烟粉虱传播双生病毒的特性及分子机制研究进展

烟粉虱以持久性、可循回的方式传播双生病毒。烟粉虱传毒历经获毒、持毒和传毒3个阶段,烟粉虱体内的病毒受体、病毒蛋白以及寄主植物因子都参与了这个过程。本文综述了影响烟粉虱特异性传播双生病毒的因素以及二者的直接和间接互作。烟粉虱传播双生病毒的特异性不仅与烟粉虱隐种和病毒种类有关,还与烟粉虱体内特定的器官或细胞、烟粉虱和病毒的蛋白以及烟粉虱体内的共生细菌有关。在烟粉虱和双生病毒的长期共进化中,病毒可以通过调控烟粉虱和寄主植物的特性而促进其自身的传播。     

病毒虫传相关蛋白

昆虫传播的植物病毒种类多、危害大。病毒虫传包括获毒、携毒与传毒3个阶段,是病毒、昆虫、植物互作的复杂过程,其中涉及到多种蛋白质。本文对与昆虫传播病毒有关的蛋白质进行了综述,并分析了这些蛋白质研究的科学意义与发展趋势,为植物病毒病的防治研究提供了一些思路。     

病毒虫传相关蛋白

昆虫传播的植物病毒种类多、危害大。病毒虫传包括获毒、携毒与传毒3个阶段,是病毒、昆虫、植物互作的复杂过程,其中涉及到多种蛋白质。本文对与昆虫传播病毒有关的蛋白质进行了综述,并分析了这些蛋白质研究的科学意义与发展趋势,为植物病毒病的防治研究提供了一些思路。     

传毒蓟马种类研究进展(缨翅目,蓟马科)

蓟马所传播的植物病毒病已经对大范围的农作物和园艺作物带来了重要威胁。目前已报道有15种蓟马能传播植物病毒,仅占已记录蓟马总数的0.2%,均属于蓟马科、蓟马亚科,且10种传毒蓟马已在我国不同省份有分布。本文概述了传毒蓟马的种类、寄主植物和分布等相关信息,并对不同传毒蓟马所传播病毒的种类和传毒方式进行了介绍。     

烟粉虱传播双生病毒研究进展

综述了烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci对双生病毒的获取、传播及存留等方面的特性。烟粉虱最短的获毒和接种时间为15～30 min;双生病毒在烟粉虱体内可存留1至数周,有的终身存在。烟粉虱对双生病毒的传毒效率除了随其获毒及传毒时间的延长、传毒烟粉虱个体数量的增加以及病毒体浓度的增加而提高外,还与烟粉虱的龄期及性别有关。双生病毒除了在植物与粉虱之间直接传播外,还可通过烟粉虱交配及经卵携带的途径在烟粉虱个体和代别间进行传播。寄主植物、双生病毒的一些特殊蛋白以及烟粉虱内共生菌产生的GroEL蛋白,都可影响烟粉虱携带的双生病毒种类及传毒的可能性。双生病毒可对烟粉虱的发育、存活和生殖产生不利或有利的影响。雌成虫携带番茄黄化曲叶病毒（tomato yellow leaf curl virus, TYLCV）后,存活力和生殖力均下降; 而携带番茄斑驳病毒（tomato mottle virus, ToMoV）后,生殖力提高。此外,植物感染双生病毒后,其对烟粉虱的适合性可能提高。     

论植物病毒的传毒介体及传播方式

为了更好地掌握、了解和防治植物病毒病,本文简述了植物病毒的传播途径及传毒介体,引起植物病毒病的主要介体有昆虫、螨类、线虫和低等真菌等。了解传毒介体才能有针对性地去消灭害虫（菌）,以便更有效地减少植物病毒病的发生和危害。     

昆虫介体行为与植物病毒的传播

大多数植物病毒都是依赖昆虫介体进行传播,其中超过80%的传毒介体昆虫都是属于半翅目同翅亚目。昆虫介体识别寄主植物和取食的过程与病毒的传播密切相关,本文主要综述了同翅亚目昆虫、蓟马等介体昆虫取食行为与植物病毒的相互作用方面的研究进展,着重于介绍昆虫不同取食阶段的行为对植物病毒传播的影响,病毒侵染对介体取食和识别寄主行为的影响。     

媒介昆虫-病毒-植物互作对生物入侵的影响

媒介昆虫-病毒-植物互作关系复杂多样。虽然相关的研究较多, 然而有关三者互作对于生物入侵的影响还知之甚少。已有证据表明, 寄主植物对病毒的敏感性和对媒介昆虫的适合性、媒介昆虫对寄主的适应能力等因素影响三者互作关系。当寄主植物易感病并且对媒介昆虫的适合性低, 而媒介昆虫对寄主植物的适应能力强时, 媒介昆虫与植物病毒之间很可能建立间接互惠关系, 这种互惠可促进媒介昆虫入侵和病毒病流行。此外, 媒介昆虫与植物病毒之间中性或偏害的互作关系对于外来生物入侵的促进作用也不容忽视。鉴于三者互作对于生物入侵的重要性, 今后需要对不同物种所组成的多种组合进行比较研究, 并采用多种方法揭示互作的生理和分子机制。     

Emaravirus属新病毒:中国枣树花叶伴随病毒全基因组测序

[目的]2016年以来,新疆阿克苏等地区出现了一种新的枣树病害,严重威胁当地及周边红枣产业。本研究旨在鉴定引起此次病害的病原,探究病原体的传播方式,为生物防治策略的开发提供研究基础。[方法]对发病植株进行小RNA测序以鉴定病原体;对新鉴定的病毒,通过RNAseq和反转录PCR获取病毒全序列;体外表达重组的病毒结构蛋白并制备特异性抗体,通过Western斑点杂交法在发病植株中确证病毒蛋白;收集发病区域的媒介昆虫,通过反转录PCR在昆虫体内检测病毒的基因组,鉴定可能的传毒介体。[结果]本研究鉴定一种新的欧洲山梣环斑病毒属病毒为新疆新发枣树病害可能的病原体,命名为中国枣树花叶伴随病毒(Chinese date mosaic-associated virus,CDMaV)。CDMaV是一种多分段单链RNA病毒,基因组由5条负义RNA组成;RNA1-RNA5大小分别为7160、2224、1230、1493、971 nt,每条基因组RNA的互补链包含一个开放阅读框,共编码5个蛋白,依次为依赖RNA的RNA聚合酶、包膜糖蛋白、核衣壳蛋白和两个未知功能蛋白。在枣树寄生虫枣瘿螨体内扩增到病毒序列,表明该病毒可能以枣瘿螨为介体在枣树间进行传播。[结论]本研究为新疆新发枣树病害鉴定了相关病原体CDMaV,完成CDMaV全基因组测序,并鉴定枣瘿螨为可能的传毒介体。鉴定病原体和传播介体是建立病害防治方法的必要基础。     

CO_2浓度升高对媒介昆虫及其所传植物病毒的影响研究

由于全球气候变化,CO_2浓度升高对生态系统产生的影响已成为国际关注的焦点。媒介昆虫传毒引起的植物病毒病是农业生产的一个重要影响因素之一。"CO_2-植物-媒介昆虫-病毒"是一个复杂的系统,围绕CO_2浓度升高对植物的影响、CO_2浓度升高对"植物-媒介昆虫"相互关系以及CO_2浓度升高对媒介昆虫及其传播病毒发生的影响已开展了大量研究。本文主要从CO_2浓度升高对植物、CO_2浓度升高对媒介昆虫和植物以及CO_2浓度升高对媒介昆虫所传病毒发生等方面阐述CO_2浓度升高对媒介昆虫及所传植物病毒发生的影响。研究表明,CO_2浓度升高对于媒介昆虫和病毒本身的直接影响较小,主要影响植物初级和次生代谢过程,主要通过引起植物在基因表达、生理生化、营养水平以及生长等各个层面的变化来影响植物,从而通过级联效应改变"植物-媒介昆虫-病毒"之间的互作关系。     

Rice Ragged Stunt Oryzavirus: role of the viral spike protein in transmission by the insect vector

A 39 kDa protein, known as the viral spike protein or one of the protein components forming the viral spike, encoded by genomic segment 9 (S9) of Rice Ragged Stunt Oryzavirus (RRSV) was obtained by enzymatic cleavage of a fusion protein expressed by S9 cDNA in bacteria with proteinase factor Xa. The feeding of an insect vector — the rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) on purified expressed 39 kDa protein before the inoculation of the insects on diseased rice plants could completely inhibit the vector transmission ability of the insect. The presence of a 32 kDa insect cell membrane protein which could bind to 39 kDa viral spike protein indicated that the inhibition might be resulted from the competition in the interactions of 39 kDa protein and intact virus with the virus receptors on the insect cells. These results suggest that the spike proteins of the plant reoviruses are essential for the virus infection in the interactions of virus, insect vectors and host plants. These results are also useful in the practical applications.     

Comparing the plant virus spread patterns of non-persistently transmitted virus and persistently transmitted virus using an individual-based model

To compare the spread patterns between two types of plant viruses, non-persistent virus (NPV) and persistent virus (PV), we developed a spatially-explicit individual-based model. Our probability-based model is driven by the actions of insect vectors that are affected by interactions with host plants and plant viruses, considering both biological and behavioral components of their relationship. As a model system, we used potato virus y and potato leafroll virus, respectively for NPV and PV, potato for host plant, and Myzus persicae for the insect vector; empirical results from previous studies were acquired and adjusted to be used as our parameter values. Our simulation results showed that initial infection of PV in the field resulted in over 1.3 times greater number of insect vectors while causing approximately 7 times greater number of virus-infected plants compared to NPV by the end of simulation. Furthermore, spatial analysis showed that PV-infected plants showed greater aggregation in the field, forming larger patches compared to NPV-infected plants. Our results demonstrated the importance of host plant and insect vector manipulation by plant viruses as well as biological properties such as infectious period in the insect on the difference in overall spread pattern.     

Transmission and Retention of Salmonella enterica by Phytophagous Hemipteran Insects

Several pest insects of human and livestock habitations are known as vectors of Salmonella enterica; however, the role of plant-feeding insects as vectors of S. enterica to agricultural crops remains unexamined. Using a hemipteran insect pest-lettuce system, we investigated the potential for transmission and retention of S. enterica. Specifically, Macrosteles quadrilineatus and Myzus persicae insects were fed S. enterica-inoculated lettuce leaf discs or artificial liquid diets confined in Parafilm sachets to allow physical contact or exclusively oral ingestion of the pathogen, respectively. After a 24-h acquisition access period, insects were moved onto two consecutive noninoculated leaf discs or liquid diets and allowed a 24-h inoculation access period on each of the two discs or sachets. Similar proportions of individuals from both species ingested S. enterica after a 24-h acquisition access period from inoculated leaf discs, but a significantly higher proportion of M. quadrilineatus retained the pathogen internally after a 48-h inoculation access period. S. enterica was also recovered from the honeydew of both species. After a 48-h inoculation access period, bacteria were recovered from a significantly higher proportion of honeydew samples from M. quadrilineatus than from M. persicae insects. The recovery of S. enterica from leaf discs and liquid diets postfeeding demonstrated that both species of insects were capable of transmitting the bacteria in ways that are not limited to mechanical transmission. Overall, these results suggest that phytophagous insects may serve as potential vectors of S. enterica in association with plants.     

Climate change effects on physiology and population processes of hosts and vectors that influence the spread of hemipteran-borne plant viruses

Plant virus diseases constitute one of the limiting factors to the productivity of agriculture. Changes in host plants and insect vector populations that might result from climate change (their geographical distribution range, their densities, migration potential and phenology) could affect the spread of plant viruses. At the individual level, alterations in plant physiological processes that are relevant to their molecular interactions with viruses, like changes in metabolism, leaf temperature, and their effects on some processes, like the temperature-sensitive antiviral resistance based in RNA silencing, can also influence the ability of individual plants to control viral infections. In order to assess the impact that climate change may have on the incidence and spread of hemipteran-borne plant viruses, its potential effects on virus/plant interactions and hemipteran insect vectors, as well as other operating processes, which could exacerbate or mitigate them, are identified and analyzed in this review.     

Plant virus infection modifies plant pigment and manipulates the host preference behavior of an insect vector

Insect-borne plant viruses may modify the phenotype of their host plants and thus influence the responses of insect vectors. When a plant virus modifies host preference behavior of a vector, it can be expected to influence the rate of virus transmission. In this study, we examined the effect of Maize Iranian mosaic virus (MIMV) infection on host preference behavior of the nymphs and adults of its vector, the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus Fallén (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), feeding on barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L., Poaceae). We found that both viruliferous nymphs and adults significantly preferred healthy plants, whereas non-viruliferous planthoppers preferred virus-infected barley. Further investigations revealed significant reductions in the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of infected barley leaves. Based on these results, a possible association between insect host preferences and the pigment contents of the plants was observed. In summary, we suggest that host preference of L. striatellus could be affected by the propagative plant virus, possibly through association of this modification with some phenotypic traits of infected plants. These effects may have a critical impact on MIMV transmission rate, with significant implications for the development of virus epidemics.     

Studies on the transmission of velvet tobacco mottle virus by the mirid, Cyrtopeltis nicotianae

The minimum acquisition period of velvet tobacco mottle virus (VTMoV) by its mirid vector Cyrtopeltis nicotianae was about 1 min, with an increase in the rate of transmission (i.e. proportion of test plants infected) for acquisition periods up to 1000 min. Pre-acquisition starvation periods up to 18 h did not affect the rate of transmission. After an acquisition access period of 2 days, the minimum inoculation period was between 1 and 2 h and the rate of transmission increased with increasing inoculation time; when the acquisition access period was 1 h, or if vectors were fasted for 16 h after the 2 day acquisition, the rate of transmission was significantly lower. When mirids were transferred sequentially each day to a healthy plant after a 24 h acquisition feed, they transmitted intermittently for up to 10 days. Up to 50% of mirids transmitted after a moult and this was not due to the mirids probing the shed cuticles or exudates of infective insects. Mirids transmitted after a moult, following acquisition periods of 10, 100 or 1000 min. C. nicotianae transmitted solanum nodiflorum mottle virus (SNMV), sowbane mosaic virus (SoMV) and southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV), but not subterranean clover mottle virus (SCMoV), lucerne transient streak virus (LTSV), tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), galinsoga mosaic virus (GMV), nor nicotiana velutina mosaic virus (NVMV). Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) was transmitted to 1/58 test plants.