毛竹的无性系与立竹密度和叶龄结构的关系

毛竹为单轴型散生竹,属典型的无怀系植物,原产我国亚热带地区,由于其个体高大,生长迅速,产量高、材质好、分布广、长期以来,一直是我国最为重要的经济竹种。本文应用无性生长生理整合的理论,从种群统计学的角度,探讨了毛竹林立竹密度与叶龄结构对其无性系生长潜力的影响,结果表明：由于毛竹叶的生活期为两年,１龄新叶的光合能力比２龄老高,每样地的出笋数,活笋数与带１的龄新叶的立竹数呈正相关,而与带２龄第的立竹数相     

中国亚热带高大竹类植物毛竹竹笋克隆生长的密度调节

对许多多年生克隆植物来说,大量的研究表明：当光是限制因子时,随着立地密度的不断增加,克隆分株的出生率逐渐减小、死亡率逐渐增加。本文观测了乔木状高大竹类植物毛竹竹笋的出生与存活过程,结果表明：竹笋的出生率,即每样方的出笋数,明显地随着成竹立竹度的增加而增加。更确切地说,竹笋的数量,不管是出笋数还是活笋数,都明显地随着带新叶（１龄叶）的成竹立竹度的增加而增加,而与带老叶（２龄叶）的成竹立竹度相关性不显著。并且竹笋的死亡率是非密度制约的。这可能是由于对毛竹来说,其立地总是比较开敞,而且,其竹笋的生长在很大程度上是不直接需光的。     

中国亚热高大竹类植物毛竹竹笋克隆生长的密度调节（英文）

 对许多多年生克隆植物来说,大量的研究表明：当光是限制因子时,随着立地密度的不断增加,克隆分株的出生率逐渐减小、死亡率逐渐增加。本文观测了乔木状高大竹类植物毛竹竹笋的出生与存活过程,结果表明：竹笋的出生率,即每样方的出笋数,明显地随着成竹立竹度的增加而增加。更确切地说,竹笋的数量,不管是出笋数还是活笋数,都明显地随着带新叶(1龄叶)的成竹立竹度的增加而增加,而与带老叶(2龄叶)的成竹立竹度相关性不显著。并且竹笋的死亡率是非密度制约的。这可能是由于对毛竹来说,其立地总是比较开敞,而且,其竹笋的生长在很大程度上是不直接需光的。     

中国亚热带高大竹类植物志竹竹笋克隆生长的密度调节

对许多多年生克隆植物来说,大量的研究表明：当是限制因子时,随着立地密度的不断增加,克隆分株的出生率逐渐减小,死亡率逐渐增加。本文观测了乔木状高大竹类植物毛竹竹笋的出生与存活过程,结果表明：竹笋的出生率,即每样方的出笋数,明显地随着成竹立竹度的增加页增加。更确切地说,生笋的数量,不管是出笋数还是活笋数,都明显地随着带新叶的成竹立竹度的增加而增加,而与老叶的成竹立竹度相关不显著。     

毛竹林下苦参和决明幼苗生长和生物量分配的立竹密度效应

为明确毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)-苦参(Sophotora flavescens)、毛竹-决明(Catsia tora)复合经营适宜的立竹密度,以立地条件和经营水平一致的3种立竹密度D1(1600±200株·hm~(-2))、D2(2400±200株·hm~(-2))、D3(3200±200株·hm~(-2))毛竹林下种植的固氮植物苦参和决明实生幼苗为试验对象,调查了不同立竹密度下苦参和决明幼苗的生长指标和生物量积累以及分配规律。结果表明:毛竹林下苦参和决明幼苗的株高、地径及叶生物量、茎生物量、豆荚生物量、根生物量、地上生物量、全株生物量均随立竹密度的增大而降低,且D1立竹密度显著高于D2、D3立竹密度;苦参幼苗叶重比、豆重比随立竹密度的增大呈"∧"型变化,根重比、根冠比呈"∨"型变化,茎重比呈持续下降趋势且D1立竹密度显著高于D2、D3立竹密度(P0.05),除茎重比外,其他生物量比在不同立竹密度毛竹林间均无显著差异(P0.05)。而随立竹密度的增大,决明幼苗茎重比、根重比、根冠比的变化趋势与苦参相同,而叶重比和豆重比呈持续增大趋势,且D1、D2与D3立竹密度间差异显著(P0.05);主成分和R型因子综合评定法分析表明3种立竹密度毛竹林下苦参和决明幼苗生长和生物量分配的综合得分大小顺序为D1D2D3立竹密度。研究表明,立竹密度对毛竹林下苦参和决明幼苗的生长和生物量分配有重要影响,从试验毛竹林立竹密度来分析,毛竹-苦参、毛竹-决明复合经营适宜的立竹密度为D1(1600±200株·hm~(-2))。     

利用异速生长关系和地统计方法估算武夷山南麓毛竹林生物量

澄清毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)生物量与胸径之间的异速生长关系及毛竹林生物量密度与叶面积指数之间的关系有助于准确估算毛竹林生物量。本文结合异速生长关系和地统计方法对中尺度毛竹林生物量进行估算。利用收获法在武夷山南麓毛竹林分布区砍伐103棵标准竹,并用冠层分析仪获取毛竹林叶面积指数,建立毛竹生物量与胸径、林分生物量密度与叶面积指数的异速生长关系;再利用地统计方法对黄坑镇毛竹林生物量的空间分布进行模拟。结果表明:武夷山南麓毛竹单株生物量与胸径之间存在明显的幂函数关系(R~2=0.585,P=0.002);毛竹林生物量密度与叶面积指数间也存在着显著的幂函数关系(R~2=0.525,P=0.002);利用建立的异速生长方程和地统计方法对黄坑镇毛竹林地上生物量的模拟结果表明,黄坑镇毛竹林平均地上生物量密度为53.49 t·hm~(-2),全镇毛竹林地上生物量约为0.62 Tg。     

糙花少穗竹生物学特性观察

糙花少穗竹是福建优良乡土竹种,笋材两用,其竹鞭、竹笋、幼竹生长节律与单轴散生竹毛竹相似。竹鞭垂直分布多数在土层20 cm范围,4~15 m长的鞭系占78.1%,发笋期较集中在3月中下旬,单个笋重为盛期笋> 初期笋> 末期笋。从笋出土到幼竹高生长停止,可分为初期、上升期、盛期和末期。但竹鞭垂直分布比毛竹浅,出笋期比毛竹早,且出笋没有明显的大小年,具有较高的开发利用价值。在自然分布区可根据其生物学特性、竹鞭生长与发笋成竹规律采取相应技术措施,垦复改造荒芜野生竹林,2~3年即可郁闭成林。     

2008年汶川地震后拐棍竹无性系种群的更新状况及影响因子

为揭示2008年汶川地震后大熊猫主食竹拐棍竹无性系种群的天然更新状况及影响因子,研究了3种不同地震干扰强度(强度、中度和对照)生境中拐棍竹的生长和发笋状况.结果表明:在3种生境中,拐棍竹存活笋的基径为中度干扰和对照生境显著大于强度干扰生境,存活笋的高度为对照＞中度干扰＞强度干扰.其发笋密度在3种生境中无显著差异,但强度和中度干扰生境中的存活笋密度显著大于对照,并且1年生和2年生竹密度与死亡竹密度之间呈极显著正相关.拐棍竹的发笋密度、存活笋密度、1年生、2年生和多年生竹密度之间均呈显著正相关,1年生和2年生竹密度与砾石和滑坡土壤盖度呈显著负相关,存活笋密度与郁闭度之间呈显著负相关.     

斑苦竹无性系种群克隆繁殖的动态与调节研究

本文依据了JLHarper (1977)的构件生物(madular organism)种群理论,将某一特定生境内的斑苦竹竹子的集合作为一个无性系种群,研究了它的克隆繁殖构件的数量动态,以及克隆繁殖与无性系基株年龄和分株密度的关系。结果表明:斑苦竹以Ⅲ龄级基株形成的克隆繁殖构件(笋芽)数量最多,以后,随龄级的增大而逐渐减少。发笋数、退笋数和成竹数均与无性系分株密度相关,它们的最适密度都为2.5×10⁴株/ha。退笋率和成竹率与繁殖构件的出土时间呈直线相关关系。退笋率模型:D=27.253+0.702t(R²=0.636)成竹率模型:M=72.662-0.701t(R²=0.634)     

氮沉降对毛竹叶片生态化学计量特征的影响

氮沉降增加作为全球变化的重要现象之一, 已经并将继续对植物叶片生态化学计量特征产生影响。以亚热带粗放经营的毛竹林为研究对象, 研究了模拟氮沉降对毛竹叶片生态化学计量特征的影响。实验设计4 种处理水平: 低氮(L,30 kg⋅ha–1⋅a–1)、中氮(M,60 kg⋅ha–1⋅a–1)、高氮(H,90 kg⋅ha–1⋅a–1)和对照(CK,0 kg⋅ha–1⋅a–1), 处理时间1 年。结果表明:模拟氮沉降处理显著提高了毛竹叶片的C、N、P 含量 (P<0.05), 而且对C、P 含量的增加作用随氮沉降强度而增强。同一模拟氮沉降强度处理下, 3 龄毛竹和1 龄毛竹的叶片C、N、P 含量没有表现出明显的规律性变化。毛竹叶片C︰N︰P 化学计量比在各处理间处于相对稳定状态。3 龄生立竹叶片的C 含量与N 含量存在极显著正相关关系。氮沉降水平及其与竹龄的交互作用对毛竹叶片的C、N、P 含量和C︰N、C︰P、N︰P 均有显著的影响, 而立竹年龄只显著影响到了竹叶的C 含量、C︰N、N︰P 比值。在1 年的模拟氮沉降后, 实验区域粗放经营毛竹林的生长仍然受到N 素的限制, 表明适度的氮沉降可以促进该区域粗放经营毛竹林的生长, 积累更多的生物量碳。     

Interactions Between Shoot Age Structure, Nutrient Availability and Physiological Integration in the Giant Bamboo Phyllostachys pubescens

Abstract: The age structure of adult shoots, the nutrient availability of the habitat, and their interaction, are important factors influencing the productivity of bamboo groves. In a field fertilization experiment over two years we examined the impact of physiological integration on the emergence, growth, and survival of new shoots of Phyllostachys pubescens, a giant woody bamboo. Impacts of physiological integration were compared using uniform and patchy fertilization treatments. The number of new shoots emerging per plot significantly increased with the application of fertilizer (NPK), but the increase was constrained by the age structure of adult shoots. In a year with a high proportion of shoots with new (first-year) leaves many more new shoots emerged than in a year with a low proportion of new leaves. Mean survivorship of the new shoots was constant at 20 % for all treatments in both years of study. Surprisingly, fertilization did not increase DBH or height of the new shoots, suggesting that shoot size was fixed early in ontogeny. The pattern of fertilizer application, either uniform or patchy, did not affect the total number of new shoots produced. In the case of patchy application, more new shoots developed in unfertilized patches in comparison to uniformly unfertilized plots, probably because these parts of the clone received resources via the rhizomes from the adult shoots in adjacent fertilized patches. The production of new shoots in fertilized patches, in turn, was lower than that in uniformly fertilized plots as a result of this physiological integration. The results are discussed in the general context of the impact of integration on clonal plant performance in dense stands.     

Carbon and nutrient dynamics in relation to growth rhythm in the giant bamboo Phyllostachys pubescens

The carbon and nutrient dynamics in relation to growth rhythm in the giant bamboo Phyllostachys pubescens on Mount Jinyun, Chongqing, China, was studied during 1993–1996. Concentrations of TNC (total non-structural carbohydrates), N, P, and K all showed the same distribution pattern among organs: leaves > branches rhizomes stems roots. The rapid spring growth of new shoots noticeably reduced the concentration of TNC in the rhizomes, in which a large amount of carbohydrates was stored. The N concentration of the rhizomes did not decrease, however. Nutrient concentration of new (1st-year) leaves was significantly higher than that of old (2nd-year) leaves. Although the density of adult shoots was almost the same during 1994–1996, the low ratio of the number of adult shoots with new to that with old leaves from June 1994 to April 1995 resulted in a low TNC concentration in the rhizomes in early spring (April) 1995. This led to a low production of new shoots in the spring of 1995, their number being only ca. 10% of that in 1994 and 1996. Before old leaves were shed, a large amount of nutrients was remobilized and translocated to other plant parts to support further growth. Fertilization with NPK significantly increased the concentrations of N and P in leaves and subsequently increased the number of emerging new shoots.     

毛竹（Phyllostachys pubescens）竹笋群动态的研究

 本文从克隆植物生长的调节与适应的角度,研究了毛竹竹笋群的时空动态。竹笋的单位面积产量及个体大小在年际之间变化很大。环境有利的年份出土的竹笋要比条件恶劣的年份多得多、高得多、壮得多。而且,自始至终较早的同生群的竹笋总比较晚的同生群的要高得多、壮得多。较早的同生群的竹笋刚出土时要经历一段生长缓慢的时期,而较晚的同生群的竹笋一出土生长就十分迅速。不管竹笋何时出土,它们几乎都同时进入最快生长期。竹笋高度日增量最快时可达每天100cm左右。本文解释了亚热带竹子在春季不同时间出土的竹笋为何及如何几乎同时抵达林冠顶部。最后,提出了一些有利于竹林经营管理的建议。     

Plant phenology-mediated indirect effects: The gall midge opens the phenological window wider for a leaf beetle

We examined whether larvae of the gall midge Rabdophaga rigidae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) can modify the seasonal dynamics of the density of a leaf beetle, Plagiodera versicolora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), by modifying the leaf flushing phenology of its host willow species, Salix serissaefolia and Salix eriocarpa (Salicaceae). To test this, we conducted field observations and a laboratory experiment. The field observations demonstrated that the leaf flushing phenology of the willows and the seasonal dynamics of the beetle density differed between shoots with stem galls and shoots without them. On galled shoots of both willow species, secondary shoot growth and secondary leaf production were promoted; consequently, leaf production showed a bimodal pattern and leaf production periods were 1 to 2 months longer than on non‐galled shoots. The adult beetle density on galled shoots was thus enhanced late in the season, and was found to change seasonally, synchronizing with the production of new leaves on the host willow species. From the results of our laboratory experiment, we attributed this synchrony between adult beetle density and willow leaf flush to beetles’ preference to eat new leaves rather than old. Indeed, beetles consumed five times more of the young leaves when they were fed both young and old leaves. These results indicate that stem galls indirectly enhance the adult beetle density by enhancing food quality and quantity late in the beetle‐feeding season. We therefore conclude that midge galls widen the phenological window for leaf beetles by extending the willows’ leaf flush periods.     

施肥对毛竹（Phyllostachys pubescens）竹笋生长的影响

 毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)为具有重要经济价值的高大乔木状竹种。本文通过完全随机化区组施肥试验,探讨了施肥量及施肥方式对毛竹竹笋生长的效应。结果表明：在毛竹林内施肥可使出笋数和活笋数提高3倍以上,但对竹笋(幼竹)的个体大小却几乎没有改良效果。竹笋的存活率基本上是恒定的,不随施肥量的改变而改变。当地下茎(竹鞭)穿越养分分布不均的环境时,竹笋能有选择地大量长于养分丰富的地段而避开养分贫乏的地段。另一方面,跨越于有利地段和不利地段的竹(笋)株间有明显的生理整合作用,而且这种生理整合在显著增加了长在不利地段的竹笋数(高收益)的同时,基本上没有减少长在有利地段的竹笋数(低耗费)。9m×9m的样方已足以观测到显著的施肥效果,这比传统的毛竹研究中使用的1亩的样方面积效率要高。在竹林培育方面,不均匀施肥如带状或点状施肥要比均匀施肥效率高。     

蜂桶寨自然保护区小熊猫觅食特征和营养对策

2002 年4 ～11 月,在蜂桶寨自然保护区对小熊猫的觅食特征和营养对策进行了研究,并采用Vanderloeg 和Scavia 选择指数Ei衡量小熊猫对竹笋和竹茎年龄的选择程度。结果表明,小熊猫食物由竹叶(70.5% )、竹笋(22.1% )、野果(7.2% )以及毛(0.2% )等组成。小熊猫几乎全以冷箭竹为食,未发现采食短锥玉山竹。春季食物主要由竹叶和竹笋组成,夏秋季主要由竹叶和果实组成,而冬季以竹叶为主。小熊猫对竹笋、竹叶的觅食具有很强的选择性。基径在3 mm 以上被采食竹笋,E_i的值为0.071 9 ～0. 094 4,竹高在10 ～70 cm 未被采食竹笋, E_i 的值为0.149 6 ～0.1989。对不同年龄竹茎和竹叶的选择在各个月份间存在变化,4 ～6 月一年生、二年生和多年生竹竹叶E_i分别为0. 036 2 、0.224 8 和0.487 6, 7 ～8 月三者E_i分别为0.0071、0.0027 和0. 0098,9～11 月特别喜食当年生老笋上的竹叶(E_i =0.552 1)。此外,小熊猫在6 ～ 8 月还特别喜食已展开(53.4% )和未展开的卷曲嫩叶(36.3% ),不喜食较老的竹叶(10.3% )。小熊猫的食性及其对食物的选择体现了在长期进化过程中觅食对策的优化,可最大化觅食过程中的物质或能量摄入。     

不同年龄麻竹阴阳叶生态生理特性

麻竹是中国重要的大型经济竹种,其栽培已从过去河滩、四旁零散种植发展到规模化培育,通过山地麻竹发笋期内不同年龄植株阴阳叶养分和代谢动态的比较研究,结果表明麻竹阳叶氮素、磷素浓度比阴叶高,但钾素浓度阳叶低于阴叶;从发笋初期至末期阴阳叶氮、磷、钾素浓度都呈逐渐减少的变化趋势,阴阳叶氮、磷、钾素浓度差异逐渐减小;阳叶在净光合速率、暗呼吸速率、CO2补偿点、光补偿点、光饱和点等方面较阴叶高,光呼吸较低,但不同年龄麻竹之间各指标变化有所不同.     

慈竹的数量生态研究

 慈竹生态研究的结果如下：(1)用逐步回归分析模型分析,慈竹竹丛密度仅与土壤厚度关系密切．慈竹高度、胸径与海拔成正相关。(2)用逐步回归法分析笋生长量与气候因子间的关系,证明笋的逐日生长量与湿度,温度和降雨量有较密切关系,笋在一天内有两个生长高峰。(3)自然条件下,出笋数主要与土厚密切相关,退笋数受母竹高和出笋数所制约,好笋数主要受土厚和竹高影响。