甜瓜子叶离体培养直接再生不定芽的形态学和解剖学观察

对甜瓜品种“西莫洛托”子叶离体培养直接再生不定芽过程进行了形态学和解剖学观察,结果表明：以子叶远轴面接触培养基培养能直接再生不定芽,以子叶近轴面接触培养基培养只能得到无序组织块;不定芽再生过程中,培养4d时,子叶变绿,但还不见有细胞分裂,约6d时,在子叶外植体的形态学下端切口处的近轴面到有局部的表皮细胞和亚表皮细胞分裂活跃,初步形成了拟分生组织,7－9d时,这些拟分生组织形成了肉眼可见的小突起,10－14d时,这些突起变得狭长,发育成幼叶或叶状体,它们在外植体上成族存在,但此时还没有典型的“芽”结构出现,15－20d时,成族突起形成幼叶丛,一些幼叶和叶状体的近轴面的基部出现叶腋分生组织,这些将外植体转入伸长培养基,3－5d后,幼叶充分展开,成丛叶状,多个叶腋分生组织同时发育成芽,再过2－7d,相继有不定芽从丛叶外植体上伸长,将伸长的不定芽切下,可促使外 植体上的其它不定芽伸长。     

海岸梯度上黑松针叶形态与解剖结构性状的变化规律

风对树木形态、生理和生长的影响一直是生态学研究的热点和难点问题,目前主要采用模拟风速或机械刺激的方式来研究树木对风胁迫的响应与适应变化,无法准确反映出树木在风环境下的长期适应机制。本文以海岸60年生黑松林（Pinus thunbergii）为对象,分析了海岸距离梯度上黑松迎风面和背风面针叶长度、宽度、面积、比叶面积、角质层厚度、表皮厚度等形态和解剖结构特征的变化规律。结果表明：黑松迎风面针叶长度、宽度、周长、面积、厚度和比叶面积随着离海岸距离的减小逐渐减小（P<0.05）;而表皮厚度、角质层厚度和导管孔径则随着离海岸距离的减小逐渐增加（P<0.05）;背风面各指标均无明显变化规律。黑松迎风面与背风面针叶性状（比叶面积除外）主要在海岸500 m内存在显著差异（P<0.05）。可以看出,随着海风胁迫的增加,黑松通过降低针叶长、宽等形态指标,有效减少了风胁迫下黑松的受力面积,是一种躲避策略;而增加针叶表皮、角质层厚度和导管孔径等解剖结构指标,则增强了针叶坚韧性和保证针叶的水分供应,是一种忍受策略,这些策略有利于该树种在大风环境中得以更好的生存。     

Floral Morphology and Relationships of Clusia gundlachii with a Discussion of Floral Organ Identity and Diversity in the Genus Clusia

The genus Clusia L. is highly variable in many floral features. Several Clusia species have floral organs of mixed or uncertain identity, such as organs that are transitional between bracteoles and sepals, petaloid sepals, and partly petaloid stamen rings. Unique in Clusia is the "corona" of Clusia gundlachii Stahl, a thick, urn-shaped structure that is initiated as a ring primordium. In male flowers it surrounds a synandrium, and in female flowers it surrounds the ovary and a row of staminodes. The corona combines features typical of both petals and stamens of other Clusia species. It is hypothesized that this corona may be the result of the altered expression patterns of the genes that determine floral organ identity. Clusia gundlachii has many floral features in common with two small genera that are sometimes included in Clusia: Havetiopsis and Oedematopus. These genera have four thick connivent petals. Their apparent close relationship makes it seem likely that the corona of C. gundlachii evolved via congenital fusion of such petals. The corona is also somewhat similar to the staminodial rings present in many Clusia species, but taxa in which such organs occur show little similarity to C. gundlachii in terms of other floral characters.     

Floral organogenesis and the developmental basis for pollinator deception in the asiatic dayflower, Commelina communis (Commelinaceae)

The upper half of flowers in Commelina communis deceptively lures potential pollinators with its showy petals and staminodes on the false promise of abundant pollen. This paper presents evidence that staminodization in the upper half is associated with a severe retardation of the entire upper floral hemisphere early in development. Possible consequences of this developmental retardation are seen also in the gynoecium, where the upper carpel of the three-carpellate ovary is underdeveloped and sterile at maturity. Only late in development do the upper petals and staminodes expand and acquire pigments necessary for their attractive function. We surmise that retardations of this severity are unlikely to be found for functionally fertile organs such as stamens and ovule-producing carpels, because key preparatory events preceding sporogenesis might otherwise be disrupted. Such differential growth about the floral apex resembles that known in some eudicots to be regulated by the TCP gene family; thus, future molecular developmental studies in Commelina may help to extend our understanding of the evolutionary genetics of floral monosymmetry to monocots.     

Floral Organogenesis and Its Systematic Significance of the Genus Nandina(Berberidaceae)

The initiation of the floral organs of Nandina domestica Thunb. (Berberidaceae) is of the trimemus-whorled pattern. Stamens and petals grew out from the lateral bifurcation of the common stamen-petal primordia; but petals underwent retarded periods of growth in their early development. Carpel initiation belongs to the ascidiate type. Some aspects concerning the trimerous floral organs, the origin of petals, stamen insertion pattem and monocarpellary pistil were discussed. In addition the floral ontogenetic characters among three genera of the Berberidaceae, i.e., Caulophyllum, Podophyllum and Nanclina were compared. It is inferred that the trimerous-whoded arrangement and the diversity of carpel initiation were the two unique characters of Nandina.     

Auriculora byssomorpha,a Tropical Lichen with a Remarkable Developmental Morphology*

The thallus, pycnidia, and the structure and ontogeny of the ascocarp in Auriculora byssomorpha are described and illustrated. The ontogeny of the apothecia is characterized by the repeated formation of new hymenia within the subhymenial layer. The development of the first hymenium is gymnocarpous but the de novo differentiation of new hymenia, each beneath the next older disintegrating one, gives rise to a peculiar type of secondary hemiangiocarpy. Portions of the decaying hymenia and adjacent subhymenial tissue frequently remain fastened to the apothecial margin and disc in the shape of ear-like appendages or as superimposed layers. In aged apothecia such decaying tissue may form a sheath around the apothecial margin and on the disc. The systematic position of the genus is briefly discussed.     

麦瓶草种群中的花药黑粉菌感染:花的形态学变异、菌孢子散布式样及病原菌-传媒调节性选择

花药黑粉菌(Microbotryum violaceum)可系统侵染其寄主植物麦瓶草(Silene dioica),使其不育而代之以在植物花中布满菌孢子.这些菌孢子主要由花传媒昆虫带到健康植株.花传媒昆虫对花部特征变异的行为反应不仅可能影响花粉的输入/输出率,而且影响菌孢子的着落率和植株的发病与否.为研究S.dioica雌株花部性状特征与花粉传布、菌孢子着落及由此而导致的植株染病之间的相关性,用采自4个不同S.dioica种群的植物进行了移栽实验.该4个种群均位于瑞典北部的Skeppsvik群岛,代表了从健康(岛1,种群1),低度发病(岛2,种群2)到高度发病(岛3、4,种群3、4)的发病梯度.从上述4个不同种群中各采50个植株移栽至岛4的中部.来自健康种群的植株较来自高发病种群的植株具有较大的花,较长的花柱.研究发现,着落在花上的花粉粒数和菌孢子数呈强正相关.来自健康种群的植株每朵花上着落的花粉粒和菌孢子数分别是高发病种群(种群4)植株的4倍和9倍,导致来自4个不同种群的植株的发病率存在着显著差异,种群1、2、3、4的发病率分别为37%、20%、18%、0.在涉及10个种群的田间调查研究中,发现种群中健康植株的平均花柱长度(与花冠大小,胚珠数目正相关)与植株的发病率显著负相关.讨论了病原体-传媒调节的植物花部性状特征选择潜势及由其导致的麦瓶草S. dioica种群间的基因漂移.     

麦瓶草种群中的花药黑粉菌感染：花的形态学变异、菌孢子散布式样及病原菌—传媒调节性选择

花药黑粉菌（Microbotryum violaceum)可系统侵染其寄主植物麦瓶草（Silene dioica),使其不育而代之以在植物花中布满菌孢子,这些菌孢子主要由花传媒昆虫带到健康植株,花传媒昆虫对花部特征变异的行为反应不仅可能影响花粉的输入/输出率,而且影响菌孢子的着落率和植株的发病与否,为研究S.dioica雌株花部性状特征与花粉传布,菌孢子着落及由此而导致的植株染病之间的相关性,用采自4个不同S.dioica种群的植物进行了移栽实验,讠4个种群均位于瑞典北部的Skeppsvik群岛,代表了从健康（岛1,种群1）,低度发病（岛2,种群2）到高度发病（岛3、4,种群3、4）的发病梯度,从上述4个不同种群中各采50个植株移栽至岛4的中部,来自健康种群的植株较来自高发病种群的植株具有较大的花,较长的花柱,研究发现,着落在花上的花粉粒数和菌孢子数呈强正相关,来自健康种群的植株每朵花上着落的花粉粒和菌孢子数分别是高发病种群（种群4）植株的4倍和9倍,导致来自4个不同种群的植株的发病率存在着显差异。种群1、2、3、4的发病率分别为37%,20%,18%,0。在涉及10个种群的田间调查研究中,发现种群中健康植株的平均花柱长度（与花冠大小,胚珠数目正相关）与植株的发病率显负相关,讨论了病原体-传媒调节的植物花部性状特征选择潜势及其导致的麦瓶草S.dioica种群音质 基因漂移。     

极度濒危树种羊角槭花部形态特征及开花动态

以天目山自然保护区人工栽培的濒危树种羊角槭（Acer yangjuechi Fang et P.L.Chiu）为研究对象,于花期观察了花部形态特征、单株与群体水平开花动态,分析开花与结实的关系,结果表明：1.羊角槭花杂性、顶生花序着生有雄花和两性花,两性花多位于花轴顶端,雄花位于侧生轴顶端或下部,花序雄花与两性花数量比为三角槭的2.6倍,羊角槭枝条两性花偏少;2.观察到两种形态雄花,Ⅰ型雄花子房微型、柱头极度短缩呈黑点状、花盘较平,Ⅱ型雄花子房退化成一团白色绒毛,2裂柱头隐现,花盘较厚、辐射状凹裂;两性花子房成扁球状突出,柱头显著伸出,花丝长度短于雄花;3.单株两性花早于雄花开放,两性花集中于3日以内开放,呈集中开放模式,而对应此时同株上只有极个别雄花（7%以下）处于散粉阶段;4.群体两性花开放时期略早于雄花,二者间存在相对的间隔期。由此对羊角槭开花与种胚发育影响因素进行了探讨。     

蛙科精子形态结构研究进展

本文对已有的蛙科精子形态结构的研究进行总结,归纳了蛙科精子形态结构及量度的特征和类型,以及蛙科精子结构与其它两栖类精子结构的异同,探讨蛙科精子形态结构研究中存在和亟待解决的问题。     

新疆鼠尾草花蜜腺的发育解剖学研究

新疆鼠尾草（Salvia deserta Schang）花蜜腺位于子房基部的花托上,为盘状的花托蜜腺,其顶部裂成4片,其裂片大小不等,比例悬殊。蜜腺由产蜜组织和分泌表皮构成,又为结构蜜腺。组织化学染色显示淀粉粒动态明显,因此又属淀粉蜜腺。在发育的过程中细胞液泡化动态明显,且淀粉粒和蛋白质具有明显的消长变化,但PAS反应和苏木精脂类染色无明显变化。其泌蜜过程可能为：原蜜汁由邻近的韧皮部提供,经薄壁细胞运送至产蜜组织,在产蜜组织中进一步积聚、合成后,最终蜜汁通过变态气孔和分泌表皮细胞的角质层泌出。     

唐古特白刺花蜜腺的发育解剖学研究

唐古特白刺（Nitraria tangutorum Bobr.）蜜腺位于花瓣内侧,按Fahn蜜腺分类法,属花被蜜腺;其由分泌表皮细胞构成,从植物解剖学的角度来看,又属典型的非结构蜜腺;经组织化学染色显示,淀粉粒的动态不明显,因此又属非淀粉蜜腺。唐古特白刺的分泌表皮细胞,在蜜腺发育过程中特化为分泌表皮毛,分泌腔原始细胞在蜜腺发育过程中裂解成分泌腔,分泌表皮上具有特殊的角质层纹理,在分泌表皮细胞发育过程中,液泡呈现一定的变化规律,其变化与蜜汁的合成和分泌规律相关,液泡是参与了多糖物质的降解、蜜汁的转运等物质的循环而发生着有规律的变化,淀粉和糖原的动态不明显。最后形成的蜜汁经分泌腔,由分泌表皮细胞特化为单细胞的表皮毛中泌出,在败花期时,分泌表皮毛萎缩并随花瓣一起脱落,泌蜜由此停止。     

小花糖芥花蜜腺的解剖学研究

小花糖芥（Erysimum cheiranthoides L.)花蜜腺位于雄蕊部花托上,仅有2枚侧蜜腺,属十字花科侧蜜腺类型中的侧半环亚型,其2枚密腺均由分泌表皮,产蜜组织和维管束组成。分泌表皮上有变态气孔器,产蜜组织中有维管束分布,属较进化的十字花科花蜜腺亚型类型。蜜腺原基是在花的各部分原基基本分化完成后,由花托表面及雄蕊基部区域的1－2层细胞,经反分化形成,在蜜腺发育过程中,蜜腺组织中的液泡和多糖物质都发生了有规律的变化,其原蜜汁在产蜜组织中加工合成,最后由表皮细胞和变态气孔泌出。     

革苞菊花蜜腺的发育解剖学研究

革苞菊（Tugarinovia mongolica)花蜜腺为筒状,围绕花柱基部着生,属于花柱蜜腺类型。蜜腺中无维管束分布,只具分泌表皮和泌蜜组织。分泌表皮细胞排列整齐,表皮细胞之间分散分布着许多气孔,气孔的孔下室发达。蜜腺基部细胞与花柱维管束想念相邻。随着蜜腺的发育,泌蜜组织的细胞结构和储藏物质呈规律性变化。原蜜汁的来源主要是由花柱基部维管束提供多糖,经过泌蜜组织加工成蜜汁后,由分泌表皮上的气孔将蜜汁排出体外。同时讨论了革苞菊花蜜腺结构与进化的相关性问题。     

Developmental Morphology of the Flower in Narcissus

The inferior ovary of Narcissus has been shown to be appendicularin origin from studies of both its vascular anatomy and ontogeny.The corona which arises above the insertion of the stamens afterthe completion of the other floral members is considered tobe formed by the fusion of ligular outgrowths of the perianthsto form a cup and having its vascular bundles in reverse orientationto those in the perianth. In both Narcissus tazetta and N pseudonarcissusthe style is hollow throughout and there are 2–6 layersof transmitting tissue in the stigma and one layer in the style.Correlation between the ovary type and the fruit type was discussed.     

Evolutionary Morphology, Innovation, and the Synthesis of Evolutionary and Developmental Biology

One foundational question in contemporarybiology is how to `rejoin evolution anddevelopment. The emerging research program(evolutionary developmental biology or`evo-devo) requires a meshing of disciplines,concepts, and explanations that have beendeveloped largely in independence over the pastcentury. In the attempt to comprehend thepresent separation between evolution anddevelopment much attention has been paid to thesplit between genetics and embryology in theearly part of the 20th century with itscodification in the exclusion of embryologyfrom the Modern Synthesis. This encourages acharacterization of evolutionary developmentalbiology as the marriage of evolutionary theoryand embryology via developmental genetics. Butthere remains a largely untold story about thesignificance of morphology and comparativeanatomy (also minimized in the ModernSynthesis). Functional and evolutionarymorphology are critical for understanding thedevelopment of a concept central toevolutionary developmental biology,evolutionary innovation. Highlighting thediscipline of morphology and the concepts ofinnovation and novelty provides an alternativeway of conceptualizing the `evo and the `devoto be synthesized.     

Developmental and Anatomical Studies on the Floral Nectaries of Capsella bursa-pastoris

The development and structure of the floral nectaries of Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. were examined. The nectaries consisted of four separated parts which were semiorbicular and were morphologically and anatomically similar to one another. They were located at the receptacle between stamens, and each part was composed of secretory epidermis, nectariferous tissue and vascular bundles, belonging to structural nectary. When the various floral organs were developed, 2--3 superficial layer cells of the receptacle between stamens became meristemoid and contributed to primordia the formation of nectary. By intercalary meristematic activity, the four nectaries formed synchronously. During the different stages of nectary differentiation, the content of starch gra ins and vacuolation in the cells of epidermis and nectariferous tissue changed regularly. According to the structural and histochemical changes the pre-nectar might be supplied by phloem. The nectar formed in nectariferous tissue was then secreted to the sub-stomatal chamber and where it was finally excreted from the stoma.     

垂花青兰花蜜腺的发育解剖学研究

垂花青兰（Dracocephalum nutans Linn.）花蜜腺分布于子房基部的花托上,盘状蜜腺的上部裂成三小一大的四枚裂片,基部在膨大的花托外环绕一圈。蜜腺组织由分泌表皮、产蜜组织和维管束三部分组成,是典型的结构蜜腺;组织化学染色显示淀粉粒动态明显,因此又属淀粉蜜腺。在发育的过程中细胞液泡化动态明显,且淀粉粒和蛋白质具有明显的消长变化,蜜汁通过气孔器和表皮细胞的角质层泌出。     

Intraspecific Variation in the Amino Acid Content of Floral Nectar

In order to evaluate the constancy of amino acid composition and concentration, several randomly collected samples of genuine floral nectar from different flowers of several plant species were analysed. Although there seems to exist a rough pattern of species-specific nectar amino acid composition, amino acid concentration varied strongly from sample to sample. Apart from the lack of constancy in concentration of floral amino acids, our samples do not show amino acid concentration values as assigned typical for the pertinent pollination mode by other workers.     

水烛的花部形态观察——兼论与长苞香蒲的分类学界定

通过腊叶标本研究、野外观察和文献考证,结合栽培试验,研究了香蒲科水烛（Typha angustifolia L.）花部结构特征,补充描述了该种丝状毛在子房柄上的着生方式、小穗不孕雌花数目等性状特征,观察了在成熟期不同阶段其孕性雌花柱头与小苞片的长度变异。结果显示,水烛孕性雌花小苞片呈宽披针形、匙形或条形,先端褐色,短于柱头,或与柱头近等长或稍长于柱头;子房柄上的丝状毛除少数散生外,多数基部合生呈鞘状或束状,在子房柄下部呈1～4轮排列;小穗不孕雌花常3（～4）枚。研究材料在7月中旬前后雌花小苞片明显短于柱头,随果穗成熟小苞片与柱头近等长。长苞香蒲（T.domingensis Pers.）子房柄上的丝状毛形态和着生方式与水烛中的情况基本一致,但小苞片白色透明,小穗不孕雌花常1（～2）枚。这表明水烛孕性雌花小苞片和柱头的长度比例与不同成熟阶段有关系,不宜作为与长苞香蒲的区别特征,而小穗不孕雌花数目和小苞片颜色等特征对两物种的划分有较重要的意义。