种植转Bt基因抗虫棉对土壤生物学活性的影响

采用温室盆栽实验,研究了种植转Bt基因棉（苏抗103）和同源常规棉（苏棉12）对根际土壤生物学活性的影响。结果表明：与对照常规棉相比,种植转Bt基因棉对根际土壤脱氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和土壤呼吸的影响因生育期而异,土壤脲酶、蛋白酶和微生物量C在各生育期均没有显著差异;土壤蔗糖酶、土壤脱氢酶和土壤呼吸分别只在苗期（苏抗103〉苏棉12,增幅为25．5％）、花铃期（苏抗103〉苏棉12,增幅为21．6％）、花铃期（苏抗103〉苏棉12,增幅为36．1％）存在显著差异;土壤磷酸酶在花铃期和吐絮期活性显著下降（降幅分别为22．1％和32．9％）。     

Rapid top–down regulation of plant C:N:P stoichiometry by grasshoppers in an Inner Mongolia grassland ecosystem

Mosses play an integral role in the hydrologic regimes of ecosystems where they cover the soil surface, and thus affect biogeochemical cycling of elements influenced by soil oxidation–reduction (redox) reactions, including the plant growth-limiting nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus (P). In rich fens where P often limits plant growth, we hypothesized that feedbacks between mosses and redox conditions would determine P availability to shallow-rooted forb species that constitute much of these wetlands’ unusually high plant species diversity. In a moss removal experiment in three fens, forb tissue P and microbial P were greater while anion exchange membrane (AEM) resin P was lower where mosses occurred than where they were removed, suggesting both higher availability and greater demand for P in moss-covered soils. Coupled physicochemical and biological mechanisms drove moss effects on P cycling, ultimately through effects on soil oxygenation or reduction: higher redox potential underlying mosses corresponded to greater microbial activity, phosphatase enzyme activity, and colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), all of which can promote greater P availability to plants. These more oxidized soils stimulated: (1) greater microbial activity and root vigor; (2) correspondingly greater P demand via microbial uptake, forb uptake, and iron (Fe)-P reactions; and (3) greater P supply through soil and root phosphatase activity and AMF colonization. This work demonstrates that mosses improve vascular plant P acquisition by alleviating stresses caused by reducing conditions that would otherwise prevail in shallow underlying soils, thus providing a mechanism by which mosses facilitate plant species diversity in rich fens.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus requirement of the microbiota in soils of the Bornhöved Lake district

Estimating in situ N and P status of the soil microbiota is complicated because microbiological features reflect potentials rather than field conditions. Complementary microbiological assays were, therefore, combined to evaluate the N and P requirement of the microbiota in seven agricultural, grassland and forest topsoils of the Bornhöved Lake district as follows: (i) the sensitivity of the substrate-induced respiration (SIR) to supplemental addition of N and P was monitored during microbial growth and (ii) soil protease and phosphatase activities were analysed and related to soil mass and microbial biomass content. Nitrogen addition increased the maximal SIR rate in all except one soil indicating that the growth of organisms is restricted by this element when easily degradable C source is present. Supplemental N (and in some cases also P) retarded the respiratory response within the first 24 h which suggests microbial sensitivity and/or greater anabolic efficiency. With additional N the maximal SIR rate was most strongly enhanced in topsoils of the beech forest and the dystric alder forest. Thus, the microbial growth in these soils that were below litter horizons seems to be mostly restricted by N. Supplemental P positively affected respiratory response of soils under monoculture, wet grassland and dystric alder forest. In the dystric alder forest soil, high rates of alkaline and unbuffered phosphatase activity were observed when activity was related to either soil mass or microbial biomass content. The data of proteolytic and phospholytic enzymes are discussed with reference to nutrient deficiency and microbial strategy for N and P adsorption.     

Spatio-temporal variation of rhizosphere soil microbial abundance and enzyme activities under different vegetation types in the coastal zone,Shandong, China

In coastal sandy soils, the establishment of a plant cover is fundamental to avoid degradation and desertification processes. A better understanding of the ability of plants to promote soil microbial process in these conditions is necessary for successful soil reclamation. The current study was to investigate the ability of four different plant species to regenerate the microbiological processes in the rhizosphere soil and to discuss which species were the most effective for the reclamation of the coastal zone. The rhizosphere soils were studied by measuring microbial abundance (bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and ammonifiers), enzyme activities (invertase, catalase, urease, and phosphatase) and their relationship. Microbial abundance greatly varied among rhizospheres of different plant species (p < 0.05). Phragmites australis supported the highest amount of bacterial, actinomycetes, and ammonifiers abundance, and Echinochloa crusgalli supported the highest fungi abundance. In addition, the significant differences in rhizosphere enzyme activities of different plant species were also observed. There was a significant linear correlation between rhizosphere soil microbial abundances and enzyme activities between bacteria and urease and between fungi and catalase, but no such significant relationship was found between all rhizosphere soil microbial abundance and phosphatases. It was concluded that different plant species in coastal areas have different rhizosphere soils due to the impact of the different root exudates and plant residues of the microbial properties. In addition, natural grasslands (P. australis and E. crusgalli) are the most effective for revegetating coastal sandy soils.     

Initial Soil Organic Matter Content Influences the Storage and Turnover of Litter,Root and Soil Carbon in Grasslands

Grassland degradation is a worldwide problem that often leads to substantial loss of soil organic matter (SOM). To estimate the potential for carbon (C) accumulation in degraded grassland soils, we first need to understand how SOM content influences the transformation of plant C and its stabilization within the soil matrix. We conducted a greenhouse experiment using C₃ soils with six levels of SOM content; we planted the C₄ grass Cleistogenes squarrosa or added its litter to the soils to investigate how SOM content regulates the storage of new soil C derived from litter and roots, the decomposition of extant soil C, and the formation of soil aggregates. We found that with the increase in SOM content, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and the mineralization of litter C increased. Both the litter addition and planted treatments increased the amount of new C inputs to soil. However, the mineralization of extant soil C was significantly accelerated by the presence of living roots but was not affected by litter addition. Accordingly, the soil C content was significantly higher in the litter addition treatments but was not affected by the planted treatments by the end of the experiment. The soil macroaggregate fraction increased with SOM content and was positively related to MBC. Our experiment suggests that as SOM content increases, plant growth and soil microbial activity increase, which allows microbes to process more plant-derived C and promote new soil C formation. Although long-term field experiments are needed to test the robustness of our findings, our greenhouse experiment suggests that the interactions between SOM content and plant C inputs should be considered when evaluating soil C turnover in degraded grasslands.     

Ability of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Emericella rugulosa</Emphasis> to mobilize unavailable P compounds during Pearl millet [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pennisetum glaucum</Emphasis> (L.) R. Br.] crop under arid condition

Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms are ubiquitous in soils and could play an important role in supplying P to plants where plant unavailable P content in soil was more. A phosphatase and phytase producing fungus Emericella rugulosa was isolated and tested under field condition (Pearl millet as a test crop) in a loamy sand soil. In the experimental soil 68% organic phosphorous was present as phytin; less than 1% of phosphorous was present in a plant available form. The maximum effect of inoculation on different enzyme activities (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, phytase, and dehydrogenase) was observed between 5 and 8 weeks of plant age. The depletion of organic P was much higher than mineral and phytin P. The microbial contribution was significantly higher than the plant contribution to the hydrolysis of the different P fractions. A significant improvement in plant biomass, root length, seed and straw yield and P concentration of root and shoot resulted from inoculation. The results suggest that Emericella rugulosa produces phosphatases and phytase, which mobilize P and enhance the production of pearl millet.     

Bringing function to structure: Root–soil interactions shaping phosphatase activity throughout a soil profile in Puerto Rico

1. Large areas of highly productive tropical forests occur on weathered soils with low concentrations of available phosphorus (P). In such forests, root and microbial production of acid phosphatase enzymes capable of mineralizing organic phosphorus is considered vital to increasing available P for plant uptake.
2. We measured both root and soil phosphatase throughout depth and alongside a variety of root and soil factors to better understand the potential of roots and soil biota to increase P availability and to constrain estimates of the biochemical mineralization within ecosystem models.
3. We measured soil phosphatase down to 1 m, root phosphatase to 30 cm, and collected data on fine‐root mass density, specific root length, soil P, bulk density, and soil texture using soil cores in four tropical forests within the Luquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico.
4. We found that soil phosphatase decreased with soil depth, but not root phosphatase. Furthermore, when both soil and root phosphatase were expressed per soil volume, soil phosphatase was 100‐fold higher that root phosphatase.
5. Both root and soil factors influenced soil and root phosphatase. Soil phosphatase increased with fine‐root mass density and organic P, which together explained over 50% of the variation in soil phosphatase. Over 80% of the variation in root phosphatase per unit root mass was attributed to specific root length (positive correlation) and available (resin) P (negative correlation).
6. Synthesis: Fine‐root traits and soil P data are necessary to understand and represent soil and root phosphatase activity throughout the soil column and across sites with different soil conditions and tree species. These findings can be used to parameterize or benchmark estimates of biochemical mineralization in ecosystem models that contain fine‐root biomass and soil P distributions throughout depth.

     

Mechanisms of microbially enhanced Fe acquisition in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

Soil microorganisms may play an important role in plant Fe uptake from soils with low Fe bioavailability, but there is little direct experimental evidence to date. We grew red clover, an Fe-efficient leguminous plant, in a calcareous soil to investigate the role of soil microbial activity in plant Fe uptake. Compared with plants grown in non-sterlie (NS) grown plants, growth and Fe content of the sterile(s) grown plants was significantly inhibited, but was improved by foliar application of Fe EDTA, indicating that soil microbial activity should play an important role in plant Fe acquisition. When soil solution was incubated with phenolic root exudates from Fe-deficient red clover, a few microbial species thrived while growth of the rest was inhibited, suggesting that the Fe-deficient (-Fe) root exudates selectively influenced the rhizosphere's microbial community. Eighty six per cent of the phenolic-tolerant microbes could produce siderophore [the Fe(III) chelator] under -Fe conditions, and 71% could secrete auxin-like compounds. Interestingly, the synthetic and microbial auxins (MAs) significantly enhanced the Ferric reduction system, suggesting that MAs, in addition to siderophores, are important to plant Fe uptake. Finally, plant growth and Fe uptake in sterilized soil were significantly increased by rhizobia inoculation. Root Fe-EDTA reductase activity in the -Fe plant was significantly enhanced by rhizobia infection, and the rhizobia could produce auxin but not siderophore under Fe-limiting conditions, suggesting that the contribution of nodulating rhizobia to plant Fe uptake can be at least partially attributed to stimulation of turbo reductase activity through nodule formation and auxin production in the rhizosphere. Based on these observations, we propose as a model that root exudates from -Fe plants selectively influence the rhizosphere microbial community, and the microbes in turn favour plant Fe acquisition by producing siderophores and auxins.     

Investigations on the relationship between P-fertility,phosphatase activity and ATP content in soil

Summary It was shown from laboratory investigations of P depleted soil that phosphatase activity and ATP content were dependent partly on the content of plant available P and partly on the root intensity in soils.Phosphatase activity and ATP content were higher in soil samples from plots supplied with P compared with plots not receiving any P.Addition of phosphatase to soil or pure sand was only to a small extent followed by an increase in phosphatase activity.     

Root surface phosphatase activity in ecotypes of Aegilops peregrina

The relationships between root surface phosphatase activity and the edaphic factors of their native habitats were investigated in four ecotypes of Aegilops peregrina (Hack.) Maire et Weil. In one set of experiments plants were grown in phosphate-deficient nutrient solution cultures (5 μ M ) with three pH values: 5.5, 6.5 and 7.5. In a second series, plants were grown in both P-poor and P-rich soils.
Results showed an optimal activity of the commonly-described root surface acid phosphatase of pH 4.5–5.0 in the ecotypes Meron (a P-poor montmorillonitic, typical mediterranean Terra-Rossa soil) and Har-Hurshan (a P-rich calcareous soil). However, in the ecotypes Malkiya (a P-rich kaolinitic Terra-Rossa) and Bet-Guvrin (a P-rich calcareous soil) the optimal activity of the phosphatase occurred at pH 6.0. The pH level of the growth solution had no effect on the pH of optimal activity of the phosphatase in the ecotypes Malkiya and Bet-Guvrin, but it somewhat affected their level of activity.
Phosphatase activity was stimulated when plant roots were grown in a P-poor soil, as compared to the activity of those which were grown in a P-rich soil. Plants of the Malkiya ecotype exhibited the strongest activation of phosphatase as compared to the other three ecotypes. It seems that ecotypes which have evolved in P-rich soils may regulate their root surface phosphatase activity better than those which have evolved in P-poor soils.     

供水及间甲酚对小麦间作蚕豆土壤微生物多样性和酶活性的影响

通过盆栽试验,探讨供水(田间持水量的45%、60%和75%)和化感物质间甲酚对小麦、蚕豆不同种植模式生长盛期土壤微生物多样性和酶活性的影响.结果表明,随灌水水平的降低,不同处理的土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量随之减少,间甲酚可加剧灌水减少引起的微生物数量的减少;间甲酚对不同处理土壤微生物多样性指数均具有降低作用,提高灌水水平可缓解间甲酚对间作群体土壤微生物多样性的负效应,但间甲酚在75%灌水水平下对单作微生物多样性的负效应最大,45%的供水水平和间甲酚作用下间作可维持更高的土壤微生物多样性.间甲酚对土壤过氧化氢酶的化感作用不显著,对脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的化感作用显著;3种土壤酶活性随供水水平的降低均显著下降,但供水与间甲酚、种植模式的互作效应对酶活性的影响不显著;间作对土壤过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性具有极显著影响.     

镉污染对水稻土微生物量、酶活性及水稻生理指标的影响

水稻盆栽条件下,研究了外源Cd不同处理对土壤微生物学指标、土壤酶活性及部分水稻生理指标的影响.结果表明,土壤微生物量C和N开始随Cd浓度增加而上升,到一定浓度时则随Cd浓度增加而下降,其转折点因土壤性质有所差异.同时土壤酶活性变化规律与土壤微生物量C、N变化规律相似,但其转折点浓度因土壤类型及土壤酶种类不同而有差异.Cd污染后的变异系数依次为:脱氢酶＞酸性磷酸酶＞脲酶.土壤呼吸作用强度和代谢熵都随Cd浓度增大而缓慢增加.水稻叶绿素含量随Cd处理浓度增加表现出先上升后下降,其转折点受供试土壤性质不同而不同;脯氨酸含量与过氧化物酶活性随着Cd处理浓度增大而增加.Cd污染后水稻生理指标的变异系数在黄松田水稻土中依次为过氧化物酶活性＞叶绿素含量＞脯氨酸含量;黄红壤性水稻土中依次为过氧化物酶活性＞脯氨酸含量＞叶绿素含量.相关分析表明,种植水稻条件下Cd污染对土壤微生物量、酶活性及水稻生理指标的影响是相辅相成的.     

Using Soil Available P and Activities of Soil Dehydrogenase and Phosphatase as Indicators for Biodegradation of Organophosphorus Pesticide Methamidophos and Glyphosate

The heavy use of organophosphorus pesticides in northeastern China strongly affects the ecological functions and the quality of the soil environment. In this work, a 30-day soil incubation experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of using soil available P and the activities of soil dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase as indicators of the application of methamidophos and glyphosate. Two kinds of unpolluted soils, phaiozem and burozem, were selected as the test soils. The higher application rate of organophosphorus pesticide to the two soils caused more release of PO₄ ^3? which finally entered the soil available P pool, suggesting that soil available P is one of the effective chemical markers for biodegradation of organophosphorus pesticides. Methamidophos exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on the activity of soil dehydrogenase. The extent of enzyme inhibition was almost positively correlated with the insecticide concentration, and the enzyme activity was gradually restored after day 15. However, its effect on soil acid phosphatase activity (stimulation or inhibition) seemed to be indefinite, and varied with the application rate, soil type, and incubation time. In the case of glyphosate, soil acid phosphatase activity was depressed significantly and the depressing extent could be a function of herbicide concentration and incubation time, but soil dehydrogenase activity showed an irregular variation with the herbicide application rate and soil type. In general, dehydrogenase activity was a good biochemical indicator for the biodegradation of methamidophos, but for glyphosate biodegradation the indicator was acid phosphatase activity.     

AM真菌对采煤沉陷区黄花菜生长及根际土壤养分的影响

于陕北黄土沟壑采煤沉陷区内布设试验小区,对黄花菜(Hemerocallis citrina Baroni)接种丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)—摩西管柄囊霉菌,通过测定黄花菜光合性能、植株生长、抗逆性、土壤养分含量、根际微生物数量等,揭示AM真菌对黄花菜生长和土壤养分的影响。结果表明,黄花菜种植3—5个月后,接种AM真菌显著提高了黄花菜株高、冠幅及其根系菌根侵染率、菌丝密度。与不接种对照区相比,接种AM真菌后黄花菜叶片的光合速率、可溶性糖含量和过氧化氢酶活性分别提高了51%、12%、79%。接种AM真菌处理区黄花菜根际土壤的电导率、有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量等均显著高于对照区,细菌数量和磷酸酶活性的菌根贡献率分别达77%和24%。表明采煤沉陷区扰动土壤接种AM真菌具有增强土壤微生物活性、改善土壤肥力和提高黄花菜植株抗逆性的作用,对促进陕北黄土沟壑采煤沉陷区经济作物生长和提高土壤质量具有重要现实生态意义。     

Mapping the Centimeter-Scale Spatial Variability of PAHs and Microbial Populations in the Rhizosphere of Two Plants

Rhizoremediation uses root development and exudation to favor microbial activity. Thus it can enhance polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) biodegradation in contaminated soils. Spatial heterogeneity of rhizosphere processes, mainly linked to the root development stage and to the plant species, could explain the contrasted rhizoremediation efficiency levels reported in the literature. Aim of the present study was to test if spatial variability in the whole plant rhizosphere, explored at the centimetre-scale, would influence the abundance of microorganisms (bacteria and fungi), and the abundance and activity of PAH-degrading bacteria, leading to spatial variability in PAH concentrations. Two contrasted rhizospheres were compared after 37 days of alfalfa or ryegrass growth in independent rhizotron devices. Almost all spiked PAHs were degraded, and the density of the PAH-degrading bacterial populations increased in both rhizospheres during the incubation period. Mapping of multiparametric data through geostatistical estimation (kriging) revealed that although root biomass was spatially structured, PAH distribution was not. However a greater variability of the PAH content was observed in the rhizosphere of alfalfa. Yet, in the ryegrass-planted rhizotron, the Gram-positive PAH-degraders followed a reverse depth gradient to root biomass, but were positively correlated to the soil pH and carbohydrate concentrations. The two rhizospheres structured the microbial community differently: a fungus-to-bacterium depth gradient similar to the root biomass gradient only formed in the alfalfa rhizotron.     

三种根系分泌脂肪酸对花生生长和土壤酶活性的影响

为了探讨花生连作后土壤中脂肪酸类物质的累积与花生连作障碍间的关系,为花生连作障碍机理的研究提供新的理论依据,以田间土壤为介质,采用盆栽试验的方法研究了花生根系分泌物中3种长链脂肪酸,即:豆蔻酸、软脂酸和硬脂酸的混合物,对花生植株生长、产量和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,当土壤中脂肪酸的初始含量较低时(80 mg/kg土),对花生植株的生长和产量有微弱的促进作用(P>0.05),当土壤中脂肪酸的初始含量较高时(160 mg/kg土和240 mg/kg土),显著抑制了花生植株的生长和产量(P<0.05)。叶片叶绿素含量、根系活力、土壤酶(蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶)活性在低脂肪酸含量处理下升高,在高脂肪酸含量处理下显著降低(P<0.001)。光合产物、根际有效养分的减少和根系养分吸收能力的降低,可能是导致花生植株生长和产量降低的原因之一。花生连作土壤中豆蔻酸、软脂酸和硬脂酸的累积与花生的连作障碍有着密切关系。     

接种泡囊假单胞菌对土壤生物性质及A. corsicum吸收Ni的影响

采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了在水稻土、元江土和墨江土中添加泡囊假单胞菌（Pseulormanas vesicularis）后土壤中微生物种群数量、土壤酶活性和镍超积累植物Alyssum corsicum对土壤镍的富集效果.土壤接种泡囊假单胞菌70d后,水稻土中DTPA提取态镍较对照土中的明显减少、元江土和墨江土中的有所减少;土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌数量增加,5种土壤酶活性提高.试验结果表明,水稻土、元江土、墨江土添加泡囊假单菌后植物地上部生物量较对照分别增加了29%、309%和43%,进而提高了A.corsicum自土壤中富集镍的效率：水稻土中增加54%,元江土中增加306%,墨江土中增加32%.泡囊假单胞菌这一新用途的发现,可为植物修复微生物制剂和基因工程菌的开发提供本土的微生物的菌种资源.     

Coarse Woody Debris Increases Microbial Community Functional Diversity but not Enzyme Activities in Reclaimed Oil Sands Soils

Forest floor mineral soil mix (FMM) and peat mineral soil mix (PMM) are cover soils commonly used for upland reclamation post open-pit oil sands mining in northern Alberta, Canada. Coarse woody debris (CWD) can be used to regulate soil temperature and water content, to increase organic matter content, and to create microsites for the establishment of microorganisms and vegetation in upland reclamation. We studied the effects of CWD on soil microbial community level physiological profile (CLPP) and soil enzyme activities in FMM and PMM in a reclaimed landscape in the oil sands. This experiment was conducted with a 2 (FMM vs PMM) × 2 (near CWD vs away from CWD) factorial design with 6 replications. The study plots were established with Populus tremuloides (trembling aspen) CWD placed on each plot between November 2007 and February 2008. Soil samples were collected within 5 cm from CWD and more than 100 cm away from CWD in July, August and September 2013 and 2014. Microbial biomass was greater (p<0.05) in FMM than in PMM, in July, and August 2013 and July 2014, and greater (p<0.05) near CWD than away from CWD in FMM in July and August samplings. Soil microbial CLPP differed between FMM and PMM (p<0.01) according to a principal component analysis and CWD changed microbial CLPP in FMM (p<0.05) but not in PMM. Coarse woody debris increased microbial community functional diversity (average well color development in Biolog Ecoplates) in both cover soils (p<0.05) in August and September 2014. Carbon degrading soil enzyme activities were greater in FMM than in PMM (p<0.05) regardless of distance from CWD but were not affected by CWD. Greater microbial biomass and enzyme activities in FMM than in PMM will increase organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling, improving plant growth. Enhanced microbial community functional diversity by CWD application in upland reclamation has implications for accelerating upland reclamation after oil sands mining.     

Screening of herbaceous plants for peat-enhanced rehabilitation of contaminated soil with oily sludge

A batch pot experiment using nine herbaceous species were conducted for peat enhanced rehabilitation of contaminated soil with oily sludge in the initial contents of 0%, 1.3%, 7.4%, and 12.2%, respectively. The results showed that petroleum hydrocarbons removal, plant growth indices and enzyme activities varied depending on plant species and oil contents. Cotton, ryegrass and tall fescue were effective in the rehabilitation of oily sludge contaminated soils. The total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal ranged from 30.0% to 40.0% after 170 days of treatment. Plant biomass was shown to be the preferred indicator for screening phytoremediation plant because it was closely correlated with TPH removal and enzyme activities. Peat-enhanced plant rehabilitation could be a good strategy for the treatment of oily sludge contaminated saline soils.     

中亚热带不同母质发育森林土壤磷组分特征及其影响因素

本研究以福建三明砂岩和花岗岩发育的米槠林土壤和杉木林土壤为对象,分析土壤磷组分、铁铝氧化物、微生物生物量以及磷酸酶活性等指标,研究母质和森林类型对土壤磷组分的影响程度和机制.结果表明:母质和森林类型显著影响土壤不同磷组分含量.总体上,砂岩发育土壤全磷含量、活性无机/有机磷、中等活性无机/有机磷以及惰性磷含量均显著高于花...