Bt杀虫蛋白对不同品系棉铃虫和中红侧沟茧蜂生长发育的影响

以棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)室内敏感品系和田间品系为寄主,研究了亚致死浓度的Bt杀虫蛋白对中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator (Haliday)生长发育的影响。结果表明： 当寄主一直取食,或者在被寄生前12小时开始取食含Bt杀虫蛋白浓度为0,0.5,1.0, 2.0,4.0,8.0 μg/g的饲料时,与对照相比,中红侧沟茧蜂的卵-幼虫历期延长,茧重和成虫体重降低,成虫寿命缩短,但对茧期没有明显影响。Bt杀虫蛋白能有效抑制两个棉铃虫品系幼虫的生长,显著降低棉铃虫蛹重;当Bt蛋白浓度为4.0 μg/g时,显著降低棉铃虫化蛹率。用转双基因抗虫棉SGK321（表达Cry1A+CpTI蛋白）饲喂两个棉铃虫品系初孵幼虫,室内品系的第2、3、4和5天校正死亡率分别为48.5%、87.8%、96.6%和 95.8%,显著高于田间品系（30.9%、59.6%、80.9%及86.1%）。本研究表明,不论是田间品系还是室内品系,棉铃虫取食含Bt杀虫蛋白的饲料后,对中红侧沟茧蜂的生长发育都具有显著的负面作用。     

杀虫剂对烟蚜茧蜂不同发育阶段的毒性

【背景】烟蚜茧蜂是控制烟蚜田间种群的重要寄生蜂。施用化学杀虫剂防治烟蚜及其他害虫时,也会对烟蚜茧蜂产生毒性,影响对烟蚜种群的自然控制效果。了解杀虫剂对烟蚜茧蜂不同发育阶段的毒性,可为田间选择合理施药时间提供参考。【方法】在室内用试管药膜法和饲喂法测定了5%阿维菌素、5%啶虫脒、10%顺式氯氰菊酯和10%吡虫啉对烟蚜茧蜂成蜂的毒性,并在烟蚜茧蜂各虫期使用亚致死浓度药剂处理,研究这些杀虫剂对其羽化的影响。【结果】阿维菌素的触杀和胃毒作用最强,烟蚜茧蜂24 h死亡率分别为87.78%和94.44%;吡虫啉的触杀和胃毒作用最弱,烟蚜茧蜂24 h死亡率分别为41.11%和61.11%;啶虫脒(烟蚜茧蜂24 h死亡率分别为81.11%和86.66%)、顺式氯氰菊酯(烟蚜茧蜂24 h死亡率分别为64.44%和67.78%)的触杀和胃毒作用居中。在寄生蜂卵期用药,阿维菌素和啶虫脒可显著降低当代成蜂羽化率;在幼虫期用药,4种杀虫剂均显著降低了成蜂的羽化率;在蛹期用药,4种杀虫剂对成蜂的羽化率均没有显著影响。在寄生蜂幼虫期使用阿维菌素会使雌蜂比例显著高于对照,其余3种杀虫剂对雌蜂比例均无显著影响。【结论与意义】在烟蚜茧蜂成虫期使用这些杀虫剂,死亡率均较高,因此在成蜂较多时应禁止使用杀虫剂。     

转基因抗虫棉对棉铃虫及其内寄生蜂的双重效应

以含1%转基因（Cry1A+CpTI）抗虫棉“中抗310”棉叶粉的人工饲料为基础,建立一套抗虫棉 棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera 棉铃虫幼虫内寄生蜂中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator和棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂Campoletis chlorideae的三级营养关系的研究系统,研究了转基因抗虫棉对棉铃虫及内寄生蜂的双重效应,分析比较了6种状态的棉铃虫生长发育动态,以及寄生蜂的生长状况。结果表明,无论是否被寄生,抗虫棉对棉铃虫生长发育的抑制作用都非常显著;寄生取食抗虫棉饲料的棉铃虫的寄生蜂,其出茧率和茧重都显著下降,对于中红侧沟茧蜂,出茧率和茧重分别下降了26.1%和1.0 mg;对于棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂,分别下降了17.9%和5.1 mg。解剖寄主发现,两种寄生蜂在取食抗虫棉饲料的寄主体内发育缓慢并出现部分畸形幼蜂。棉铃虫幼虫血淋巴总蛋白含量和血淋巴蛋白SDS-PAGE电泳分析表明,取食抗虫棉饲料后,棉铃虫血淋巴总蛋白含量低于相应的对照,推测寄主血淋巴蛋白含量降低是导致寄生蜂生长缓慢、发育不正常的一个重要原因。     

中红侧沟茧蜂对不同龄期棉铃虫幼虫及其为害棉株的趋性反应

研究中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator Haliday对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera Hübner幼虫及其为害棉株的趋性行为, 可为高效应用中红侧沟茧蜂控制棉铃虫提供理论依据。本研究在实验室内以中红侧沟茧蜂雌蜂、1~5龄棉铃虫幼虫及其为害棉花植株（去虫或未去虫）为试验材料, 采用“Y”型昆虫嗅觉仪测定了中红侧沟茧蜂雌蜂对1~5龄棉铃虫幼虫及其为害棉株的趋性行为反应。结果表明: 中红侧沟茧蜂对3龄、4龄和5龄棉铃虫幼虫均没有明显的趋向行为反应, 1龄和2龄棉铃虫幼虫对中红侧沟茧蜂有显著的引诱作用。此外, 1~5龄棉铃虫幼虫为害后去虫棉株与健康棉株均对中红侧沟茧蜂有吸引作用。在未去虫的处理中, 虫害诱导棉株比健康植株更能吸引中红侧沟茧蜂, 与健康植株差异显著, 而且不同龄期棉铃虫幼虫为害处理间差异较大, 对中红侧沟茧蜂引诱作用的相对顺序为: 5龄为害植株>2龄和4龄为害植株>1龄和3龄为害植株 (2龄和4龄为害处理间差异不显著; 1龄和3龄为害处理间差异不显著)。本研究结果可为中红侧沟茧蜂在生物防治上的应用提供一定的理论指导和实践依据。     

释放中红侧沟茧蜂对玉米、辣椒田棉铃虫的防治效果

【目的】评价中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator在玉米和露地辣椒田释放对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的防治效果。【方法】在田间棉铃虫卵孵化盛期释放人工繁育的中红侧沟茧蜂,调查对棉铃虫幼虫的寄生率和田间防治效果。【结果】中红侧沟茧蜂释放1次和2次对玉米田3代棉铃虫幼虫寄生率分别达到51.22%和60.35%,防治效果分别为68.42%和77.63%;在辣椒田中红侧沟茧蜂对2代棉铃虫幼虫的寄生率为65.68%-73.30%,防治效果可达到80%以上。【结论】田间释放中红侧沟茧蜂对棉铃虫进行生物防治可作为玉米和辣椒田棉铃虫综防体系的一项主要措施。     

宁波地区斜纹夜蛾幼虫寄生蜂调查研究

2007—2008年的6～11月对宁波地区重要害虫斜纹夜蛾的寄生性天敌进行了调查,发现寄生蜂有18种,主要种类有：马尼拉陡胸茧蜂Snellenius manilae、侧沟茧蜂Microplitis sp、棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂Carnpoletis chlorideae和斑痣悬茧蜂Meteorus pulchricornis,并对主要寄生蜂与斜纹夜蛾幼虫的田间消长动态进行了系统观察。     

棉田棉铃虫寄生峰对常规棉及转Bt棉品种的趋性反应

连续4年采用人工定期释放棉铃虫卵、幼虫和定期回收法,研究了不同棉花品种与棉铃虫卵期、幼虫期寄生蜂种群数量变化的关系.通过对卵、幼虫寄生率反正弦转换后进行方差分析表明,无论是在棉铃虫卵期还是在其幼虫期,转基因棉田中棉铃虫卵和幼虫的被寄生率始终显著低于其亲本对照棉.运用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定转基因棉及其亲本对照棉对棉铃虫幼虫寄生蜂———中红侧沟茧蜂的选择性行为反应,用成对数据进行方差分析,并进行了“T”测验.结果表明,转基因棉对棉铃虫寄生蜂有较强的忌避反应,且取食转基因棉的棉铃虫幼虫与被害转基因棉两者的共同组合与单独被害棉之间对寄生蜂的忌避效应基本一致.     

斑痣悬茧蜂在黏虫寄主体内与中红侧沟茧蜂竞争下的存活和发育表现

【目的】不同种寄生蜂在同一小生境中可能寄生同一共享寄主。本研究旨在为认识寄生蜂种间互作关系,并为科学评价寄生性天敌控害效应提供依据。【方法】在室内以单寄生性斑痣悬茧蜂Meteorus pulchricornis(Wesmael)和中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator(Halidy)及其寄主黏虫Mythimna separata(Walker)低龄幼虫为材料,以寄生顺序和间隔时间为因素进行种间寄生竞争效应实验,观察比较两种蜂的存活和斑痣悬茧蜂子代的发育历期、体型大小和寿命等发育参数。【结果】不同寄生顺序和间隔时间组合处理下斑痣悬茧蜂子代蜂存活率始终高于中红侧沟茧蜂,且先寄生的斑痣悬茧蜂子代存活率高于后寄生的蜂,提前24 h寄生的斑痣悬茧蜂子代存活率可高达96.7%。当斑痣悬茧蜂先于中红侧沟茧蜂寄生时,其子代幼虫发育历期比单独寄生(对照)时显著延长;当后于中红侧沟茧蜂寄生时,其子代幼虫发育历期与单独寄生时无显著差异。各竞争处理下,斑痣悬茧蜂子代成虫寿命均长于单独寄生的子代成虫;子代成虫后足胫节长度与单独寄生相比明显缩短。【结论】结果说明,斑痣悬茧蜂在黏虫低龄幼虫体内与中红侧沟茧蜂的竞争中占有优势,但竞争对斑痣悬茧蜂子代生长发育具有负面影响。     

棉田棉铃虫寄生峰对常规棉及转Bt棉品种的趋性反应

连续4年采用人工定期释放棉铃虫卵、幼虫和定期回收法,研究了不同棉花品种与棉铃虫卵期、幼虫期寄生蜂种群数量变化的关系．通过对卵、幼虫寄生率反正弦转换后进行方差分析表明,无论是在棉铃虫卵期还是在其幼虫期,转基因棉田中棉铃虫卵和幼虫的被寄生率始终显著低于其亲本对照棉．运用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定转基因棉及其亲本对照棉对棉铃虫幼虫寄生蜂——中红侧沟茧蜂的选择性行为反应,用成对数据进行方差分析,并进行了“T”测验．结果表明,转基因棉对棉铃虫寄生蜂有较强的忌避反应,且取食转基因棉的棉铃虫幼虫与被害转基因棉两者的共同组合与单独被害棉之间对寄生蜂的忌避效应基本一致．     

中红侧沟茧蜂寄生对棉铃虫幼虫行为的影响

【目的】中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator是棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera生物防控的重要因子,通过温室内对未被寄生和被中红侧沟茧蜂寄生棉铃虫幼虫在棉花植株上的行为观察,分析中红侧沟茧蜂寄生对棉铃虫在棉花植株上行为活动及分布位置的影响。【方法】采用"固定时间间隔扫描抽样"观察法,监测寄生后1-10 d被寄生与未被寄生棉铃虫幼虫在棉花植株上的取食和空间位移等行为的变化。【结果】中红侧沟茧蜂寄生可以极显著降低棉铃虫幼虫在棉花植株上的取食行为比例(P0.01);被寄生棉铃虫幼虫在棉株上的空间位移比例于寄生后的1-2 d极显著高于未被寄生棉铃虫(P0.01),而在发育后期极显著低于未被寄生棉铃虫幼虫(P0.01);被寄生棉铃虫幼虫在棉铃上的分布比例显著降低而在花上的分布比例显著升高(P0.05);棉铃虫发育后期,被寄生棉铃虫在棉叶背面的分布比例极显著高于未被寄生棉铃虫(P0.01)。【结论】中红侧沟茧蜂寄生对棉铃虫幼虫的取食、活动和栖境选择具有显著影响。     

与中红侧沟茧蜂生境与寄主定位相关的玉米及棉铃虫幼虫体表挥发性成分的提取与鉴定

【目的】鉴定玉米Zea mays L.和棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)幼虫体表挥发性成分中对中红侧沟茧蜂 Microplitis mediator (Haliday)具有生境与寄主定位作用的信息化合物,从化学生态学的角度研究玉米-棉铃虫-中红侧沟茧蜂三重营养关系,解释中红侧沟茧蜂寻找寄主的过程中的信息识别机制,为害虫的综合防治的“推-拉”方法提供一定的理论基础。【方法】利用触角电位仪(EAG)、触角电位联用仪(GC-EAD)、气质联用仪(GC-MS)及“Y”型嗅觉仪确定玉米和棉铃虫幼虫体表提取物的信息化合物。在室内利用玉米以及棉铃虫幼虫体表挥发物标准品化合物以及模拟混合物,使用“Y”型嗅觉仪进行中红侧沟茧蜂成虫行为反应试验。【结果】玉米挥发物中有11种化学成分,棉铃虫幼虫体表挥发物中有6种化学成分对中红侧沟茧蜂的触角具有电生理活性,其中4种成分在两种挥发物中都存在。室内行为反应试验发现：与正己烷对照相比,玉米的模拟组分对雌、雄蜂均表现出显著（P<0.05）的诱引作用;棉铃虫1龄幼虫体表模拟组分对雌蜂具有极显著的诱引作用（P<0.01）,对雄蜂具有显著的诱引作用（P<0.05）;棉铃虫2龄幼虫体表模拟组分对雌蜂具有显著的诱引作用（P<0.05）。【结论】本研究证明了玉米以及棉铃虫幼虫体表挥发物中分别存在11种（庚醛、2-己醇、1-己醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、壬醛、葵醛、苯甲醛、反式-2-壬烯-1-醇、己酸、苯基乙醇、月桂醇）和6种（2-己醇、己酸乙酯、1-己醇、壬醛、辛酸乙酯、癸醛）中红侧沟茧蜂生境及寄主定位的化学信息物质。     

Susceptibility of Various Stages of Trichogrammatoidea armigera Nagaraja to Some Pesticides and Effect of Residues on Survival and Parasitizing Ability

The toxicity, persistence and effect on parasitism of 10 insecticides, eight fungicides and one acaricide on Trichogrammatoidea armigera Nagaraja, an egg parasitoid of a Helicoverpa armigera (Hb), were investigated in the laboratory and under field conditions. At field recommended dosages, the fungicides oxycarboxin, copperoxychloride, streptomycin sulphate + tetracycline hydrochloride and 2‐bromo‐2‐nitropropane‐1,3‐diol and the acaricide dicofol were safe, while the insecticide phosalone and fungicide tridemorph were moderately toxic to adults. All other insecticides tested, namely dimethoate, fenitrothion, monocrotophos, phosphamidon, endosulfan, cypermethrin, decamethrin, fenvalerate and fluvalinate, and the fungicides carbendazim, methyl thiophenate and carboxin were toxic to adults. A high level of parasitism was recorded for all fungicide treatments and for dicofol and fluvalinate. The larval stage of the parasitoid was more tolerant than other stages. The residual toxicity of all fungicides, and dicofol, did not affect the ability of the parasitoid to parasitize its host, while the insecticides phosalone and fluvalinate were slightly persistent, favouring 44.7% and 49.3% parasitism after 15 days. Residues of dimethoate, decamethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, monocrotophos and phosphanidon were moderately persistent, while fenitrothion and endosulfan were persistent.     

几种杀虫剂对南美斑潜蝇及其寄生蜂潜蝇茧蜂的毒力

测定了阿维菌素、灭蝇胺、杀虫单、毒死蜱、灭多威、顺式氯氰菊酯6种杀虫剂对南美斑潜蝇2龄幼虫、成虫及其寄生蜂潜蝇茧蜂的室内毒力,并考察了灭蝇胺、阿维菌素和杀虫单对南美斑潜蝇的田间防效。在所研究浓度下,阿维菌素、灭蝇胺对2龄幼虫的毒力较高,但对南美斑潜蝇成虫和潜蝇茧蜂的毒力较低;杀虫单对南美斑潜蝇成虫、2龄幼虫和潜蝇茧蜂的毒力均较高;毒死蜱、灭多威、顺式氯氰菊酯对南美斑潜蝇2龄幼虫的毒力较低,而对潜蝇茧蜂的毒力较高。田间条件下,灭蝇胺、阿维菌素和杀虫单都对田间南美斑潜蝇具有较高防效。     

Effects of transgenic Cry1A＋CpTI cotton and Cry1Ac toxin on the parasitoid, Campoketis chlorideae （Hymenoptera：Ichneumonidae）

Abstract The effect of transgenic double genes, Cry1A + CpTI cotton and Cry1Ac toxin on the parasitoid, Campoketis chlorideae Uchida of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), was investigated in the laboratory. Helicoverpa armigera larvae when in the first, second and third instar could not survive if fed on transgenic cotton leaves. Consequently, C. chlorideae larvae could not complete their development if parasitizing on such hosts. After H. armigera larvae were reared on transgenic or traditional cotton leaves for 12J48 hours, they were parasitized by C. chlorideae females. Parasitized larvae continued to feed on transgenic or traditional cotton for 12–48 h. The present results showed that the body weight of larvae of the parasitoids were significantly reduced when parasitized hosts fed on transgenic cotton leaves compared to those fed on traditional cotton. Duration of egg and larvae stage were significantly prolonged, pupal and adult weight of C. chloridae was decreased when the host larvae fed on transgenic cotton leaves longer than 48 h. The development duration of C. chlorideae pupae on the hosts fed on transgenic cotton leaves in each treatment was not significantly different from those of controls. The longevity of parasitoid females and males fed with a solution containing Cry1Ac toxin was not significantly different with that of the control.     

Rapid antibody-based field test to distinguish between Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) are the two most important insect pests of cotton production in Australia and require application of insecticides to control them. H. armigera has developed resistance to several insecticides but H. punctigera has not. Cost-effective management of insecticide resistance requires that growers be able to determine the proportion of H. armigera eggs or young larvae present on their crop before applying insecticides. This is impossible visually. We generated two monoclonal antibodies that reacted with the insect protein "lipophorin" and were capable of discriminating individuals of the two species at all life-stages. The antibodies were incorporated into a rapid test kit that was tested under field conditions over two growing seasons. Results obtained with the kit agreed closely with those obtained by rearing larvae through to second instar.     

Interaction of a solitary larval endoparasitoid, Microplitis mediator, with its host, Mamestra brassicae: host acceptance and host suitability

Abstract:  Microplitis mediator (Haliday) (Hym., Braconidae) is an important parasitoid of early instar larvae of the European cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae L. (Lep., Noctuidae). In the laboratory, we examined attack responses of female M. mediator to the first three larval instars of M. brassicae . Females were presented with M. brassicae larvae either one individual at a time in a no-choice experiment, or three individuals, one from each instar, simultaneously in a choice experiment. Whether or not there was choice, naïve female parasitoids attacked a high proportion of larvae and did not discriminate among instars. In the no-choice experiment, attacked larvae were reared, and parasitoid cocoons were produced from about 76% of larvae attacked as first and second instars, but from only 19% of larvae attacked as third instars. Dissections of attacked larvae from the choice experiment showed that about 79% of attacks on first and second instars resulted in oviposition compared with only 49% for third instars. When given choice, frequency and number of attacks on first instar larvae increased with increasing parasitoid experience. Our results suggest that first and second instar larvae of M. brassicae are suitable hosts for M. mediator , but that third instar larvae are suboptimal both because oviposition attempts were frequently unsuccessful and because immature parasitoids failed to complete development. Nevertheless, naïve attacking parasitoids exhibited minimal discrimination among instars, although experienced parasitoids most frequently attacked first instar larvae. The host selection behaviour of M. mediator is discussed in the context of optimal foraging theory and implications for biological control.     

Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry proteins to Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in South Africa

The susceptibility of one of the most important pests in southern Africa, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry proteins was evaluated by bioassay. Cry proteins were produced in Escherichia coli BL21 cells that were transformed with plasmids containing one of six cry genes. The toxicity of each Cry protein to H. armigera larvae was determined by the diet contamination method for second instar larvae and the droplet feeding method for neonate larvae. For each of the proteins, dose-mortality and dose-growth inhibition responses were analyzed and the median lethal dose (LD(50)) and median inhibitory dose (ID(50)) determined. Second instar larvae were consistently less susceptible to the evaluated Cry proteins than neonate larvae. The relative toxicity of Cry proteins ranked differently between neonate larvae and second instar larvae. On the basis of the LD(50) and ID(50) values, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, and Cry2Aa were the most toxic of the evaluated proteins to H. armigera larvae. The study provides an initial benchmark of the toxicity of individual Cry proteins to H. armigera in South Africa.     

Effects of selected insecticides on Diadegma semiclausum（Hymenoptera： Ichneumonidae） and Oomyzus sokolowskii （Hymenoptera： Eulophidae）, parasitoids of Plutella xylostella （Lepidoptera： Plutellidae）

Abstract Field doses of six selected insecticides were tested against the immature (pupae) and mature (adult) stages of Diadegma semiclausum (Hellén) and Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov), parasitoids of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Effects of contact toxicity (direct spraying) of the six insecticides on emergence of parasitoids were found negligible on both species except permethrin which caused 37.5% mortality. All adults of both parasitoid species died 24 hours after exposure to chlorfenapyr, emamectin benzoate and permethrin. In contrast, the three insect growth regulators (IGRs), chlorfluazuron, flufenoxuron and teflubenzuron, were found harmless to both species, and adult mortality of both parasitoid species was 0–16.7%. However, parasitism by the females of both parasitoid species was severely impaired when the females were offered the three IGR diluted solutions for 24 hours. Effects of oral toxicities of the IGRs on longevity of both parasitoids after 12 hours exposure were found to be significantly different between males and females. Compatibility of tested insecticides with D. semiclausum and O. sokolowskii and integration of compatible insecticides with these parasitoids in integrated pest management programs of crucifers are discussed.     

Effects of the mixed biocide Bacillus thuringiensis–abamectin on the development of the parasitoid Microplitis mediator and its host Helicoverpa armigera

The effects of the mixed biocide Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner with abamectin (BtA) on the development of the parasitoid Microplitis mediator (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its cotton bollworm host, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were evaluated in the laboratory. Weight gain in larvae of H. armigera was initially delayed, but larval developmental period increased and pupal weight increased when they were fed on a diet containing BtA. Due to increased longevity of the host larvae, the susceptible period to parasitization of H. armigera by M. mediator increased when the host larvae were reared on diets containing BtA at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 μg g^?1. The longevity of female and male parasitoids significantly decreased when newly emerged wasps were fed a honey solution containing 200 μg ml^?1 BtA in comparison with those fed only a honey solution. Mean longevity was significantly prolonged when parasitoids were fed a honey solution and BtA–honey solution in comparison with those fed BtA–distilled water, distilled water, or nothing. There were no significant differences compared with the control in any biological characteristics for the offspring of female parasitoids fed the honey solutions containing BtA at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 μg ml^?1; characteristics measured include the egg‐larval period, pupal weight, male and female pupal periods, adult fresh weight, and adult longevity. When female parasitoids parasitized host larvae that had been fed the diet containing BtA, their male and female pupal periods were significantly prolonged compared with the control (without BtA).