核开关结构、机制及应用新进展

核开关(riboswitch)是Breaker等在2002年发现的一种全新的转录后调节机制．它可以通过小分子与mRNA结合来直接调控基因的表达,不需要任何蛋白质的参与．与常见的经由蛋白质的调控方式相比,riboswitch响应更迅速,对细胞内代谢物的变化更敏感．它的发现为RNA研究展示了新的领域． 目前在这个领域,既有基础研究,如riboswitch晶体结构解析、作用机制和动力学研究,又有前沿应用研究,如基于riboswitch的生物传感器和药物设计．Topp等通过设计riboswitch成功地改变了大肠杆菌的趋化性,这为合成生物学和人工生物网络的设计提供了新思路．目前对于riboswitch结构、机制及动力学的研究为基于riboswitch的合理药物设计奠定了基础,有望针对这一新的机制开发新一代抗菌药物．     

一个用于黄单胞菌核开关筛选鉴定的GUS报告载体的构建

核开关(riboswitch)是存在于信使RNA(messenger RNA, mRNA)分子的5′非翻译区(5′-untranslated region, 5′UTR)的一段具有调控功能的RNA片段,它通过与特定的代谢物分子直接结合来调控所在mRNA自身的表达。核开关广泛存在于细菌中,在调控细菌的基础代谢以及致病等生理过程中发挥非常重要的作用。尽管目前在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)等模式细菌中已经鉴定了许多核开关,然而,至今在重要的植物病原细菌黄单胞菌属(Xanthomonas)细菌中只鉴定了1个核开关。为了实现在全基因组水平上对黄单胞菌的核开关进行高通量筛选鉴定,本研究设计和构建了1个β-葡萄糖苷酸酶(β-glucuronidase, GUS)报告载体pL3-SD⁺gusA。该载体既适用于在黄单胞菌属细菌中对候选的核开关进行验证,也可以通过构建基因组DNA表达文库而实现对黄单胞菌核开关的高通量筛选鉴定。     

核糖开关及其在抗菌药物方面的研究进展

核糖开关是一类与核酸、氨基酸、金属离子、糖类衍生物以及辅酶等特异性配体结合的RNA元件,它与配体结合后通过调控相应下游的基因表达起到控制细胞生命及活动的作用。目前核糖开关是基因调控方面的研究热点,应用于大量筛选工程菌株、构建新型生物传感器以及作为抗菌药作用的新靶点。综述了几种主要的核糖开关(如:嘌呤核糖开关、赖氨酸核糖开关、环二鸟苷酸核糖开关、glm S核糖开关、TPP核糖开关、FMN核糖开关等)在抗菌药物靶点方面的研究进展。     

拟南芥EBP1蛋白与RNA相互作用的初步研究

基因表达调控是现代分子生物学研究的热点话题,随着研究手段的不断成熟,其RNA转录后调控已成为备受关注的领域。RNA结合蛋白(RBPs)是转录后调控的关键因子,参与RNA可变剪切、RNA稳定、翻译等多个过程的调控。ErbB3绑定蛋白(EBP1)是结构功能高度保守的RNA结合蛋白,可与rRNA、tRNA、mRNA等多种RNA结合,参与调控核糖体生物生成、蛋白质翻译多个过程,但目前已报道的靶RNA甚少,对靶RNA的作用机制目前仍不清楚。通过生物信息学分析发现拟南芥EBP1结合RNA的保守结构域,并在体外可直接结合"GUCUCUCACUGCGACGGCUU"序列;通过RNA免疫共沉淀实验找到了3个靶mRNA(AT1G24792、AT3G25211、AT3G24320);结合核糖体提取及虫草素处理实验发现EBP1可显著调控特定靶mRNA的稳定性及其翻译速率。研究结果不仅证实拟南芥EBP1具有结合RNA的功能,还显示其参与调控靶RNA的转录后事件,为进一步研究EBP1在转录后调控的生物学机制奠定基础。     

circRNA在病毒感染及相关疾病诊断中的研究进展

环状RNA(circular RNA,circRNA)是一种新型非编码RNA,由mRNA在转录后加工过程中反向剪接形成。不同于线性RNA,circRNA是以共价键连接形成的闭合环状结构,缺少5?末端帽子和3?末端poly(A)尾巴结构。circRNA可作为miRNA(microRNA)的分子海绵,也可在细胞发生过程中发挥多种功能。此外,circRNA在机体免疫调控过程中也扮演了重要角色,参与了多种疾病的发生发展,因此对circRNA的深入探索可为治疗人类疾病提供重要的理论依据。该文就circRNA的生物合成、分类和功能作综述,重点讨论circRNA对病毒感染的调控机制以及circRNA作为病毒检测标记物和药物靶点的研究进展,从而为病毒性疾病的诊断提供新的参考依据和方向。     

RNA结合蛋白Sam68及其功能

细胞通过基因表达调控来应对外界刺激,其中影响mRNA稳定性及翻译效率的转录后调控发挥重要作用。RNA结合蛋白(RNA binding proteins, RBPs)是介导转录后调控的重要分子,Sam68（SRC associated in mitosis of 68 kD）是集信号转导特性与RNA激活功能于一身的RNA结合蛋白,参与转录、可变剪接及核输出等mRNA 的代谢过程,且Sam68可通过信号通路参与细胞应答、细胞周期调控和疾病发生等。最新研究表明,Sam68可通过非编码RNAs(noncoding RNA, ncRNAs)参与表观遗传、转录与转录后调控。本文在介绍Sam68结构和转录后修饰的基础上,着重讨论Sam68在信号转导、可变剪接、ncRNAs代谢、疾病发生等方面的最新研究进展。     

染色质结构与mRNA可变剪接

mRNA的可变剪接(alternative splicing)是一种由一个mRNA前体(pre-mRNA)通过不同的剪接方式产生多个mRNA变异体(variants)的RNA加工过程。在过去很长一段时间里,人们认为mRNA剪接过程是独立于转录过程的一个转录后RNA加工过程。然而,越来越多的实验证明mRNA剪接在很大程度上是与转录偶联发生的。因此,剪接调控会受到与转录相关因素的调控。本文将对染色质与mRNA剪接调控的相关性和染色质结构调控可变剪接的分子机制进行阐述。     

细菌RNA聚合酶亚单位研究进展

细菌的转录过程是一个由多种分子共同调控的复杂过程,其中RNA聚合酶(RNA polymerase,RNAP)是催化转录合成RNA的重要酶.作为RNAP中一个独立的亚单位,σ因子(sigma factor)在转录起始过程中起着至关重要的作用.最近的研究表明σ因子参与了转录起始的各个过程,包括启动子的定位、启动子的解链、起始RNA合成、脱离启动子等过程.由于其在细菌转录过程中的重要作用,σ因子正在成为抗菌药物研究的新靶点.本文对σ因子的结构、分类、功能以及以它为中心的调控网络的研究进行综述.     

甲基化寡聚核苷酸作为靶基因抑制剂的研究进展

反义RNA对靶基因的抑制作用近来越来越受到人们的重视,这是因为反义RNA能在分子水平上有效地抑制有害的靶基因表达,为发展新一代治疗药物提供了可靠的理论基础。当反义RNA和靶mRNA的起始编码区(initiation coding region)互补结合或和一个靶mRNA前体的拼接区(splicing junction)互补结合形成三螺旋结构(triple stranded complexes),则这个mRNA的翻译或mRNA前体的拼接加工将被抑制,最后阻断这些靶基因正常表达。故反义RNA既可作为遗传分析的强有力的工具又可促进发展新一代基因型治疗试剂。因此,     

P小体的研究进展

P小体(processing bodies)即mRNA处理小体,它是一种富含了多种功能相关蛋白以及RNA的胞浆集合体(cytoplasmic foci)。研究表明这种胞浆结构与mRNA的降解过程以及RNA干扰介导的转录后基因沉默效应有关,另外,它还参与了细胞增殖和细胞周期以及宿主的抗病毒感染能力的调控。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.