Manihot esculenta) resistant to the herbicide Basta were obtained through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The plants also expressed the uidA gene and two were positive for PCR- and/or Southern-based detection of the nptII gene. Somatic-embryo-derived cotyledons were used as source of explants. A non-disarmed Agrobacterium strain (CIAT 1182) was used to transfer the genes of interest into cassava cultivar MPer183. Greenhouse tests of resistance to Basta (Hoechst) showed three plant lines with different levels of tolerance to the herbicide. Based on Southern tests of transgenesis, the transformation efficiency was 1%. The results constitute the first report of the bar gene conferring herbicide resistance to cassava plants. Received: 9 January 1999 / Revision received: 10 May 1999 / Accepted: 15 June 1999     

Bio-agro-economic returns from carrot and salad rocket as intercrops using hairy woodrose as green manure in a semi-arid region of Brazil

The efficiency of an intercropping system depends mainly on the cropping system and on the crops, which should complement each other. However, the choice of crops and factors of production are extremely important for maximizing the advantages of intercropping, which, in turn, means maximizing the bio-agro-economic performance of the system. The present study sought to assess, based on appropriate indexes and indicators and using univariate and bivariate analysis, the agronomic/biological and economic returns from a system in which salad rocket was intercropped with carrot at different population densities and one of spontaneous species of the semi-arid region of Brazil, namely hairy woodrose (Merremia aegyptia L.), was used as green manure. The population densities of both the crops were maintained at 40%, 60%, 80%, or 100% of the recommended population for a sole crop (RPSC). The following values were recorded or calculated: green biomass of rocket, biomass of carrot roots, aggressivity indexes, competitive ratio, land equivalent ratio, productive efficiency index, canonical variable score, and four economic indicators, namely gross and net returns, rate of return, and net profit margin. The most effective combination was carrot at 40% of its RPSC intercropped with rocket at 100% of its RPSC with hairy woodrose as green manure because the combination resulted in the highest values of land equivalent ratio (1.72), productive efficiency index (0.91), canonical variable score (1.68), gross returns (R$ 41,186.91 ha⁻¹), net returns (R$ 18,621.64 ha⁻¹), rate of return (1.84), and net profit margin (52.77%), making it a highly profitable combination for the north-eastern semi-arid region of Brazil. The most effective indicators of economic value were yield and the rate of return.     

Pheromone release rate determines whether sexual communication of Oriental fruit moth is disrupted competitively vs. non‐competitively

Communicational disruption mechanisms for Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), were determined using a suite of mathematical tools and graphical operations that enable differentiation between competitive attraction and non‐competitive mechanisms of disruption. Research was conducted in 20 field cages, each covering 12 mature apple trees. Commercial monitoring lures releasing Oriental fruit moth pheromone at a rate of 0.04 μg h^?1 and distributed at densities of 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 17 per cage were used to evaluate the effect of low‐releasing dispensers on the disruption of sexual communication. Graphical analyses revealed that near‐female‐equivalent pheromone dispensers disrupted Oriental fruit moth competitively. Commercial mating disruption dispensers releasing Oriental fruit moth pheromone at 60 μg h^?1 and deployed at 0, 4, 6, 10, 15, 20, and 30 per cage were used to evaluate the effect of high‐releasing dispensers on the disruption of sexual communication. Oriental fruit moth disruption shifted to a non‐competitive mechanism for high‐releasing dispensers. This is the first time such a shift in disruption mechanism has been demonstrated against a background of otherwise identical experimental conditions. Near‐female‐equivalent pheromone dispensers were also used to quantify the additive effect of an attract‐and‐remove control strategy compared with competitive mating disruption. We report a five‐fold reduction in Oriental fruit moth captures under attract‐and‐remove compared to mating disruption using near‐female‐equivalent dispensers. Surprisingly, release of female Oriental fruit moths into these large‐cage disruption studies had no measurable impact on male trapping.     

Distribution of newly fixed C-photoassimilate under deficit irrigation and half-root stress in peach trees

Two-year-old potted peach ‘Zaojiubao’ (Prunus persica L. Batsch) trees on wild P. persica rootstock were subjected either to regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), in which trees were water stressed during fruit pit hardening (stage II) followed by rewatering during the final rapid fruit growth stage (stage III), or to half-root stress (HRS) treatments during the same two stages. To investigate the allocation of carbon assimilates among sink organs, shoots were fed with ¹⁴CO₂ twice, either during stage II or stage III. The distribution coefficient (K) represented the competitive sink strength. RDI and HRS induced an altered allocation pattern of ¹⁴C-assimilates. The import to shoot apexes was reduced. However, there were no significant reduction in fruit diameter and weight. Moreover, the Ks of the fruit subparts of RDI and HRS treated trees were similar to or sometimes higher than those of CK trees. There were more ¹⁴C-assimilates and higher K values of seeds from RDI trees during stage III compared with CK. In addition, stressed roots seemed to have stronger abilities to attract ¹⁴C-assimilates. It is concluded that RDI and HRS resulted in a decreased sink activity in the shoot and a change of carbon allocation toward stressed roots and seeds without negative effects on fruit growth.