农杆菌介导的植物基因转化研究进展

农杆菌介导的植物基因转佛当今植物基因转化的主要方法之一,因而深受关注,本文从农力介导的基因转化机理,植物对农杆菌侵染的反应,转基因植物的遗传表达,以及农杆菌对单子叶植物的转化等方面论述了该领域的最新研究进展,并提出了进一步研究的方向。     

FMDV vp1基因在豆科牧草百脉根中的转化与表达

通过根癌农杆菌介导法,将FMDV阿克苏(Akesu/O/58)株结构基因vp1转化豆科牧草百脉根子叶和子叶柄,其愈伤、芽和生根等过程经50 mg/L Kan筛选后,获得Kan抗性百脉根植株。对抗性植株进行vp1基因的PCR、RT-PCR检测和VP1蛋白的Western-blotting杂交。结果表明:vp1基因转入百脉根中,检测有转录活性;目的蛋白获得了正确表达;扩繁和移栽后获得了批量转基因百脉根,为下一阶段的动物试验提供了实验材料。     

FMDV vp1基因在豆科牧草百脉根中的转化与表达

通过根癌农杆菌介导法,将FMDV阿克苏(Akesu/O/58)株结构基因vp1转化豆科牧草百脉根子叶和子叶柄,其愈伤、芽和生根等过程经50 mg/L Kan筛选后,获得Kan抗性百脉根植株.对抗性植株进行vp1基因的PCR、RT-PCR检测和VP1蛋白的Western-blotting杂交.结果表明vp1基因转入百脉根中,检测有转录活性;目的蛋白获得了正确表达;扩繁和移栽后获得了批量转基因百脉根,为下一阶段的动物试验提供了实验材料.     

多能硫杆菌RbisCO基因在大肠杆菌中表达产物分析

通过对多能硫杆菌ＲｕｂｉｓＣＯ的基因表达分析表明该基因能够在ｐＢＲ３２２的Ｐ１启动子、ｐｕＣ１９的ｌａｃ启动子以及ｐＫＫ２２３－３的ｔａｃ启动子的启动下,在大肠杆菌中表达,ＲｕｂｉｓＣＯ基因片段在ｐＵＣ１９和ｐＫＫ２２３－３载体上的表达活性较高。进一步对ＲｕｂｉｓＣＯ基因表达产物进行了非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,检测到了ＲｕｂｉｓＣＯ蛋白质带。     

耐高温α-淀粉酶基因在马铃薯中的表达

我们将从地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacilluslicheniformis)克隆的约1．68kb的耐高温α-淀粉酶基因构建成表达载体,并转入根癌农杆菌。以马铃薯栽培品种“杂交荷兰7号”块茎圆盘为外植体,按本实验室建立起的再生实验系统[9]及杨美珠等的方法[8]进行转化。采取共培养、芽的诱导、芽的选择再生三步方法获得抗性芽。将抗性芽通过先诱导生根壮苗,再进行卡那霉素筛选,最后再诱导生根的方法得到可能的转基因植株。 对部分可能的转基因植株按改进的王广立等的PCR简单快速鉴定转基因植物的方法[12]进行检测,株号102001、102607、110402均可见到特异性片段的存在。参照张振清[13]及王福荣等[14]的方法对这些植株进行耐高温α—淀粉酶活力测定,这些植株具有相对较强的耐高温α—淀粉酶活性。实验结果表明,耐高温α—淀粉酶基因可能已转入上述植物基因组中,并获表达。     

mel基因在苏云金芽孢杆菌中的转移和表达

苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringhensis)是研究较深入、使用较广泛的杀虫细菌,野外使用易受阳光中紫外线的影响而失活。黑色素具有很强的抗辐射作用。将构建的含有嗜麦芽假单胞菌mel基因的质粒pWSY通过原生质体转化导入苏云金芽孢杆菌体内,使后获得了稳定产生黑色素的能力。并在转化子细胞内检测到与供体菌相同的质粒。SDS-PAGE显示该转化子体内额外表达了一分子量约为18kD的蛋白,该蛋白很可能就是转化子表达的酪氨酸酶。经测定,转化子抗辐射作用明显增强,有效杀虫时间显延长。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)晶体毒蛋白基因在烟草叶绿体中的表达

将全长３．５ｋｂ的Ｂｔ基因３’端缺失,得到长为２．１ｋｂ、１．８ｋｂ的基因。分别将这３个长度（１．８ｋｂ、２．１ｋｂ、３．５ｋｂ）的基因置于水稻叶绿体ｐｓｂＡ基因的启动子和终止子调控之下,并与选择标记基因ａａｄＡ（编码氨基糖苷－３’－腺苷酸转移酶,具壮观霉素抗性）表达盒相连;以烟草叶绿体基因ｔｒｎＨ－ｐｓｂＡ－ｔｒｎＫ为同源片段,构建成叶绿体转化载体ｐＢＴ３、ｐＢＴ８和ｐＢＴ２２。用基因枪把Ｂｔ基     

高温乳糖酶基因在大肠杆菌中的高效表达

来源于嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌（Bacillus stearothermophilus)的β-半乳糖苷酶基因bgaB经克隆,测序后,转入大肠杆菌高效表达载体pET-20(b)中,重组菌在IPTG诱导下,表达出的重组蛋白比酶活量为6.66U/mg。比出发菌株高50倍。     

嗜碱细菌NTT36嗜碱基因的亚克隆及其在大肠杆菌和农杆菌中的表达

将大肠杆菌ＨＢ１０１嗜碱转化子中质粒ｐＧＣＡ所携带的嗜碱基因亚克隆至双元载体ｐＢＩ１２１质粒中,构建了植物表达载体ｐＬＧＣ重组质粒。用其转化大肠杆菌ＨＢ１０１获得了能在碱性和卡那霉素抗性平板上生长的转化子,再通过三亲交配法将亚克隆质粒ｐＬＧＣ转化进农杆菌ＬＢＡ４４０４,又获得能在碱性平板和卡那霉素及利福平双抗平板上生长的转化子,Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交结果表明ＨＢ１０１转化子亚克隆质粒ｐＬＧＣ是由来自于嗜碱芽孢杆菌ＮＴＴ３６染色体ＤＮＡ和双元载体ｐＢＩ１２１组成,且农杆菌ＬＢＡ４４０４转化子含有来自大肠杆菌亚克隆转化子的ｐＬＧＣ质粒。     

植物冠瘿生长调控及相关基因研究进展

阐述了植物冠瘿产生的影响因素及冠瘿的生长和调控,并对冠瘿发生有关的基因进行了综述。     

Expression of soybean plant hemoglobin gene family under abiotic stresses

Many abiotic stresses induce the generation of nitric oxide (NO) in plant tissues, where it functions as a signal molecule in stress responses. Plants modulate NO by oxidizing it to NO₃⁻ with plant hemoglobin (GLB), because excess NO is toxic to cells. At least eight genes encoding GLB have been identified in soybean, in three clades: GLB1, GLB2, and GLB3. However, it is still unclear which GLB genes are responsible for NO regulation under abiotic stress in soybean. We exposed soybean roots to flooding, salt, and two NO donors—sodium pentacyanonitrosylferrate (III) dihydrate (SNP) and S-nitroso-N-acetyl-d,l-penicillamine (SNAP)—and analyzed expression of GLB genes. GmGLB1, one of two GLB1 genes of soybean, significantly responded to both SNP and SNAP, and its induction was almost completely repressed by a NO scavenger, 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide. GmGLB1 responded to flooding but not to salt, suggesting that it is responsible for NO regulation under NO-inducing abiotic stresses such as flooding. GmGLB3, one of two GLB3 genes of soybean, did not respond to NO donors at all but did respond to flooding, at a lower level than GmGLB1. These results suggest that flooding induces not only NO but also unknown factor(s) that induce GmGLB3 gene in soybean.     

Influence of root crown temperature on plant development

Summary Temperature effects on the root crown section, where most of the plant fluid translocation streams through a narrow space, were investigated. Cooled root crown section of tomato seedlings during daytime increased root weight; high temperatures enhanced shoot development. High and low temperatures day and night, on root crown, reduced root and shoot development. Wilting effects of shoots due to high temperature root environment, were delayed greatly by cooled root crown.The root crown section may, under certain temperature conditions, be the bottleneck of plant development, as it controls the up and down flow of water, nutrients, assimilated products, and hormones.     

Expression of effector gene SIX1 of Fusarium oxysporum requires living plant cells

Fusarium oxysporum is an asexual, soil inhabiting fungus that comprises many different formae speciales, each pathogenic towards a different host plant. In absence of a suitable host all F. oxysporum isolates appear to have a very similar lifestyle, feeding on plant debris and colonizing the rhizosphere of living plants. Upon infection F. oxysporum switches from a saprophytic to an infectious lifestyle, which probably includes the reprogramming of gene expression. In this work we show that the expression of the known effector gene SIX1 of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is strongly upregulated during colonization of the host plant. Using GFP (green fluorescent protein) as reporter, we show that induction of SIX1 expression starts immediately upon penetration of the root cortex. Induction requires living plant cells, but is not host specific and does not depend on morphological features of roots, since plant cells in culture can also induce SIX1 expression. Taken together, F. oxysporum seems to be able to distinguish between living and dead plant material, preventing unnecessary switches from a saprophytic to an infectious lifestyle.     

Expression of nopaline synthesis in tumorous and regenerant tobacco crown galls

Summary Tissues formed in liquid cultures of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin 38) crown galls incited byAgrobacterium tumefaciens C58 were of three types: unorganized callus, organized teratoma, and organized normal appearing. These tissues contained 400±12, 410±17, and 614±53 μg nopaline/g fresh weight, respectively. Using [¹⁴C]arginine, methods were developed for measuring in vivo nopaline biosynthetic rates. Tissues were incubated in a low concentration (i.e., 3 μM) of [¹⁴C]arginine to minimize disruption of the internal pool (approximately 140 μM free arginine). Radioactivity in the tissue was assayed and the specific radioactivity of free arginine, the precursor of nopaline, was determined. The linear rate of incorporation of radioactivity into nopaline was used to calculate the following biosynthetic rates (expressed as microgram nopaline per gram fresh weight per 24 h): callus, 14; teratoma, 21; normal appearing, 24. These results show conclusively that normal appearing tissues obtained from crown gall tumors can synthesize nopaline. Abnormal growth and opine biosynthesis, therfore, can be expressed independently.     

Expression of a C3 plant Rubisco SSU gene in regenerated C4 Flaveria plants

We report the successful transformation, via Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection, and regeneration of two species of the genus Flaveria: F. brownii and F. palmeri. We document the expression of a C₃ plant gene, an abundantly expressed ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit gene isolated from petunia, in these C₄ plants. The organ-specific expression of this petunia gene in Flaveria brownii is qualitatively identical to its endogenous pattern of expression.     

山西濒危植物翅果油树植冠的构型分析

应用分形理论及方法,从分枝格局和冠幅扩展2个方面对山西翼城和乡宁的35株翅果油树(Elaeagnus mollis Diels)个体的植冠构型进行统计分析。结果表明,幼树和成树的总体分枝率和逐步分枝率有显著变化;一级枝的平均枝长和枝径有显著差异,但枝和叶的方位角及叶倾角差异不明显。不同发育阶段个体的冠幅变化较大,幼树冠幅的分形维数(2.0026)小于成树(2.2694)。翅果油树在不同生长发育阶段对生境变化有不同的构型策略。