Species composition and distribution of summer ichthyoplankton in Chupa Estuary (Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea)

On the basis of ichthyoplankton surveys performed in July 2002 and June 2004–2005 in Chupa Estuary and adjacent waters of Kandalaksha Bay, species composition and distribution of eggs and larvae of fish were studied. Early stages of development of seven fish species were found in the composition of ichthyoplankton. The bulk of abundance of ichthyoplankton was formed of Clupea pallasii marisalbi larvae. It was shown that the sites of aggregation of larval C. pallasii marisalbi from June to July are constant and located in the central and preestuarine areas of Chupa Estuary. Possible routes of their passive migrations within Chupa Estuary and the adjacent water area of Kandalaksha Bay are considered. It is suggested that the drift of larvae beyond the estuary proceeds slowly, and after hatching they can long stay in the estuary concentrating in its central and preestuarine areas.     

Species composition and distribution of ichthyoplankton in the Sea of Japan in Autumn 1995 and 2001

It was determined on the basis of data on species composition and distribution that ichthyoplankton in the Sea of Japan within the exclusive economic zone of Russia was represented in October 1995 and September 2001 by 13 species. Anchovy Engraulis japonicus and saury Cololabis saira were the most abundant and widely distributed. The area of distribution of anchovy larvae and juveniles was great, but was restricted mostly to subtropical waters. The larvae and juveniles of saury were captured to the west of the frontal interface in the waters of subarctic structure. The character of the distribution of early progeny suggests that the spawning of saury in summer ran in the economic zone of Russia. The early progeny of saury was absent in the zone of Japan filled with subtropical waters. Because of peculiarities of spawning strategy of the spawners, the regions of distribution and maximum concentrations of their larvae and juveniles did not overlap and were associated with different water masses. The species composition of larvae and young fishes collected with the Maruchi-Ami fry net was more diverse in comparison to the fish-egg net IKS-80. The parameters of the catches of both nets on conversion to the filtered volume of water were comparable only in the regions with increased concentrations of larvae and juveniles. The fry net was not very efficient for calculating recruitment in the dispersed autumn aggregations.     

Species composition and distribution of ichthyoplankton in the waters of northeast Sakhalin

Data on the species composition and abundance of the ichthyoplankton obtained in 2012, 2014, and 2015 in the waters of northeast Sakhalin are presented; these data were collected during the standard accounting surveys to estimate the egg concentration and breeders of Alaska pollock Theragra chalcogramma. The areas of the main concentrations of eggs and larvae of a number of commercial fish species have been determined, interannual variations in their abundance have been analyzed, and the distribution of ichthyoplankton with some parameters of the environment, such as depth, temperature, and main currents, has been linked. During the study period, 30 species representing 11 families were recorded in the ichthyoplankton. The average concentration of ichthyoplankton varies within the range of 113–201 ind./m². The pollock eggs absolutely dominated by 78–89%; followed by the eggs of the Bering flounder Hippoglossoides robustus (5–8%). It was found that the number of eggs and larvae of flounders and of a number of the other fish species in the northern part of the study area increases during the years characterized by a large volume of runoff of Amur River.     

Species composition and distributional pattern of ichthyoplankton of the Southern Pacific Ocean

Distributional pattern and qualitative composition of ichthyoplankton in waters of the Southern Pacific in September 2002?CJanuary 2003 and in August?CNovember 2009 are analyzed. We noted approximately 70 species of fish pelagic eggs and larvae of fishes belonging to 34 families in this region. Change in distribution of the basic object of commercial fishery of this region, i.e., Peruvian-Chilean jack mackerel Trachurus murphyi, in early ontogenesis are considered in detail. The obtained data on the species composition, distribution, and abundance of ichthyoplankton in this region are compared with the results of investigations in the past years. The spawning biomass of jack mackerel is also estimated in the work by the amount of the eggs spawned by females in the places of their greatest concentrations.     

青岛崂山青山湾人工鱼礁区及附近海域鱼卵仔稚鱼种类组成与数量分布

为研究人工鱼礁对产卵鱼类的诱集效果和庇护效应,2014—2015年对青岛崂山青山湾海域人工鱼礁区及附近海域鱼卵和仔稚鱼的种类组成和数量分布进行了水平和垂直拖网调查. 2014年春、夏、秋3个季节的7个航次调查中,共采集鱼卵7306粒、仔稚鱼52尾,隶属于4目9科11属12种;2015年同期进行的13个航次调查中,共采集鱼卵10373粒、仔稚鱼159尾,隶属于6目11科14属15种.2年间鱼卵和仔稚鱼样品均以鲈形目数量最多,鲽形目次之,其中鱼卵样品中仅有少鳞鱚和短吻红舌鳎构成优势种;仔稚鱼样品以少鳞鱚优势度最高,但不存在仔稚鱼优势种.鱼卵和稚鱼的高优势度物种的季节间演替明显.春、夏、秋季鱼类浮游生物群落Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数平均值均较低,说明该海域鱼类浮游生物群落结构稳定性较低.2年间所采集物种对应的成鱼平均营养级分别为3.71和3.78,均属第三营养级中的低级肉食性鱼类,绝大多数为暖温种,无冷温性种类,表现出明显的暖温带特点.综合分析认为,人工鱼礁区鱼类浮游生物群落的多样性相对较高,这与鱼礁区流速和流场特征及复杂的空间异质性有关.     

黄、东海生态系统中鱼卵、仔稚幼鱼种类组成与数量分布

2000年秋季和2001年春季“北斗号”生物资源调查船利用大型浮游生物网采用表层水平拖网的调查方式对黄、东海鱼卵、仔稚幼鱼种类组成与数量分布进行了调查。秋季和春季分别设置66个(黄海26个,东海40个)和98个(黄海46个,东海52个)调查站。每站拖网10min,拖网速度为3.0nmile/h。调查结果表明:秋季和春季所采集到的鱼卵和仔稚幼鱼样品共62种以及鳗鲡目和飞鱼类两大类,鉴定到种的44种,隶属于9目33科40属;还有10种仅能鉴定到属,6种和飞鱼类仅能鉴定到科,1种和鳗鲡目一大类仅能鉴定到目以及1种不能识别。优势种为、鲐、带鱼、棱、黑鳃梅童鱼、绿鳍鱼以及多鳞、鼠、大泷六线鱼、细纹狮子鱼等。2000年秋季,从黄海和东海分别采集到16粒鱼卵、107尾仔稚幼鱼和495粒鱼卵、116尾仔稚幼鱼。鱼卵、仔稚幼鱼的出现频率分别为26.92%、38.46%和65.00%、40.46%,平均密度分别为0.6粒/站、3.6尾/站和12.4粒/站、2.8尾/站。2001年春季,从黄海和东海分别采集到3粒鱼卵、61尾稚幼鱼和17587粒鱼卵和1560尾仔稚幼鱼,鱼卵、仔稚幼鱼的出现频率分别为2.17%、39.13%和57.69%、48.08%,平均密度仅分别为0.07粒/站、1.3尾/站和338.2粒/站、30.0尾/站。秋季,黄海区的硬骨鱼类进入产卵末期,而东海区才刚刚进入产卵末期。春季,黄海区的硬骨鱼类刚刚进入产卵初期,而东海区已进入产卵盛期。此外,对秋季和春季鱼卵和仔稚幼鱼的数量分布以及鼠、、棱、多鳞、少鳞、黑鳃梅童鱼、小黄鱼、鲐、带鱼、绿鳍鱼、大泷六线鱼和细纹狮子鱼等优势种类的鱼卵和仔稚幼鱼数量分布进行了详尽的描述。2000年和2001年黄海区鱼卵、仔稚幼鱼的种类组成与1985年和1986年发生了明显的变化,这与黄海区渔业资源和鱼类群落结构的变化是相符合的。从而说明人类的长期捕捞活动对海洋生态系统中鱼类资源的种群交替和鱼类群落结构的变化产生了较大的影响     

Mesozooplankton structure in the northern White Sea in July 2008

The mesozooplankton of the northern White Sea and Mezen Bay was investigated at nine stations in July 2008 using a Juday net (168 μm mesh size). A total of 39 taxa (species and higher taxa) were found in the samples. Average abundance, biomass, and diversity (Shannon index) were (±SE) 120,793 ± 70,439 ind. m⁻², 443 ± 216 mg DW m⁻², and 1.41 ± 0.11, respectively. Copepods were most numerous. Overall, herbivores dominated primarily Cirripedia nauplii and Pseudocalanus minutus. Significant correlations were observed among mean temperature, salinity, and mean mesozooplankton abundance and biomass. Our data suggest that salinity and intensive local currents could be the main factors responsible for the distribution of mesozooplankton in the northern White Sea. The average mesozooplankton biomass was higher than in previous studies, indicating a possible climatic impact on the mesozooplankton community.     

Species composition and distribution of foraminifers in the Deryugin Basin (Sea of Okhotsk)

Analysis of the composition and quantitative distribution of foraminifers in bathyal sediments collected at 14 stations in the Deryugin Basin and at 11 stations in other regions of the Sea of Okhotsk, Sea of Japan, and North Pacific demonstrated specific foraminifer complex in the basin at depths from 1650 to 1800 m associated with cold barite/methane seeps. Oligomixed biocenosis with prevailing agglutinated foraminifers and Saccorhiza ramosa as the dominant was shown to develop in these zones.     

Species composition and distribution of free-living marine nematodes in Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan

The qualitative and quantitative composition of free-living marine nematodes have been studied in Vostok Bay (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan). It is found that the population density of nematodes in the bottom sediments of Vostok Bay shows an uneven distribution. The mean population density equaled 56800 ± 23400 specimens/m². A correlation has been revealed between the population density of nematodes and the substrate type. Altogether, 85 species of nematodes have been found; they were dominated by Sabatieria palmaris, Rhabdodemania orientalis, Araeolaimus parvibulbosus, Oncholaimium paraolium, Doryolaimopsis peculiaris, and Metachromadora itoi. Six taxocenoses of nematodes were distinguished, taking into account the species dominating in the population density and using cluster analysis of the obtained data. The dominating trophic assemblage of nematodes was “scrapers.” In general, the species composition of nematodes in Vostok Bay is characterized by the relatively great similarity with that in other areas of Peter the Great Bay (Sea of Japan).     

Spatial distribution and seasonality of ichthyoplankton and anthropogenic debris in a river delta in the Caribbean Sea

Temporal changes in larval fish species composition and abundance compared with other components of the seston are described in four estuarine habitats in the Atrato Delta, Colombia. In comparison with zooplankton, fish larvae and egg density and anthropogenic debris abundance were low in the South Atrato Delta. Transparency, water temperature and chlorophyll a were the major factors influencing the spatiotemporal distribution of ichthyoplankton in the delta. The most abundant fish larvae were Astyanax sp. 1, Anchovia clupeoides, Cetengraulis edentulus, Anchoa sp., Bathygbius curacao, Dormitator maculatus, Hyporhamphus sp., Atherinella blackburni, Gobiosoma sp. 1 and Menticirrhus americanus (92·8% of total abundance). Spatial temporal analysis shows that in this delta, shrub (arracachal) and grass (eneal) habitats are important for freshwater and estuarine species, whilst mudflat and mangrove are important for estuarine species and estuarine–marine species, since most flexion and post‐flexion stages of these species were found there. Anthropogenic debris density never surpassed the total ichthyoplankton density, but was ubiquitous. Shrub and mangrove habitats had higher densities of anthropogenic debris, since these are flood‐stem habitats that trap solids.     

南海东沙岛及太平岛鱼类种类组成和动物地理学特点

就笔者等在南海之东沙岛及太平岛两处海域所调查记录到的珊瑚礁鱼类,连同自1975年以来之文献与数据库的记录作综合整理.结果表明,东沙岛有73科652种,太平岛有56科466种,两岛合计共有76科759种.太平岛所记录的总鱼种数较东沙岛为少,主要原因纯系因太平岛之礁域面积较小,且调查次数甚少之故.根据各鱼种地理分布范围之分析,发现在此二岛所记录到的鱼种几乎全部都是印度-太平洋、印度-西太平洋及西太平洋等广泛分布的鱼种,目前只有黄头刻齿雀鲷(Chrysiptera chrysocephala)1种是只在南海发现之鱼种.由此可推测南海的鱼类相应与周边海域或珊瑚三角的鱼类相充分交流,并未有明显隔离或种化的现象.东沙岛及太平岛鱼类相之Sφrensen相似性系数值虽已达85.69％,但其中仍有240种是只分布在东沙岛及台湾(165种),或太平岛及台湾(75种),而未在另一岛屿发现之鱼种,且其中只在太平岛及东沙岛发现的21种及20种鱼中,大多为稀有种,非常不容易被调查到.故推测目前在此二岛所作的调查频度相当不足,如果调查能更密集更长期,则两岛的鱼相会更相似.     

Distribution of ichthyoplankton in the eastern Peter the Great Bay,Sea of Japan,in June and July of 2007

Comparison of the results of ichthyoplankton surveys conducted at 97 stations in the eastern part of the Peter the Great Bay of the Sea of Japan, in June–July 2007 with the similar research data of the 1950s shows that at present, as was the case 50 years ago, flatfish eggs belonging mainly to the yellowfin sole Limanda aspera and brown sole Pleuronectes herzensteini prevail in the local ichthyoplankton (up to 86%). The highest concentrations of these species’ eggs were recorded in the Vostok Bay and Strelok Bay. The spawning activity of flatfish in 2007 is found to be lower than in the mid 1900s, but the significance of the eastern part of the Peter the Great Bay for flatfish reproduction remains large. The importance of long-term monitoring in this area, which is being subjected to steadily growing anthropogenic impacts, is also proven.     

Optimum Temperatures for Common Zooplankton Species in the White Sea

The optimum temperatures for common zooplankton species were calculated using the materials of long-term observations carried out in the White Sea by the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences. For the calculations an original method was used to calculate the temperatures corresponding to the greatest density of plankton species (density-weighted). Two complexes of species have been distinguished comprising warm-water and cold-water species, respectively. Some differences in seasonal dynamics have been revealed between these two groups of species.     

东海浮游翼足类(Pteropods)种类组成和多样性研究

根据 1997-2000年东海 23°30′-33°00′N、118°30′-128°00′E海域四季调查资料,运用定量、定性方法探讨了东海浮游翼足类种类组成、种类数、物种多样性指数(H′)及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:四季中共出现翼足类 21种,其中尖笔帽螺 (Creseisacicula)、马蹄螔螺 (Limacinatrochiformis)、强卷螺 (Agadinasyimpsoni)、蝴蝶螺(Desmopteruspapilio)、锥笔帽螺(C. virgulavar. comica)、棒笔帽螺(C. clava)、玻杯螺(Hyalocylizstriata)、长吻龟螺(Cavolinialongirostris)、芽笔帽螺 (Creseisvirgula)和拟海若螺 (Paraclionelongicaudata)等 10种为常见种,胖螔螺(Limacinainflata)和皮鳃螺(Pneumodermaatlanticum)等两种为次常见种,其余 9种是稀有种。在春季转至夏季、冬季转至春季时,种类组成出现明显的季节更替现象;冬春季种类分布仅受温度变化的影响,而夏秋季则受温度和10m层或底层盐度变化的共同影响。在冬春季,东海近海由于暖流势力较弱,水温较低,翼足类种数较少,种类数和多样性指数南部大于北部,外海大于近海;从夏季到秋季随着台湾暖流势力的加强,海流将较多的种类带到东海北部和近海,尽管近海种数和多样性指数值仍呈南高北低的特征,但南部和北部,近海和外海的差距明显缩小。     

Species and length composition of fish in the south-western Baltic Sea

Length distributions of fish were analysed based on data from the German annual (November/December) bottom trawl surveys in the Mecklenburg Bight and Arkona Basin [ICES Subdivisions (SD) 22 and 24, respectively] of the southwest Baltic Sea, covering the period from 1991 to 2000. The length spectra for all fish species, and those for demersal and pelagic species separately, all showed a consistent pattern of declining logarithmic numbers with increasing length over the fully selected size range. Such consistency allowed the shape of the spectra to be used as a community property that could be tracked in space and time. There was a rapid reduction in the number of specimens in the larger size classes, resulting in steep slopes of the spectra, which may be due to intensive fishing pressure in the Baltic. The species composition of fish communities in the southwest Baltic Sea was stable during the period considered. No consistent species replacement was found, although the clupeid group dropped sharply in the catch during the 1996 survey, which might have been due to sudden environmental changes in that year.     

黄海鱼类组成、区系特征及历史变迁

本文根据中国科学院海洋研究所标本馆馆藏标本、采集记录及相关文献资料,分析了黄海鱼类的种类组成、区系特征和历史变迁.结果表明:黄海海域共出现鱼类113科321种.从适温类型来看,暖温性种类最多,有139种;暖水性种类次之-107种;冷温性种类70种;冷水性种类5种.从栖所类型来看,绝大多数为大陆架浅水底层鱼类,有193种,大陆架岩礁性、大陆架浅水中上层、大陆架浅水中底层、大陆架大洋洞游性中上层和大洋深水底层鱼类分别为41、34、29、15和9种.纵观历史文献资料,发现黄海鱼类群落结构和数量发生了很大变化,目前以鳀鱼占绝对优势,传统经济鱼类如小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)、太平洋鳕(Gadus macrocephalus)、太平洋鲱(Clupea pallasii)、蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)、鲐(Scomber japonicus)、带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)、镰鲳(ampus　echinogaster)、鲆鲽类等在渔获物中所占的比例降低,昔日占优势的大型经济鱼类,逐渐被小黄鱼幼鱼、皮氏叫姑鱼(Johnius belangerii)、六丝钝尾虾虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys hexanema)、细纹狮子鱼(Liparis tanakae)、方氏云鳚(Pholis fangi)、玉筋鱼(Ammodytes personatus)等经济价值较低的种类所取代,鱼类物种多样性和资源量呈下降趋势.因此,加强黄海渔业资源管理和多样性保护工作显得尤为重要.     

Species diversity of heterotrophic flagellates in White Sea littoral sites

The species diversity and distribution of benthic heterotrophic flagellates in sediment samples from along the salinity gradient in the Chernaya River Estuary and from Velikaya Salma Strait (Kandalaksha Bay, the White Sea) were investigated during August 2004. One hundred and six taxa have been identified by means of phase and interference contrast light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The majority of observed flagellates were bacterivores. The species diversity of the following groups: choanoflagellates, euglenids, kinetoplastids, bicosoecids, chrysomonads, thaumatomonads and flagellates Incertae sedis was the highest. Ancyromonas sigmoides and Petalomonas pusilla were the most common species. The species richness was lowest in the brackish water estuarine part with salinity levels between 5 per thousand and 8 per thousand. The distribution of heterotrophic flagellates conforms to the so-called "rule of critical salinity", possessing, apparently, the same universal character for organisms of different size levels. Heterotrophic flagellate communities in these littoral sites were highly heterogeneous. The curve of "cumulative species number vs. sampling effort" is well fitted by equation S=21.17N(0.50) and unsaturated, which indicates that more intensive investigations of the heterotrophic flagellates in the White Sea should be expected to reveal more species.     

Species composition and structure of the ichthyofauna of the Barents Sea

The species composition and brief characteristic of some elements of structure of the ichthyofauna of the Barents Sea within its geographic boundaries are represented. During the whole historic period of observations in the Barents Sea, 182 species and subspecies of fish were recorded, belonging to 59 families, 28 orders, and 5 classes. Most species and subspecies belong to the boreal complex (59.3%), occur principally in the bottom layers (56.6%), more than a half feed on bottom and demersal invertebrates (52.2%), and are commercial species (52.7%). In the Barents Sea, 21 species and subspecies are commercial. Their ration in catches depends on the integral impact of natural and anthropogenous factors. In the arctic zone of the Barents Sea, the part of noncommercial species makes by biomass 1.18%; in the boreal zone—0.26%; in the Pechora Sea—10.6%.     

Species composition and distribution of Zoarcidae in the northern part of the Sea of Japan from the data of trawl surveys

Species composition, ratio, distribution, and size composition of Zoarcidae on the shelf and the upper part of the continental slope of the northern part of Japan at depths of 5 to 700 m were analyzed on the basis of four trawl surveys. In the studied area, nine species of Zoarcidae were found: Bilabria sp., Bothrocara hollandi, Davidijordania lacertina, Lycodes japonicus, L. nakamurae, L. cf. yamatoi, L. tanakae, L. toyamensis, and L. cf. ushakovi. Data on catches, density of distribution at different depths, and size composition are listed for each species. Four species: B. hollandi, L. tanakae, L. nakamurae, and L. cf. yamatoi have the greatest biomass and numbers among zoarcids in the northern part of the Sea of Japan. It was shown that zoarcids from the northern part of the Sea of Japan, similar to most demersal fish, perform seasonal migrations from the depths of 200 to 500 m, which they inhabit in the summer period, to depths larger than 400 m in the winter. It was found that the most common species of Zoarcidae (B. hollandi, L. tanakae, L. nakamurae, L. cf. yamatoi, and L. toyamensis) dwell mainly in waters of the intermediate water mass and the upper part of the Sea of Japan water mass. These species are abundant at depths larger than 200 m, which permits assigning them to a mesobenthal ecological group. All of the studied species of Zoarcidae from the given region are stenothermal—the temperature range of their habitation is below 2°C, as a rule, from 0.3 to 2.5°C.     

Species composition and pattern of fish distribution in Siberia

At the end of the first half of the 20th century, 61 species and subspecies of fish, including one invader (bleak Alburnus alburnus) and 17 species—endemics of Baikal—were reported for Siberia (Berg, 1933, 1949). At the present time, in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs of Siberia, 96 fish species and subspecies are described, of which 80 are aboriginal and 16 are invaders; 33 species are endemics of Baikal. Each landscapegeographic zone of Siberia has its specific ichthyofauna: in rivers and lakes of the south of Siberia, species of boreal piedmont complex dominate; in water bodies of the steppe, forest-steppe, taiga, and southern parts of the forest-steppe zone boreal plain dominates; in the zone of tundra, arctic freshwater dominates; and in Baikal, the most part (35) of species belongs to the Baikal autochtonous complex. Most researchers, as before, distinguish in Siberia two ichthyogeographic sites—West Siberian and East Siberian—that enter the Arctic Province of the Circumpolar subregion of the Holarctic region. Baikal is considered in the rank of the suboblast of the Holarctic.