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追踪天使——雷达昆虫学30年 总被引：20，自引：3，他引：20
雷达昆虫学是一门新的学科分支。从它诞生起的30年来,英、美、澳、中四国的观测研究已初步阐明了昆虫在迁飞过程中的成层、定向、集聚等行为现象及其时空分布,揭示了大气结构和运动对昆虫迁飞的影响,为深化人们对昆虫迁飞行为机制的认识提供了许多令人耳目一新的画面;昆虫雷达技术也逐渐从研究走向实用,已经实现了对迁飞性害虫的长期、自动和实时监测。在全国建立VLR网并与GIS相结合,可望实现对我国重大虫灾的及时预警。 相似文献
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昆虫雷达让我们看到了什么? 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：9
昆虫雷达的应用深化了人们对昆虫迁飞行为机制的认识。昆虫雷达让我们看到了弱小的昆虫主动起飞 ,以一定的速度爬升到巡航高度乘风远行 ,并对大气风温场表现出令人难以置信的适应和选择能力 ,通过成层 (边界层顶现象 )、定向和集聚等主动行为 ,最大限度地利用空气动力到达新的栖息地。这些全新的画面展示出远迁的昆虫并非完全被动的随风飘流者 ,而是一个个驾舟中流击水的舵手。 相似文献
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在中国应用垂直波束雷达监测褐飞虱和其他水稻害虫迁飞的可行性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
J.R.Riley A.D.Smith D.R.Reynolds 《Entomologia Sinica》2003,10(1):1-19
近年来,可用于昆虫迁飞研究且可自动运行的垂直波束雷达(vertical-looking radar,VLR)的发展使得对迁飞性害虫的周年长期自动监测成为可能。本文提供了我们对能否将这种雷达应用于中国的褐飞虱和其他水稻害虫的监测与预测体系以改善其综合治理的可行性研究结果。以往的研究已经表明,这些害虫一般在300—2000m高度迁飞;而我们根据褐飞虱的雷达和射有效截面的计算结果表明,目前使用的3．2cm波长的VLR对褐飞虱个体目标的最大可检测高度仅约240m;虽然建造一部8．8mm波长的VLR即可覆盖褐飞虱迁飞高度的绝大部分,但其造价和维护费用均过于昂贵。为此,一个更可行的解决方案是,以3．2cm波长的VLR作为包括大多数水稻害虫在内的个体较大的迁飞性害虫的监测工具。 相似文献
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以包覆细铜纱网的乒乓球作为标准检测目标,检测了X-频带,波长3cm的公主岭昆虫雷达观测空中飞行昆虫的有效距离。检测到乒乓球回波的最远距离为5185.6m;计算观测个体粘虫Mythimnaseparata（Walker）的最远有效距离约为2000m,观测个体褐飞虱Nilaparvatalugens（Stal）的最远有效距离的为300m。该雷达适于观测粘虫等体重几十mg的昆虫在空中的飞行动态。 相似文献
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监测害虫迁飞的全自动雷达 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
V·A·Drake 《Entomologia Sinica》2002,9(4):27-29
在过去30年里,专用昆虫雷达大大深化了我们对昆虫迁飞,尤其是在高达1km高度夜间迁飞的认识。早期的昆虫雷达无法开展长期监测,这种缺陷现已被一种新型的全自动雷达所克服。这种“昆虫监测雷达”（IMR）造价低廉,可自动采集并通过电话网远程传输观测数据。其ZLC制式使其能够获得高质量的迁飞个体的飞行参数从而提高目标鉴别能力。目前,在澳大利亚东部的半干旱内陆地区,即迁飞性鳞翅目害虫和澳大利亚疫hortoicetes terminifera)的虫源区,装置了两部IMR并连续监测其迁飞活动,本报告了这两部雷达的部分监测结果。IMR能提供构成昆虫迁飞系统所需的若干参数,即估测迁飞事件在特定季节,特定方向响应于特定环境条件和信号而发生的概率,为害虫治理机构和测报人员提供对主要迁入事件及其目标害虫可能在迁入区的预警,而且,IMR还可用于更广泛的生态监测,特别是空中生物流量年际变化的定量监测。 相似文献
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小菜蛾远距离迁飞的证据研究综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着气候变暖,十字花科作物种植区北移,小菜蛾成为我国北方地区的重要害虫.远距离迁飞不仅引起小菜蛾大面积突然爆发,而且增大了抗药性基因扩散范围,导致抗药性大面积发展.阐明小菜蛾远距离迁飞对于早期监测预警与综合防治策略制订有重要意义.迄今为止,我国尚未对小菜蛾迁飞开展系统研究.本文总结了国内外有关小菜蛾远距离迁飞的研究结果,提出了小菜蛾远距离迁飞的证据:1)在冬季寒冷地区(如日本北部、加拿大西部和中国东北),小菜蛾无法越冬,推测翌年春季大量发生虫源是远距离迁飞而至;2)在海上观察船、山顶、海岛上或空中捕获到小菜蛾成虫,或直接观察到数量巨大的蛾群,为小菜蛾远距离迁飞提供了直接证据;3)小菜蛾地面成虫突增与昆虫远距离迁飞的适宜气象条件(如夜间逆温层、锋线过境等)相一致,为小菜蛾的远距离迁飞提供了适宜条件;4)垂直昆虫雷达识别的目标昆虫特征与小菜蛾的实验室测量特征和地面诱捕数据相吻合;5)小菜蛾不同地理种群的生物学性状和基因差异程度与地理距离无关,推测不同地点的小菜蛾之间进行频繁的基因交流;6)吊飞试验表明,小菜蛾具有远距离迁飞所需的飞行能力,且寄主植物的适合度下降可能是诱发小菜蛾迁飞的原因之一.最后展望了未来的研究方向:构建小菜蛾远距离迁飞轨迹模型,明确小菜蛾在我国远距离迁飞的路径;研究小菜蛾远距离迁飞的生理生化和生态学基础;提出小菜蛾迁飞条件下的种群抗药性治理策略. 相似文献
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草地螟(Loxostege sticticalis L.)是危害我国北方农牧区的重要迁飞性害虫,明确其迁飞、扩散规律以及与境外虫源交流情况,对早期预警和有效防治具有重要意义。2010年6月1日至9月17日,利用垂直监测昆虫雷达的观测资料,结合探照灯和地面灯灯诱虫情、迁飞高峰期雌虫卵巢解剖、区域大气环流形势和迁飞轨迹分析,在内蒙古锡林浩特西郊研究了牧区2代草地螟的迁飞过程,结果表明:2010年牧区2代草地螟迁飞高峰期出现在2010年8月8日至8月21日,高峰日为8月11日,高峰日探照灯诱虫量达9167头,卵巢发育级别以1—2级为主,高峰日雷达回波主要集中在300—400 m。轨迹分析显示:迁飞高峰期8月8日、8月10—12日牧区草地螟迁飞虫源主要来自蒙古共和国东南部及中蒙边境地区,由蒙古气旋西南侧的西北气流输送进入我国内蒙古锡林郭勒盟,再随西南气流迁入呼伦贝尔草原。 相似文献
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Jason W. Chapman Don R. Reynolds Alan D. Smith Joe R. Riley David E. Pedgley Ian P. Woiwod 《Ecological Entomology》2002,27(6):641-650
Abstract 1. The high-altitude wind-borne migration of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella in the U.K. in 2000 was investigated (a) by direct monitoring of insect flight by vertical-looking radar and by aerial netting, and (b) through evidence of temporal variation in P. xylostella abundance deduced from a network of light traps.
2. Migrating P. xylostella were identified by a unique combination of size and shape data derived from the continuously operating vertical-looking radar.
3. Radar-detected migratory overflights correlated significantly with associated peaks in abundance of P. xylostella estimated by catches in a U.K.-wide light trap network; however the correlation was stronger when light trap catches were lagged by 1 day.
4. The first notable catches of P. xylostella in the U.K. occurred in early May, and were accompanied by migrations over the radar from the east.
5. Radar data and back-tracking indicated that a major wind-borne migration of P. xylostella from The Netherlands to southern England took place in early May, and that this was responsible for the establishment of the U.K. population.
6. The origin of early-season P. xylostella occurring in Britain is discussed. 相似文献
2. Migrating P. xylostella were identified by a unique combination of size and shape data derived from the continuously operating vertical-looking radar.
3. Radar-detected migratory overflights correlated significantly with associated peaks in abundance of P. xylostella estimated by catches in a U.K.-wide light trap network; however the correlation was stronger when light trap catches were lagged by 1 day.
4. The first notable catches of P. xylostella in the U.K. occurred in early May, and were accompanied by migrations over the radar from the east.
5. Radar data and back-tracking indicated that a major wind-borne migration of P. xylostella from The Netherlands to southern England took place in early May, and that this was responsible for the establishment of the U.K. population.
6. The origin of early-season P. xylostella occurring in Britain is discussed. 相似文献
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Alistair Drake 《Insect Science》2002,9(4):27-39
Abstract Over the last three decades, special-purpose \"entomological\" radars have contributed much to the development of our understanding of insect migration, especially of the nocturnal migrations at altitudes of up to ˜ 1 km that are regularly undertaken by many important pest species. One of the limitations of early radar studies, the difficulty of maintaining observations over long periods, has recently been overcome by the development of automated units that operate autonomously and transmit summaries of their observations to a base laboratory over the public telephone network. These relatively low-cost Insect Monitoring Radars (IMRs) employ a novel \"ZLC\" configuration that allows high quality data on the migrants' flight parameters and identity to be acquired. Two IMRs are currently operating in the semi-arid inland of eastern Australia, in a region where populations of migrant moths (Lepidoptera) and Australian plague locusts Chortoicetes terminifera (Orthoptera) commonly originate, and some examples of outputs from one of these units are presented. IMRs are able to provide the data needed to characterize a migration system, i.e. to estimate the probabilities of migration events occurring in particular directions at particular seasons and in response to particular environmental conditions and cues. They also appear capable of fulfilling a \"sentinel\" role for pest-management organisations, alerting forecasters to major migration events and thus to the likely new locations of potential target populations. Finally, they may be suitable for a more general ecological monitoring role, perhaps especially for quantifying year-to-year variations in biological productivity. 相似文献
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- Each year, massive numbers of insects fly across the continents at heights of hundreds of meters, carried by the wind, bringing both environmental benefits and serious economic and social costs. To investigate the insects' flight behavior and their response to winds, entomological radar has proved to be a particularly valuable tool; however, its observations of insect orientation are ambiguous with regard to the head/tail direction, and this greatly hinders interpretation of the migrants' flight behavior.
- We have developed two related methods of using wind data to resolve the head/tail ambiguity, and we have compared their outputs with those from simply assigning the heading direction to be that which is closer to the track direction. We applied all three methods to observations of Australian plague locust migrations made with an insect monitoring radar.
- For the study dataset, some of the headings selected by the simpler method are shown to be clearly incorrect. The two new methods generally agree and reveal a significantly different, and presumably more accurate, relationship of heading direction to track direction. However, use of these methods leads to quite a large proportion of the sample being lost because the wind values, which derive from a regional‐scale numerical model, are shown to be incompatible with the radar observations. This exploratory study has moreover demonstrated that locusts are frequently oriented at a large angle to their track and that quite often their movement is at least slightly tailfirst.
- Both new methods appear to be a significant improvement on the simpler method. As well as providing an accurate representation of migratory flight behavior, they allow occasions when the model wind values are unreliable to be eliminated from the data sample.
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Felix Liechti Janine Aschwanden Jan Blew Mathieu Boos Robin Brabant Adriaan M. Dokter Vladislav Kosarev Maryna Lukach Mercedes Maruri Maarten Reyniers Inbal Schekler Heiko Schmaljohann Baptiste Schmid Nadja Weisshaupt Nir Sapir 《Ecography》2019,42(5):887-898
Large parts of the continents are continuously scanned by terrestrial weather radars to monitor precipitation and wind conditions. These systems also monitor the mass movements of bird, bat, and insect migration, but it is still unknown how many of these systems perform with regard to detection and quantification of migration intensities of the different groups. In this study that was undertaken within five regions across Europe and the Middle East we examined to what extent bird migration intensities derived from different weather radars are comparable between each other and relate to intensities measured by local small‐scaled radars, some of them specifically developed to monitor birds. Good correspondence was found for the relative day‐to‐day pattern in migration intensities among most radar systems that were compared. Absolute intensities varied between different systems and regions. The findings of this study can be used to infer about absolute bird migration intensities measured by different radar systems and consequently help resolving methodological issues regarding the estimation of migrant numbers in the Western‐Palearctic region. It further depicts a scientific basis for the future monitoring of migratory bird populations across a large spatio‐temporal scale, predicting their movements and studying its consequences on ecological systems and human lives. 相似文献