正常大鼠肠道菌群及细菌易位的变化

用SD大鼠检测正常肠道肠球菌、肠杆菌、双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌和类杆菌的细菌易位的变化,采用多指标测试的实验方法以进行分析。通过上述指标检测,为大鼠有关肠道菌群和细菌易位提供一些参考数据.     

复合益生素对严重烧伤大鼠肠道细菌和内毒素易位的影响

目的 :探讨复合益生素 (BBR)对严重烧伤大鼠肠道细菌和内毒素易位的影响。方法 :选用健康Wistar大鼠 70只 ,体重 180～ 2 2 0 g,雌雄各半 ,随机分为 BBR治疗组、烧伤对照组 (BC)和正常对照组(NC) ,建立 30 % °烫伤肠源性感染模型 ,伤后 1、3、5 d分批活杀取材 ,检测细菌和内毒素易位率。结果 :伤后 3d BBR组和 BC组肠道细菌易位率分别为 10 %和 33% ;血浆内毒素 BC组明显高于 NC组 (P<0 .0 1) ,而 BBR组与 NC组则差异无显著性 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,BBR组血浆内毒素明显低于 BC组 (P<0 .0 1)。结论 :30 % °烫伤大鼠口服 BBR后明显降低了肠道细菌和内毒素的易位 ,表明其对肠道屏障功能有保护作用。     

青霉素促使烫伤SPF大鼠肠道细菌易位的研究

本文描述了在控制微生物实验动物实验室中,口服青霉素的SPF大鼠(n=10),25％Ⅲ°烫伤后出现的肠道细菌易位。该组大鼠盲肠和结肠中的乳酸杆菌数量显著下降(约1,000倍),而肠杆菌数量明显上升(约100倍以上),其MLN中的细菌易位发生率为9/10,肝、脾、肾、肺和血流的发生率为1/10。口服青霉素组大鼠(n=5)的MLN细菌易位发生率为2/5,其它器官细菌培养阴性。空白组(n=6)和烫伤组(n=6)大鼠均未出现肠道细菌易位。这些结果说明:抗生素促使了烫伤SpF大鼠肠道细菌的易位。据病理形态学的观察,讨论了肠道细菌易位发生的机理和易位的途径。     

烧伤后大鼠肠道菌群的改变及其易位

本文报告了25％烧伤后注射免疫抑制剂(地寨米松磷酸钠)大鼠7种肠道细菌的定量、内脏及血液的细菌培养和肠壁的病理形态学改变。单纯烧伤组(B组)和单纯注射免疫抑制剂组(Ⅰ组)动物肠壁的病理改变较轻,肠道菌群改变不明显,其肠道细菌易位率也很低。烧伤后注射免疫抑制剂的动物(BⅠ组)肠壁病变严重,肠道菌群改变明显。其中,肠杆菌在回肠、盲肠,结肠内容物中的菌量均明显升高;回肠内容物中拟杆菌的菌量明显减少;该组动物肠道细菌易位率也明显增高,达60％。此外,BⅠ组、Ⅰ组部分动物发生了由棒状杆菌及由棒状扦菌和肠杆菌混合引起的内源性感染。根据不同肠段肠壁病变严重程度、菌群变化的部位以及不同部位肠管生理功能的不同,我们推测,回肠以上肠段是肠道细菌易位的主要部位。     

肠黏膜损伤和细菌易位对豚鼠胆色素结石形成的影响

目的探讨胆色素结石形成过程中细菌的可能来源。方法在饮食诱导的豚鼠胆色素结石模型中,用光镜和电镜观察肠黏膜上皮的病理变化;检测血清内毒素水平;PCR方法检测腹腔淋巴结细菌DNA。结果致石组豚鼠肠黏膜上皮有不同程度的损伤;血清内毒素水平和腹腔淋巴结细菌DNA阳性率明显高于对照组。结论肠黏膜上皮损伤及细菌易位是胆色素结石形成的因素之一。     

肝硬化患者无菌腹水中真菌DNA的检测及易位研究

目的检测和分析肝硬化患者无菌腹水中真菌DNA存在状况。方法选取118例无菌腹水的肝硬化患者为研究对象,分别采集患者刚入院时的腹水、血液和粪便标本。应用PCR技术直接检测标本的真菌DNA并克隆测序。并收集患者临床资料,对患者临床症状及检验结果进行分析比较。结果1名患者的腹水、血液、粪便中同时检测到真菌DNA,14名患者的腹水和粪便中同时检测到真菌DNA,3名患者的血液和粪便中同时检测到真菌DNA,大部分序列间的相似性高于99％。测序检测到最多的菌种为Candidaalbicans。结论肝硬化患者无菌腹水中能够检测到真菌DNA,并且提示在肝硬化患者腹水和血清中检测到的真菌DNA易位于肠道。     

马齿苋多糖对肠道微生态失调小鼠血内毒素含量及肝脏细菌易位的影响

目的探讨马齿苋多糖对肠道微生态失调小鼠血内毒素含量及肝脏细菌易位的影响。方法应用盐酸林可霉素灌胃建立肠道微生态失调小鼠模型,然后用马齿苋多糖进行治疗,同时设正常对照组、阳性对照组和阴性对照组,于给药7 d后处死小鼠,进行血内毒素含量测定及细菌易位检测。结果盐酸林可霉素灌胃3 d后,小鼠肠道菌群失调、血内毒素含量增加、肝脏有肠杆菌易位。用马齿笕多糖治疗7 d后,血内毒素含量降低、肝脏肠杆菌数量减少。结论马齿笕多糖对肠道微生态失调小鼠血内毒素含量及肝脏细菌易位具有调整作用。     

急性出血坏死性胰腺炎早期细菌易位规律及生长抑素的头孢噻 …

目的；探讨急性出血坏死性胰腺炎细菌易位规律及生长抑素与头孢噻甲羧肟对其的影响。方法：应用去氧胆酸钠逆行胰管注射致大鼠ＡＨＮＰ模型。１，将ＳＤ大鼠随机分为模型组和对照组，１２及２４小时后采样。二，将ＳＤ大鼠模型随机分为；生理盐水治疗组，Ｓｔｉｌａｍｉｎ治疗组，Ｃｅｆｔａｚｉｄｉｍｅ治疗组，对照组同上。     

神经降压素对失血-感染大鼠肠道细菌易位的实验研究

目的：探讨神经降压素（Neurotensin,NT)对肠道细菌易位（Bacterialtranslocation,BT)的影响。方法：80只Wistar大鼠随机分成假手术组,单纯失血组,单纯感染组,失血－感染组及NT1,NT2,NT37个组,NT组均先制成失血－感染模型。然后分别用NT,10μg/kg,NT3 90μg/kg皮下注射,3h后取各组肝,肠系膜淋巴结（mesenteric Lymph node,MLN)制成匀浆进行细菌培养,抽门静脉血测定血内毒素水平,7组均取未段回肠1cm进行光镜和电镜检查。结果：除NT1外,失血－感染组BT率,组织细菌低;病理结构显示：NT1,NT2,NT3组肠粘膜受损伤较单纯失血,单纯感染,失血感染组均轻,有统计学差异。结论：NT能加速损肠粘膜修复,增强小肠粘膜屏障功能,阻止细菌易位,NT作用呈剂量依赖关系。     

中度嗜盐细菌Halomonas sp.BYS-1甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因的克隆和表达

Halomonas sp.BYS-1是一株能矿化苯乙酸的中度嗜盐细菌,该菌能在0～20％NaCl的条件下生长。甜菜碱是其主要渗透保护剂,通过在培养基中添加甜菜碱合成前体(胆碱、甘氨酸)的方法发现它能以胆碱为前体合成甜菜碱。通过PCR的方法克隆了甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因(betB),测序后在大肠杆菌中进行了高效表达,表达产物占菌体总蛋白的31．5％,酶活为38．5U／mg,为构建耐盐的转基因植物提供了材料。     

Alleviation of dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver injury and fibrosis by betaine supplementation in rats

Previous studies suggested that betaine intake might antagonize the induction of oxidative stress-mediated acute liver injury through regulation of the sulfur-amino acid metabolism. In this study we examined the protective effects of betaine on chronic liver injury and fibrosis induced by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN). Male rats were supplemented with betaine (1%, w/v) in drinking water from 2 weeks prior to the initiation of DMN treatment (10 mg/(kg day), i.p., 3 days/week, for 1, 2, or 4 weeks) until sacrifice. Induction of liver injury was determined by quantifying serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase activities, bilirubin levels, hepatic xenobiotic-metabolizing capacity, histopathological changes and 4-hydroxyproline levels. Development of oxidative injury was estimated by malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) of liver and serum toward hydroxyl, peroxyl radicals, and peroxynitrite. Progressive changes in the parameters of liver injury and fibrosis were evident in the rats challenged with DMN. Elevation of MDA levels in liver was significant before the onset of a change in any parameters determined in this study. Betaine supplementation markedly attenuated the induction of hepatotoxicity and fibrosis by DMN. Elevation of MDA and the reduction of TOSC were also depressed significantly. Development of liver injury corresponded well with the induction of oxidative stress in rats treated with DMN, both of which are inhibited effectively by betaine supplementation. It is suggested that betaine may protect liver from fibrogenesis by maintaining the cellular antioxidant capacity.     

肝硬化患者肠球菌感染及体外药敏监测

目的研究肝硬化患者肠球菌感染的现状及药敏特点,以加强对肝硬化肠球菌感染的认识,指导用药。方法留取标本进行细菌培养、鉴定及药敏试验。结果所有纳入研究范围的肝硬化患者共检出肠球菌112株,其中粪肠球菌89株,占79.5%,比例最高,屎肠球菌占14.3%,居第2位。腹水中检出肠球菌64株,占57.1%,其次为痰和尿液,分别为38.1%和14.4%。肠球菌对红霉素、奈替米星的耐药率超过80%,对青霉素G、氨苄西林、呋喃妥因的敏感率超过70%,对左氧氟沙星的敏感率为58.9%,对头孢唑啉、头孢派酮的敏感率分别只有25.0%和33.0%,检出高耐氨基糖苷类肠球菌(HLAR)58株,占51.8%,未检出耐万古霉素和替考拉宁肠球菌,但检出万古霉素中介肠球菌4株,占3.6%。结论肠球菌是肝硬化患者医院感染的重要致病菌,尤以粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌为主,屎肠球菌的耐药率高于粪肠球菌,万古霉素和替考拉宁是治疗肠球菌感染的首选药物。     

华支睾吸虫感染对大鼠肠道菌群移位和内毒素血症的影响

目的 研究肠道细菌移位在华支睾吸虫病致病机制中的作用。方法 建立华支睾吸虫感染大鼠模型。分别在造模后48 h（后尾蚴期）、18 d（童虫期）和35 d（成虫期）,取肝、肺、淋巴结和血液组织,采用平板培养法进行细菌移位的检测;采用鲎三肽基质染色定量法检测血浆内毒素含量。结果 感染18 d后,实验组肠道细菌移位率开始增高,至感染35 d时,细菌移位率为70%,明显高于对照组的10%,差异有统计学意义（P=0.023＜0.05）;感染鼠以童虫期、成虫期细菌移位现象明显,总移位率为65%,与对照组10%比较,差异有统计学意义（u=3.59,P＜0.01）,且在肝、肺、淋巴结和血液组织中,移位发生率分别为60%、15%、25%和10%,以肝脏部位最高;造模后18 d血浆内毒素水平明显增高,造模后35 d血浆LPS水平略有下降,但仍明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（t=7.612,P＜0.01）。结论 华支睾吸虫感染可引发宿主肠道菌群移位,以肝组织多发,从而参与致病机制。     

乳果糖联合培菲康预防肝硬化自发性细菌性腹膜炎的疗效观察

目的 探讨乳果糖联合培菲康预防肝硬化自发性细菌性腹膜炎(SBP)的疗效.方法 选择肝硬化失代偿期患者186例,随机分为乳果糖与培菲康联合治疗组和常规抗生素治疗组各93例,住院期间同时予以护肝利尿及对症支持治疗,用药3个月进行观察,并采集腹水样本,采用ELISA方法进行TNF-α和IL-6的检测.结果 肝硬化患者应用乳果糖与培菲康联合治疗组SBP发生率为12.9％,而常规抗生素治疗组SBP发生率为21.5％,二者间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).SBP发生患者腹水TNF-α的水平为(1650±126) pg/mL,而未发生SBP为(1312±289) pg/mL,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).SBP发生患者腹水IL-6的水平为(2566±138) pg/mL,而未发生SBP患者中为(924±251) pg/mL,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 肝硬化患者应用乳果糖联合培菲康可显著降低SBP的发生率.腹水TNF-α和IL-6的水平可监测肝硬化患者SBP的发生.     

小型猪肝硬化模型肝脏病理及生化指标的变化

目的探讨小型猪肝硬化模型制备过程中肝脏病理学及生化指标的变化。方法选用同种系巴马小型猪50头,随机分为实验组40头,对照组10头,雌雄不限,4月龄,体重15-20kg。实验组予四氯化碳复合因素造模法喂养,正常组予饲料及清水喂养。于造模的0、4、8、12、16、20、24周末进行肝脏穿刺活检及耳缘静脉抽血进行数据采集,对比分析肝纤维化一肝硬化制模过程中的肝脏病理学及生化指标的变化。结果24周末,对照组获得数据S0期70例次;实验组获得数据轻度肝纤维化（S1＋S2期）82例次,重度肝纤维化（S3＋S4期）62例次,肝硬化共39例次。从正常组到肝硬化组丙氨酸转氨酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶、总胆红素、血清肌酐及球蛋白呈逐渐升高的趋势,而白蛋白,A／G比值呈逐渐下降的趋势,凝血酶原时间则逐渐延长,统计学分析,组间存在明显差异（P〈0．01）。结论四氯化碳复合因素造模法可以成功制备出小型猪肝硬化模型,肝纤维化不同阶段肝脏病理学和生化指标均发生明显变化。     

Effect of Olea oleaster and Juniperus procera leaves extracts on thioacetamide induced hepatic cirrhosis in male albino mice

The effect of Olea oleaster and Juniperus procera leaves extracts and their combination on thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatic cirrhosis were investigated in male albino mice. One hundred sixty mice were used in this study and were randomly distributed into eight groups of 20 each. Mice of group 1 served as controls. Mice of group 2 were treated with TAA. Mice of group 3 were exposed to TAA and supplemented with O. oleaster leaves extracts. Mice of group 4 were treated with TAA and supplemented with J. procera leaves extracts. Mice of group 5 were subjected to TAA and supplemented with O. oleaster and J. procera leaves extracts. Mice of groups 6, 7 and 8 were supplemented with O. oleaster, J. procera, and O. oleaster and J. procera leaves extracts respectively. Administration of TAA for six and twelve weeks resulted in a decline in body weight gain and increased the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin. Histopathological evaluations of hepatic sections from mice treated with TAA showed severe alterations including increase of fibrogenesis processes with structural damage. Treatment of mice with these extracts showed a pronounced attenuation in TAA induced hepatic cirrhosis associated with physiological and histopathological alterations. Finally, this study suggests that the supplementation of these extracts may act as antioxidant agents and could be an excellent adjuvant support in the therapy of hepatic cirrhosis.     

Chemoprotective effect of omega-3 fatty acids on thioacetamide induced hepatic fibrosis in male rats

The current study was designed to investigate the possible protective effect of omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil on hepatic fibrosis induced by thioacetamide (TAA) in male rats. The experimental animals were divided into four groups. The first group was received saline solution and served as control. The second group was given 250 mg/kg body weight of TAA. The third group was treated with omega-3 fatty acids and TAA. The fourth group was given saline solution and supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids. Treatment of rats with TAA for three and six weeks resulted in a significant decrease in body weight gain, while the value of liver/body weight ratio was statistically increased. Furthermore, the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase and total bilirubin were significantly increased. After three weeks of exposure to only TAA, liver sections showed an abnormal morphology characterized by noticeable fibrosis with the extracellular matrix collagen contents and damage of liver cells’ structure. Liver sections from rats treated with only TAA for six weeks revealed an obvious increase in extracellular matrix collagen content and bridging fibrosis. Treating TAA-intoxicated rats with omega-3 fatty acids significantly attenuated the severe physiological and histopathological changes. Finally, the present investigation suggests that omega-3 fatty acids could act against hepatic fibrosis induced by TAA due to its antioxidant properties, thus supporting its use in hepatic fibrosis therapy.     

慢性乙肝肝硬化患者肝性脑病不同分级与肝脏储备功能的相关性

回顾性研究分析慢性乙肝肝硬化并发不同分级的肝性脑病（HE）患者的临床特点,探究影响HE患者预后的因素。

将380例HE患者根据临床症状进行分级,分为1～4级。分析各级HE患者的性别、年龄、实验室检查情况、终末期肝病模型（MELD）、谷草转氨酶与血小板计数比值（APRI）及白蛋白与总胆红素比值（ALBI）。采用Spearman相关性分析轻、重型HE的影响因素,并使用多因素Logistic回归法分析HE预后的影响因素,最后选用ROC曲线来评估各种独立变量对HE预后的预测价值。

1～4级HE患者组间性别、年龄差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）,而血氨、MELD、APRI和ALB差异均有统计学差异（均P＜0.05）。轻、重型HE患者中性粒细胞计数和淋巴细胞计数的比值（NLR）、血氨、总胆红素（TBil）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、MELD、APRI及ALBI差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。相关性分析显示,NLR、PLR、血氨、TBIL、ALT、AST及TNF-α是重型HE的独立影响因素。血氨及MELD评分与肝脏储备功能的相关性最高。NLR、血氨、TBil、TNF-α、高MELD评分及合并电解质紊乱均为HE预后的独立影响因素。ROC曲线分析显示,NLR的曲线下面积最大,其灵敏度最高、特异度也最大。

MELD、APRI和ALBI可用来评估不同分级HE患者的肝脏储备功能。在轻、重型HE中,血氨及MELD评分影响最大。在评估预后影响因素中,NLR水平可作为HE患者预后不良的危险因素。

     

四君子汤对免疫抑制小鼠肝脏细菌易位的影响

目的观察四君子汤对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能及肝脏细菌易位的影响,探讨神经-内分泌-代谢-微生态-免疫网络之间的关系。方法应用氢化可的松制备小鼠免疫功能抑制模型,造成肝脏细菌易位;观察四君子汤对小鼠吞噬细胞功能的影响和细菌易位的控制,同时设自然恢复组和正常对照组进行比较。结果氢化可的松灌喂3d后,小鼠吞噬细胞的吞噬功能明显下降,肝脏出现大量细菌易位;经四君子汤治疗6h后,小鼠吞噬细胞吞噬功能显著提高。肝脏细菌易位明显减少。结论四君子汤能有效地控制免疫抑制小鼠肝脏细菌易位。