山茱萸蛀果蛾幼虫触角和口器感器的超微形态

【目的】探索寄主范围不同的蛀果蛾科(Carposinidae)幼虫感器之间是否存在差异。【方法】采用扫描电子显微镜观察了为害山茱萸Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc.的单食性蛀果害虫--山茱萸蛀果蛾Carposina coreana Kim老熟幼虫触角和口器感器的超微形态。【结果】山茱萸蛀果蛾幼虫触角柄节未见感器分布, 梗节上有2个刺形感器和3个锥形感器, 鞭节上有1个栓锥感器和3个锥形感器。口器上共有6种感器： 刺形感器数量多, 分布广; 栓锥感器主要分布在颚叶、 下颚须和下唇须上; 指形感器位于内唇和下颚须端节侧缘; 锥形感器和板形感器仅存在于下颚上; 内唇感器为内唇所特有。【结论】蛀果蛾幼虫触角和口器的感器与寄主范围之间未发现严格的对应关系。     

宽胫夜蛾成虫触角和下唇须感器的超微形态

触角和下唇须是昆虫头部的重要感觉器官,其上被有多种类型的感器。宽胫夜蛾Protoschinia scutosa是一种重要的农业害虫,但其触角和下唇须感器研究较少。本研究利用扫描电子显微镜观察了宽胫夜蛾的触角和下唇须感器的类型、分布和超微形态。宽胫夜蛾的雌雄触角均为丝状,雌虫触角鞭节明显短于雄虫。雌雄触角均分布有8种类型感器,分别为Bhm氏鬃毛、鳞形感器、毛形感器、刺形感器、耳形感器、锥形感器、腔锥形感器和栓锥形感器。其中,毛形感器数量最多,且雄性毛形感器的数量明显多于雌性。宽胫夜蛾的下唇须为长管状,雌雄下唇须长度无显著差异。共观察到5种类型感器,即毛形感器、钟形感器、鳞形感器、刺形感器和棒形感器。毛形感器分布在下唇须基部第1节和端部第3节的陷窝器内,钟形感器位于第1节毛形感器簇之中,鳞形感器在各节均有分布,刺形感器和棒形感器只见于第3节。并对宽胫夜蛾的触角和下唇须感器的功能进行初步的推测和讨论。为昆虫感器功能分析、分类学和行为学研究提供依据。     

属模巨齿蛉成虫感器的超微形态

为了解属模巨齿蛉成虫多个部位感器的超微结构及其对生命活动的影响,本文对属模巨齿蛉成虫的触角、大颚、翅缘和生殖器4个部位进行了电镜扫描。研究发现,触角有7种感器,分别是毛形感器Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型、腔锥感器、锥形感器、柱形感器;大颚有3种感器,分别是腔锥感器、锥形感器、刺形感器;翅缘有4种感器,分别是毛形感器Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型、腔锥感器;雌性成虫生殖器有7种感器,分别是毛形感器Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型、Ⅴ型、Ⅵ型、锥形感器、钟形感器。柱形感器是触角的特殊感器,钟形感器是雌性成虫生殖器的特殊感器。毛形感器是触角、翅缘和生殖器主要感器,而大颚上没有毛形感器。触角和生殖器上的感器类型最多,且分布最密集,这与触角和生殖器对成虫的交配、产卵行为具有重要作用相吻合。     

中华蚊蝎蛉成虫口器感器的超微结构

口器感器在昆虫取食活动中起着重要作用, 但蚊蝎蛉成虫口器上感器的种类和形态迄今未见报道。我们利用扫描电子显微镜, 观察了中华蚊蝎蛉Bittacus sinensis Walker成虫口器上的感器。结果显示: 中华蚊蝎蛉口器上共有8种感器, 分别为锥形、毛形、刺形、指形、掌状、钟形、柱状感器及Böhm氏鬃毛, 主要集中于内唇、 下颚须以及下唇须上。锥形感器和刺形感器数量最多; 毛形感器主要在下颚轴节、 茎节和下唇的亚颏和前颏有分布; 钟形感器和Böhm氏鬃毛只存在于下唇须和下颚须上。下颚须端节和下唇须端节的感器种类相同, 以锥形感器为主。高度骨化的上颚以及下颚内颚叶与外颚叶上未发现感器分布。简要讨论了口器感器在昆虫分类中的意义。     

越北腹露蝗成虫口器的感器

利用扫描电子显微镜观察了越北腹露蝗Fruhstorferiola tonkinensis Will.成虫口器的上唇、下颚须和下唇须上的感器形态和数量分布.结果表明:越北腹露蝗下唇须3节,下颚须5节,在上唇和唇基、下唇须和下颚须端点及各节上具有感器.口器感器共5种:毛形感器(sensilla trichodea)、刺形感器(sensilla chaetica)、锥形感器(sensilla basiconica)、腔锥形感器(sensilla coeloclnica)和盾形感器(sensilla scutellatum),其中毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器分别着生于上唇和唇基、下唇须和下颚须端点及各节表面,腔锥形感器(sensilla coeloclnica)只限于上唇外表面,盾形感器只限于下唇须和下颚须端点.推测了口器感器的功能,为了解越北腹露蝗的取食行为奠定基础.     

草地贪夜蛾成虫触角感器超微结构观察

[目的]草地贪夜蛾是一种严重危害农业生产的迁飞性害虫,本研究旨在了解草地贪夜蛾成虫触角感器的类型、超微结构和分布.[方法]采用扫描电镜对其雌雄成虫触角感器类型及分布进行观察.[结果]草地贪夜蛾雌雄成虫触角由柄节、梗节及鞭节3部分组成,雄蛾触角稍长于雌蛾,且触角表面覆有大量鳞片.共观察到7种类型的感受器,分别为B?hm氏...     

甜菜夜蛾幼虫触角及口器上感器形态描述(鳞翅目,夜蛾科)

甜菜夜是一种危害严重的世界性农业害虫,其幼虫识别寄主取食的机理及转主危害取决于其嗅觉感器的识别机理。本文运用扫描电镜对甜菜夜蛾幼虫头部触角及口器感器形态进行了观察,描述了感器的种类、数量和分布,并结合文献资料对其功能进行了探讨,试图解析昆虫的取食机制。     

小菜蛾成虫喙管感器的超微结构及其神经元中枢投射

【目的】明确小菜蛾Plutella xylostella成虫喙管感器的形态结构及感器神经元的投射。【方法】利用扫描电子显微镜观察小菜蛾成虫喙管结构和感器,利用神经回填技术和激光共聚焦显微镜观察喙管感器神经元在脑部的投射。【结果】小菜蛾成虫喙管上存在毛形感器(两种亚型)、腔锥形感器、锥形感器、刺形感器和栓锥形感器5种不同类型的感器。毛形感器表面光滑,分布于外颚叶外侧,可分为毛形感器Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型两种亚型,其中Ⅰ型比Ⅱ型长;锥形感器分布于喙管外表面,由一个感觉锥和一个短的圆形基座组成;腔锥形感器仅分布于食管内侧,只有一个粗短感觉锥而无基座;刺形感器由一个细长的感觉毛和一个圆形基座组成,表面无孔,分布于喙管的外表面;栓锥形感器是昆虫喙管上最典型的感受器,集中分布于喙管顶端区域,感器顶部凹腔伸出一个单感觉锥。此外,喙管上的感觉和运动神经元投射到初级味觉中枢咽下神经节。【结论】本研究阐明了小菜蛾成虫喙管感器的类型、分布和形态特征及其感器神经元在脑部的投射形态,为深入了解小菜蛾喙管感器的生理和功能奠定了基础。     

四种金龟成虫触角的板形感器和腔锥形感器形态对比

板形感器(placodea sensilla)和腔锥形感器(coeloconica sensilla)是金龟子类害虫最重要的两种嗅感器.本文运用扫描电子显微镜分别对铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky、华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita Fald.、棕色鳃金龟Holotrichia titanis Reitter和暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky的雌雄成虫触角的板形感器和腔锥形感器进行了对比观察.结果表明,四种金龟成虫触角的板形感器和腔锥形感器形态既有相似性,但也存在显著差异,表现出较高的形态多样性,如铜绿丽金龟板形感器表面特化形成龟纹、华北大黑鳃金龟的梭形腔锥形感器等.研究结果丰富了四种金龟的比较形态学理论,也为金龟子的系统分类学研究积累了资料.     

桃红颈天牛触角、口器及跗节感器的超微结构特征

本文采用扫描电子显微镜技术,利用ImageJ软件测量,观察并获取了桃红颈天牛Aromia bungii雌雄成虫触角、口器及跗节感器的长度、数量和分布情况。研究结果表明,雌雄成虫触角均发现有感器类型5型17亚型,即刺形感器8亚型、锥形感器5亚型、毛形感器2亚型、耳形感器以及B9hm氏鬃毛各1亚型。雌雄成虫口器均分布有感器类型6型10亚型,即刺形感器2亚型、锥形感器4亚型、毛形感器、钟形感器、板形感器以及B9hm氏鬃毛各1亚型。雌雄成虫跗节表面均有感器类型3型6亚型,即刺形感器3亚型、锥形感器2亚型以及毛形感器1亚型,且雌雄虫间各部位感器无性二型现象。     

Genital and body allometry in two species of noctuid moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

One‐size‐fits‐all and related hypotheses predict that static allometry slopes for male genitalia will be consistently lower than 1.0 and lower than the slopes for most other body parts (somatic traits). We examined the allometry of genitalic and somatic morphological traits in males and females of two species of noctuid moths, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner, [1808]) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, [1808]). The relationship between genitalic traits and body size was generally strongly negative‐allometric in males but with no significant differences from 1.00 in females of the two species examined. However, in females, the slope of genital traits was also lower than the slopes for somatic traits. The relationship between somatic traits and the body size indicator was approximately isometric in most cases in males, except in four traits in S. exigua, in which the slopes showed slight negative allometry, and the hind tibia in H. armigera, in which the slope had positive allometry. However, in females, some somatic traits showed isometric and some other showed negative allometry in both species. The coefficients of variation (CV) for all structures in the males were low, not exceeding 10%. Genitalic traits showed significantly lower CV than somatic traits in males. In females, somatic traits showed lower CV than genitalic traits but with no significant difference in the H. armigera. Our observations of strongly negative allometry for genitalic traits in males are consistent with stabilizing selection on genital size and we suggest that male performance in interactions with females is the source of selection on male genital allometry. The difference in the degree of phenotypic variation between genitalic and somatic traits in the two studied species is attributed to the different developmental‐genetic architectures of these traits. Female genitalia showed a similar trend to the males, although the difference between genital and somatic traits was not significant in females. This finding suggests that selection is acting differently on male and female genitalia. Positive allometry of hind tibia in H. armigera may be a result of secondary sexual function.     

Comparative study on the responses of maxillary sensilla styloconica of cotton bollwormHelicoverpa armigera and Oriental tobacco budwormH. assulta larvae to phytochemicals

Using the electro-physiological technique, the sensory mechanisms of maxillary sensilla styloconica to stimulants and deterrents were explored on two closely related species, the generalist Helicoverpa armigera and the specialist H. assulta. The results showed that: (i) in both species, cells sensitive to sucrose and azadirachtin were mainly in the lateral sensillum styloconicum, and those to inositol were in the medial sensillum styloconicum; (ii) sensitivity of medial sensillum styloconicum in H. assulta to inositol was higher than that in H. armigera; (iii) among 6 tested deterrents, only azadirachtin evoked high impulse discharge from the lateral sensillum styloconicum in both insects; (iv) the deterrents could disturb stimulants evoking impulse discharge from maxillary sensilla styloconica of both species in different degrees: To sucrose evoking impulses on lateral sensillum styloconicum, for H. armigera capsaicin had a strong inhibition and gossypol had a weak inhibition, while for H. assulta tann     

Genetic differentiation of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and H. assulta (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) based on AFLP markers

Abstract Here we use amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to assess genetic differentiation of Helicoverpa armigera and H. assulta . The results indicated that both species-specific fingerprints and cluster analysis showed the ability of AFLP technique to discriminate the two sibling species; among a total 1963 AFLP markers amplified from nine primer combinations: 777 (39.6%) were H. armigera -specific, 602 (30.7%) were H. assulta -specific, and 584 (29.7%) were common bands. The mean number of H. armigera -specific bands was significantly more than that of H. assulta -specific bands for nine primer combinations ( P < 0.05); the intraspecific distance of H. armigera and H. assulta was 0.123 0 and 0.110 7 respectively, and the interspecific distance was 0.178 3. In addition, the percentage of polymorphic loci and estimated average heterozygosity were used to estimate genetic diversity of the two species. This study therefore demonstrates that AFLP analysis is a sensitive and reliable technique to study genetic differentiation and genetic relationships between species and provides sufficient molecular markers for future linkage map construction, location and eventual cloning of genes involved in traits differentiation.     

表皮碳氢化合物分析用于棉铃虫与烟青虫幼虫分类鉴别

本文利用ＧＣ－ＭＳ技术分析了棉铃虫与烟青虫幼虫的表皮碳氢化合物,并与亚洲玉米螟幼虫表皮碳氢化合物进行了比较。结果表明,棉铃虫与烟青虫幼虫表皮碳氢化合物的组分与含量均有显著差异,与玉米螟相比,这二者之间的差异明显小于它们与玉米螟的差异,其表现与三者之间自然的系统发育关系相一致。     

棉铃虫和烟青虫性信息素腺体脂肪醇和乙酸酯转化的比较研究

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera和烟青虫H. assulta属于可同域发生的近缘种昆虫,通过产生比例相反的两种性信息素化合物——顺9-十六碳烯醛和顺11-十六碳烯醛维持种间生殖隔离。本研究应用外源不饱和脂肪醇及乙酸酯在棉铃虫和烟青虫性信息素腺体进行在体转化,利用气相色谱法分析转化产物,从酶学角度探讨了上述两近缘种昆虫性信息素腺体组分差异的形成原因。实验结果表明,两种昆虫信息素腺体表皮伯醇氧化酶对外源顺9-十六碳烯醇、顺11-十六碳烯醇和反10-十六碳烯醇无催化专一性,说明末端氧化过程对于醛类性信息素组分特定比例的形成不起作用。棉铃虫性信息素腺体组织具有较高的乙酸酯酶活性,可水解外源乙酸酯,但烟青虫性信息素腺体乙酸酯酶活性很低。这些发现对于进一步了解两种昆虫的生殖隔离机制有重要参考价值。     

Effects of gamma radiation on different developmental stages of the oriental tobacco budworm,Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Ionizing radiation is increasingly used as an alternative to post‐harvest crop fumigation by methyl bromide. We studied the effects of gamma irradiation on Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at different stages of development to determine the minimal dose for the prevention of normal emergence of adults. We selected five doses of gamma rays (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 Gy) based on preliminary experiments and irradiated eggs, larvae, pupae and adults. A dose of 100 Gy to eggs allowed 21.83% of larvae to pupate, but these all died during the pupal stage. A dose of 100 Gy to last‐instar larvae caused larval or pupal death, or the emergence of abnormal adults; no normal adults developed. Irradiation of pupae with doses of 300 Gy and above resulted either in their death or emergence of abnormal adults; however, after 100 or 200 Gy, normal adults emerged and F₁ eggs were produced, but no eggs hatched. Following irradiation of adults, eggs were produced at all doses, although the numbers were significantly decreased compared to untreated controls (P < 0.05; 69.45–125.50 vs. 475.05 eggs per female); however, none of the eggs hatched. As prevention of normal emergence is a key outcome for measuring the effectiveness of radiation, then the 100 Gy dose was effective for irradiation of eggs and larvae, and 300 Gy for pupae.     

飞行过程中棉铃虫对温度的主动选择

为了探讨温度对迁飞性昆虫空中群体聚集成层等行为的作用机制,在室内利用自行设计的连续温度梯度发生装置对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera在飞行过程中的温度选择行为进行了研究.结果表明：在存在明显温差的连续温度梯度中,所有棉铃虫飞行个体均对温度具有显著的选择行为.棉铃虫试虫群体表现出对空间最优飞行温度共同的主动选择,选择的温度范围是20~22℃之间;在这一温度范围内棉铃虫的振翅频率最高,持续振翅时间最长.对不同温度梯度条件下各温度区间内试虫的飞行时间进行定量比较发现,在16~22℃温度梯度场中的棉铃虫群体对最适温度的选择比在19~30℃的温度梯度场中的群体更显著,表明在温度较低的迁飞季节中温度对迁飞棉铃虫空中虫群聚集成层的影响要比在高温季节更明显.持续飞行时间对棉铃虫振翅频率的影响明显,表明昆虫迁飞高度与昆虫自身能量的消耗存在联系.