Objectively Measured Residential Environment and Self-Reported Health: A Multilevel Analysis of UK Census Data

Little is known about the association between health and the quality of the residential environment. What is known is often based on subjective assessments of the environment rather than on measurements by independent observers. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine the association between self-reported general health and an objectively assessed measure of the residential environment. We studied over 30,000 residents aged 18 or over living in 777 neighbourhoods in south Wales. Built environment quality was measured by independent observers using a validated tool, the Residential Environment Assessment Tool (REAT), at unit postcode level. UK Census data on each resident, which included responses to a question which assessed self-reported general health, was linked to the REAT score. The Census data also contained detailed information on socio-economic and demographic characteristics of all respondents and was also linked to the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation. After adjusting for both the individual characteristics and area deprivation, respondents in the areas of poorest neighbourhood quality were more likely to report poor health compared to those living in areas of highest quality (OR 1.36, 95% confidence interval 1.22–1.49). The particular neighbourhood characteristics associated with poor health were physical incivilities and measures of how well the residents maintained their properties. Measures of green space were not associated with self-reported health. This is the first full population study to examine such associations and the results demonstrate the importance for health of the quality of the neighbourhood area in which people live and particularly the way in which residents behave towards their own and their neighbours’ property. A better understanding of causal pathways that allows the development of interventions to improve neighbourhood quality would offer significant potential health gains.     

Associations between Green Space and Health in English Cities: An Ecological,Cross-Sectional Study

Green space has been identified as a modifiable feature of the urban environment and associations with physiological and psychological health have been reported at the local level. This study aims to assess whether these associations between health and green space are transferable to a larger scale, with English cities as the unit of analysis. We used an ecological, cross-sectional study design. We classified satellite-based land cover data to quantify green space coverage for the 50 largest cities in England. We assessed associations between city green space coverage with risk of death from all causes, cardiovascular disease, lung cancer and suicide between 2002 and 2009 using Poisson regression with random effect. After adjustment for age, income deprivation and air pollution, we found that at the city level the risk of death from all causes and a priori selected causes, for men and women, did not significantly differ between the greenest and least green cities. These findings suggest that the local health effects of urban green space observed at the neighbourhood level in some studies do not transfer to the city level. Further work is needed to establish how urban residents interact with local green space, in order to ascertain the most relevant measures of green space.     

Interactive and Independent Associations between the Socioeconomic and Objective Built Environment on the Neighbourhood Level and Individual Health: A Systematic Review of Multilevel Studies

Background

The research question how contextual factors of neighbourhood environments influence individual health has gained increasing attention in public health research. Both socioeconomic neighbourhood characteristics and factors of the built environment play an important role for health and health-related behaviours. However, their reciprocal relationships have not been systematically reviewed so far. This systematic review aims to identify studies applying a multilevel modelling approach which consider both neighbourhood socioeconomic position (SEP) and factors of the objective built environment simultaneously in order to disentangle their independent and interactive effects on individual health.

Methods

The three databases PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were systematically searched with terms for title and abstract screening. Grey literature was not included. Observational studies from USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Western European countries were considered which analysed simultaneously factors of neighbourhood SEP and the objective built environment with a multilevel modelling approach. Adjustment for individual SEP was a further inclusion criterion.

Results

Thirty-three studies were included in qualitative synthesis. Twenty-two studies showed an independent association between characteristics of neighbourhood SEP or the built environment and individual health outcomes or health-related behaviours. Twenty-one studies found cross-level or within-level interactions either between neighbourhood SEP and the built environment, or between neighbourhood SEP or the built environment and individual characteristics, such as sex, individual SEP or ethnicity. Due to the large variation of study design and heterogeneous reporting of results the identification of consistent findings was problematic and made quantitative analysis not possible.

Conclusions

There is a need for studies considering multiple neighbourhood dimensions and applying multilevel modelling in order to clarify their causal relationship towards individual health. Especially, more studies using comparable characteristics of neighbourhood SEP and the objective built environment and analysing interactive effects are necessary to disentangle health impacts and identify vulnerable neighbourhoods and population groups.     

城市绿地与居民健康福祉相关性研究进展——基于生态系统服务供需匹配视角

城市绿地耦合了生态系统服务与人类福祉,兼顾公平与效率的城市绿地空间格局,是提升人居环境和改善民生的重要途径。在厘清相关概念内涵的基础上,基于Citespace软件对城市绿地生态系统服务与健康福祉及其相近概念进行关键词共现图谱与聚类分析,可以发现：研究集聚性强、各集群下研究领域重叠度高,研究尺度逐渐精细化,城市绿地与建成环境、休闲性体力活动与健康空间分异成为近几年研究热点。从供给侧：城市绿地绿地生态系统服务类型以及其估与测度方法,需求侧：居民健康福祉需求测度方法及时空表达,供需匹配：城市绿地生态系统服务供需匹配方法与空间公平,提升与调控：城市绿地时空结构优化与高效服务4个方面系统地综述了绿地生态系统服务与居民健康相关性研究,并指出目前城市绿地生态系统服务供需研究在研究内容、研究逻辑、研究方法及研究结果等方面还需进一步深化与提升。未来研究应重点关注城市绿地生态系统服务空间特征关系与居民健康需求层级的供需匹配程度,通过耦合新数据环境下精细化、规范性居民健康时空行为空间研究,总结供需平衡状态下多维度城市绿地高效服务的空间形态、功能结构与要素组织,并将其应用到城市绿地空间格局研究与绿地系统规划实践中,拓展人居环境优化提质的理论与方法。     

斑块面积对城市绿地降温效应的影响研究进展

在气候变化和快速城市化的双重影响下,全球城市面临日益加剧的热岛效应。绿地能够有效改善城市热环境。城市土地资源紧缺,优化绿地布局,使有限面积的绿地发挥更大的降温效果具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。其中,如何设置绿地斑块大小则是优化绿地布局的首要考虑因素之一。从斑块和景观的尺度总结了现有绿地斑块大小对其降温效应影响的研究进展,结果表明：1）在斑块尺度,随着绿地斑块面积增加,绿地的降温效应相应增加,但增加的趋势为非线性变化,表现为温度随绿地斑块面积的增加先下降,后趋于平稳,表明可能存在降温效率（单位面积绿地降温能力）最强的斑块大小;2）在景观尺度,绿地斑块大小在空间上的配置对热环境的影响研究结果存在差异,尚无一致性定论。基于已有研究,本文指出了现有绿地斑块大小对其降温效应影响研究中的问题与不足：1）主要关注绿地斑块大小与温度的统计关系,缺乏对其具体影响过程和内在机制的深入探讨;2）更多关注地表温度,而对与人体舒适度和健康直接相关的其他热环境指标的研究较少;3）研究中缺少对城市中数量巨大,分布最广的小型绿地斑块的考量。未来的研究应加强从遮阴和蒸腾等降温过程深入解析绿地斑块大小对热环境影响的内在机理机制,从降温效率的角度,探讨是否存在最优的斑块大小,并进一步探讨绿地周围建筑环境对绿地斑块大小与其降温效应关系的影响,为优化城市绿地分布,改善城市热环境提供科学依据。     

Changes in Health between Ages 54 and 65: The Role of Job Characteristics and Socioeconomic Status

We model the relationships between socioeconomic status (SES), the conditions of paid employment, and changes between ages 54 and 65 in a variety of health outcomes: self-reported overall health, musculoskeletal health, and depression. To what extent is SES associated with changes in these health outcomes net of the conditions of paid employment? At the same time, to what extent are the conditions of paid employment independently associated with these outcomes net of SES? To address these questions we use unique data collected from a single cohort of men and women to model changes in these health outcomes between ages 54 and 65. Although results vary across outcomes, it is clear that there are some circumstances in which associations between SES and changes in health can be (at least partly) attributed to working conditions, and that there are other circumstances in which associations between working conditions and changes in health can be (at least partly) attributed to SES. We conclude that the largely disconnected literatures on health disparities (in the social sciences and public health) and job design (in occupational stress and ergonomics) could and should be fruitfully connected.     

Change in Self-Reported Health Status among Immigrants in the United States: Associations with Measures of Acculturation

Although acculturation may have positive effects for immigrants, including better socioeconomic profiles and increased occupational opportunities, their health profiles deteriorate with longer duration in the U.S. Prior research indicates that increasing acculturation is associated with some poorer health outcomes among immigrants in the U.S. However, most of these studies have used length of stay or English language proficiency as proxies for acculturation, and have mainly examined self-reported “current” health outcomes. This study advances knowledge on associations between acculturation and health among immigrants by explicitly examining self-reported “change” in health since immigration, in relation to acculturation-related variables. We use data from the New Immigrant Survey (NIS; 2003-2004), a cross-sectional study of legal immigrants to the U.S. In addition to testing more conventionally examined proxies of acculturation (length of stay and English proficiency), we also examine English language use and self-reported change in diet. Multivariable logistic regression analyses on 5,982 participants generally supported previous literature indicating a deleterious impact of acculturation, with increasing duration of stay and greater self-reported change in diet being associated with a poorer change in health since moving to the U.S. Although English language proficiency and use were associated with greater odds of reporting a worse change in health when examined individually, they were non-significant in multivariable models including all acculturation measures. Findings from this study suggest that when taking into account multiple measures of acculturation, language may not necessarily indicate unhealthy assimilation and dietary change may be a pathway leading to declines in immigrant health. Increasing duration in the U.S. may also reflect the adoption of unhealthy behaviors, as well as greater exposure to harmful sources of psychosocial stress including racial and anti-immigrant discrimination. Our study suggests that multiple indicators of acculturation may be useful in examining the effect of acculturation on changes in health among immigrants.     

Focus: The Science of Stress: Can Maternal Prenatal Self-Reported and Physiological Distress Predict Postnatal Caregiving Practices?

Maternal prenatal distress is associated with child outcomes, including health, neurocognitive, and socio-emotional development. Knowledge on underlying mechanisms is limited, yet relevant for prevention and intervention. This study investigated whether maternal prenatal distress predicts specific caregiving practices that are known for their effects on child outcomes. Caregiving practices studied were maternal caregiving quality and the initiation and course of breastfeeding and room-sharing. We hypothesized that more maternal prenatal distress would be associated with altered caregiving practices. Participants were 174 healthy mother-child dyads. During the 37^th week of pregnancy maternal self-reported distress was assessed using questionnaires, and physiological stress by collecting saliva cortisol. Maternal caregiving quality was observed in postnatal week 5 during infant bathing. Weekly diaries on breastfeeding and daily diaries on room-sharing were completed during the first 6 postnatal months. In a regression analysis, no associations between maternal prenatal distress and caregiving quality were found. Multilevel analyses indicated that maternal prenatal evening cortisol was positively related to the initiation of breastfeeding and room-sharing. Replications are warranted, but these results suggest that breastfeeding and room-sharing initiation may be part of a mechanism underlying links between maternal prenatal physiological stress and child outcomes. As other prenatal cortisol markers and self-reported distress were not found to be related to the caregiving practices, it is likely that alternative mechanisms (co-)exist in explaining links between maternal prenatal distress and child outcomes. Future replication research including child outcomes and (other) potential mechanisms will inform prevention and intervention programs fostering healthy pregnancies and child development.     

Association of Neighbourhood and Individual Social Capital,Neighbourhood Economic Deprivation and Self-Rated Health in South Africa – a Multi-Level Analysis

Introduction

Social capital is said to influence health, mostly in research undertaken in high income countries'' settings. Because social capital may differ from one setting to another, it is suggested that its measurement be context specific. We examine the association of individual and neighbourhood level social capital, and neighbourhood deprivation to self-rated health using a multi-level analysis.

Methods

Data are taken from the 2008 South Africa National Income Dynamic Survey. Health was self-reported on a scale from 1 (excellent) to 5 (poor). Two measures of social capital were used: individual, measured by two variables denoting trust and civic participation; and neighbourhood social capital, denoting support, association, behaviour and safety in a community.

Results

Compared to males, females were less likely to report good health (Odds Ratio 0.82: Confidence Interval 0.73, 0.91). There were variations in association of individual social capital and self-rated health among the provinces. In Western Cape (1.37: 0.98, 1.91) and North West (1.39: 1.13, 1.71), trust was positively associated with reporting good health, while the reverse was true in Limpopo (0.56: 0.38, 0.84) and Free State (0.70: 0.48, 1.02). In Western Cape (0.60: 0.44, 0.82) and Mpumalanga (0.72: 0.55, 0.94), neighbourhood social capital was negatively associated with reporting good health. In North West (1.59: 1.27, 1.99) and Gauteng (1.90: 1.21, 2.97), increased neighbourhood social capital was positively associated with reporting good health.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated the importance of considering contextual factors when analysing the relationship between social capital and health. Analysis by province showed variations in the way in which social capital affected health in different contexts. Further studies should be undertaken to understand the mechanisms through which social capital impacts on health in South Africa.     

De impact van het wijkgerichte werken voor de toeleiding naar zorg van oudere migranten

This article studies how older migrants gain access to care through neighbourhood-based forms of working. In the Netherlands, the neighbourhood is increasingly viewed as an ideal place to organize care and social services, close to citizens. To this end, municipalities are developing neighbourhood structures and facilities in which local providers cooperate. In our qualitative research we studied the developments in crafting practices relevant to access to care of older migrants in the city of Nijmegen, the Netherlands. In Nijmegen the new neighbourhood structures are only partly successful in helping older migrants gain access to care. Older migrants visit neighbourhood facilities not for the services these facilities provide, but because of the presence of care professionals who speak the same language, or share the same cultural background as do these older migrants. These caregivers are able to bridge the mental distance between the health care system and the lifeworld of older migrants. Relations also arise outside the neighbourhood structures, for instance at culture-specific day care facilities. To prevent too great a claim on professionals with a migration background, agreements between the city of Nijmegen and local providers to enhance cultural sensitivity should be better monitored.     

The scaling of green space coverage in European cities

Most people on the planet live in dense aggregations, and policy directives emphasize green areas within cities to ameliorate some of the problems of urban living. Benefits of urban green spaces range from physical and psychological health to social cohesion, ecosystem service provision and biodiversity conservation. Green space coverage differs enormously among cities, yet little is known about the correlates or geography of this variation. This is important because urbanization is accelerating and the consequences for green space are unclear. Here, we use standardized major axis regression to explore the relationships between urban green space coverage, city area and population size across 386 European cities. We show that green space coverage increases more rapidly than city area, yet declines only weakly as human population density increases. Thus, green space provision within a city is primarily related to city area rather than the number of inhabitants that it serves, or a simple space-filling effect. Thus, compact cities (small size and high density) show very low per capita green space allocation. However, at high levels of urbanicity, the green space network is robust to further city compaction. As cities grow, interactions between people and nature depend increasingly on landscape quality outside formal green space networks, such as street plantings, or the size, composition and management of backyards and gardens.     

Adolescents' Utilisation of Psychiatric Care,Neighbourhoods and Neighbourhood Socioeconomic Deprivation: A Multilevel Analysis

Mental health problems among adolescents have become a major public health issue, and it is therefore important to increase knowledge on the contextual determinants of adolescent mental health. One such determinant is the socioeconomic structure of the neighbourhood. The present study has two central objectives, (i) to examine if neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation is associated to individual variations in utilisation of psychiatric care in a Swedish context, and (ii) to investigate if neighbourhood boundaries are a valid construct for identifying contexts that influence individual variations in psychiatric care utilization. Data were obtained from the Longitudinal Multilevel Analysis in Scania (LOMAS) database. The study population consists of all boys and girls aged 13–18 years (N=18,417), who were living in the city of Malmö, Sweden, in 2005. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was applied to estimate the probability of psychiatric care utilisation. The results from the study indicate that the neighbourhood of residence had little influence on psychiatric care utilisation. Although we initially found a variation between neighbourhoods, this general contextual effect was very small (i.e. 1.6 %). The initial conclusive association between the neighbourhood level of disadvantage and psychiatric care utilisation (specific contextual effect) disappeared following adjustment for individual and family level variables. Our results suggest the neighbourhoods in Malmö (at least measured in terms of SAMS-areas), do not provide accurate information for discriminating adolescents utilisation of psychiatric care. The SAMS-areas appears to be an inappropriate construct of the social environment that influences adolescent utilisation of psychiatric care. Therefore, public health interventions should be directed to the whole city rather than to specific neighbourhoods. However, since geographical, social or cultural contexts may be important for our understanding of adolescent mental health further research is needed to identify such contexts.     

健康视角下绿色开放空间设计影响体力活动的要素研究

中国快速城市化带来一系列公共健康问题,体力活动为建立绿色开放空间与健康之间的联系提供了一条研究路径。在公共卫生、医学等学科的相关文献基础上,对绿色开放空间影响体力活动的要素进行了系统鉴别和梳理,旨在为绿色开放空间的健康干预性研究提供依据。文章从空间、场所和感知3个层面梳理了6个影响体力活动的要素,对每个要素的内容、指标、影响体力活动的类型等进行了归类,最终建立了绿色开放空间体力活动要素的初步指标框架,并基于此总结了相应的设计启示和未来研究趋势。     

Does Urban Sprawl Impact on Self-Rated Health and Psychological Distress? A Multilevel Study from Sydney, Australia

Mental health can be influenced by a number of neighbourhood physical and social environmental characteristics. We aimed to determine whether urban sprawl (based on population density) in Sydney, Australia, is associated with self-rated health and psychological distress. We used a cross-sectional multilevel study design. Individual level data on self-rated health and psychological distress were obtained from the 2006 and 2007 NSW Population Health Survey. We did not find significant associations between urban sprawl and self-rated health and psychological distress after controlling for individual and area level covariates. However, positive neighbourhood factors were generally associated with better self-rated health and lower psychological distress but few of these associations were statistically significant.     

Associations of religious and existential variables with psychosocial factors and biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in bereavement

Bereavement increases in prevalence as people age and is associated with multiple psychological and health risks, including cardiovascular risk. Religious and existential variables may play an important role in the health impacts of bereavement. Theorized pathways linking religious and existential variables with health have suggested these associations are due to intermediary psychosocial variables, but have not been tested in bereavement. This research empirically tested these pathways in a bereaved population. In N = 73 adults within 1 year of bereavement (mean age = 64.36), this study examined associations between (1) religious and existential characteristics (religious and spiritual struggles, intrinsic religiosity, and existential quest) and intermediary psychosocial variables (depression, loneliness, and difficulties in emotion regulation), and between (2) intermediary psychosocial variables and bereavement-relevant health outcomes (self-reported health, change in health since last year, grief severity, and cardiovascular biomarkers). Cardiovascular biomarkers (heart rate, heart rate variability, and blood pressure) were collected before, during, and after a laboratory grief recall emotion elicitation. Anticipated associations between self-reported religious and existential characteristics and intermediary variables, and between intermediary variables and self-reported bereavement-relevant outcomes, were consistently observed. However, associations between intermediary variables and cardiovascular biomarkers were largely unobserved. This study examined the role of religious and existential variables in whole-person health after bereavement and is among the first to include biomarkers of cardiovascular risk. Results suggest that although religious and existential variables are associated with important bereavement-related outcomes, these associations may be “skin-deep,” and extensions to cardiovascular functioning should be re-examined.     

绿地滞尘效应和机理评估进展

绿地滞尘是指大气颗粒物在植物表面的干沉降过程,植物个体特征、绿地结构及环境因素均会对绿地滞尘效应产生影响,模型模拟、实地监测和风洞试验是评估绿地滞尘效应的3种主要方法。现有研究基本上是采用上述方法,从绿地滞尘量或绿地对大气质量的改善作用两方面对城市绿地滞尘效应进行评估,然而评估方法相对单一,影响因素纷繁复杂,评估结果难有定论。为了避免评估方法的滥用和误用,加深对机理的理解,使绿地滞尘研究更好的服务于城市绿地建设,对绿地滞尘效应评估的研究状况进行梳理至关重要。通过仔细分析相关研究的原理及方法发现,绿地滞尘研究多集中在较大尺度上对绿地滞尘量的评估,研究方法虽然一直在更新,且不同方法相互结合已成为趋势,但仍然缺乏大的革新,难以取得较大突破;未来,应加强中小尺度绿地滞尘的研究,深入探讨绿地滞尘机理,在研究方法上寻求创新与突破。     

基于电子导航地图POI的北京城区绿色空间服务半径分析

近年来,电子导航地图中的兴趣点（Point of Interest,POI）在城市地理与城市生态研究方面越来越受到重视。城市绿色空间对其居民的生产生活服务作用十分重要,城市绿地系统的配置是否科学对城市生态系统服务供需情况有着重要影响。利用北京城区五环以内的POI数据,采用核函数模拟出城市居民生产生活在空间分布上强弱程度的热力图,对该区域绿色空间实体不同半径服务区内的热力特征进行耦合分析。研究表明：北京市五环以内绿色空间实体500、750 m和1000 m典型服务半径的覆盖面分别占总面积的77.99%、91.55%和97.46%,从服务供给角度表现出空间分布格局相对均匀;但在绿色空间500 m服务半径内,仅覆盖了POI热力图中极高密度区中51.19%的地区,高密度区中54.78%的地区,中密度区中66.21%的区域,从服务需求角度表现出绿色空间分布格局明显不均衡。研究认为城市绿色空间在POI热度较高区域的主要商圈、人流密集区域匹配明显不足,需要通过增加绿地或疏解POI集中程度来缓解绿色空间供需矛盾。     

Public Parks and Wellbeing in Urban Areas of the United States

Sustainable development efforts in urban areas often focus on understanding and managing factors that influence all aspects of health and wellbeing. Research has shown that public parks and green space provide a variety of physical, psychological, and social benefits to urban residents, but few studies have examined the influence of parks on comprehensive measures of subjective wellbeing at the city level. Using 2014 data from 44 U.S. cities, we evaluated the relationship between urban park quantity, quality, and accessibility and aggregate self-reported scores on the Gallup-Healthways Wellbeing Index (WBI), which considers five different domains of wellbeing (e.g., physical, community, social, financial, and purpose). In addition to park-related variables, our best-fitting OLS regression models selected using an information theory approach controlled for a variety of other typical geographic and socio-demographic correlates of wellbeing. Park quantity (measured as the percentage of city area covered by public parks) was among the strongest predictors of overall wellbeing, and the strength of this relationship appeared to be driven by parks’ contributions to physical and community wellbeing. Park quality (measured as per capita spending on parks) and accessibility (measured as the overall percentage of a city’s population within ½ mile of parks) were also positively associated with wellbeing, though these relationships were not significant. Results suggest that expansive park networks are linked to multiple aspects of health and wellbeing in cities and positively impact urban quality of life.     

供需平衡视角下的城市公园绿地空间公平性分析——以深圳市福田区为例

城市公园绿地是城市重要的生态功能景观,其空间分布的合理性对生态环境的改善及人们的日常生活质量都有一定影响.在城市基础设施配置供需平衡理念的背景下,本文基于城市公园绿地空间公平性评价的理论框架,采用一种基于重力模型的评价方法,以公园绿地的服务能力和各居住区人口数目分别度量供给能力和需求水平.以深圳市福田区为研究区,使用GIS网络分析技术和层次分析法,并在评价中考虑“边界效应”,从居住区的视角对深圳市福田区不同等级的公园绿地分布的空间公平性进行定量评价,进而提出了公园绿地空间配置的优化建议.结果表明: 福田区公园绿地总体公平性较差,其中,社区公园的公平性最差,区域性公园次之,郊野生态公园在部分区域公平性较好;综合各类公园的公平性评价结果,福田区约50%的区域可达到供需平衡,其他区域则均供给不足;福田区的公园绿地系统规划要从绿化率、空间配置及道路交通系统等方面进行改善,重点关注小尺度的公园配置数目,满足社区内的居民日常游憩需求.“边界效应”会对公平性评价结果造成一定影响,位于研究区边缘的居住区可以享受到居住区外的公园绿地服务,同时边界外的居住区也会共享区域内的绿地资源.     

城市绿地对居民身心福祉的影响

城市绿地是人工与自然耦合的城市景观之一,是改善居民居住环境重要组成部分,更是提高居民身心健康的有效途径。以杭州主城区为研究对象,通过GIS技术对城市绿地遥感图像进行解译得到杭州主城区绿地空间布局图,同时,以人口密度为阻力要素,基于交通路网的500m网络距离可达范围内绿地数量和面积作为分类标准。通过对45个高、中、低不同档次的居民区进行问卷调查得到665份居民感知数据并进行统计整理。利用结构方程模型进行以绿地数量及游玩时间为标准的组间分析,区别不同组别的差异及其原因,分析城市绿地数量、面积,居民认知、动机,绿地吸引力等与居民身心健康福祉及满意度之间的关系。结果显示:城市绿地数量、居民游玩绿地次数时间等与居民福祉有显著的正向关系;居民对绿地作用的认知、去往绿地的动机进一步影响居民身心健康福祉;城市绿地的自身引力会激发居民去往绿地的积极性,从而增加去往绿地频次。另外,不同社会属性的个体对绿地需求不同,所产生的福祉效应及满意度也会有所差异。从增加居民区周围的街头绿地及邻里公园数量、提升绿地吸引力、提升居民对城市绿地作用的认知3个方面对城市绿地今后的发展规划提出建议。