安他布斯对戊巴比妥、氯丙嗪及对硝基苯甲酸生物转化的影响

在給予小鼠安他布斯(120毫克/公斤,口服)2小时后,戊巴比妥鈉睡眠时間显著延长,同时肝糖元含量下降;24小时后作用消失。由于本药能延緩戊巴比妥鈉自小鼠体內消失而不改变維持动物睡眠所必須的最低催眠药水平,可見安他布斯这种“延长”效应是因为抑制了催眠药的生物轉化,而并非通过中樞协同机制。安他布斯并不改变小鼠戊巴比妥鈉的ED_(50)及二乙基巴比妥(一个在体內不經轉化的催眠药)睡眠时間,也支持这个論断。大鼠体外肝切片試驗表明,当安他布斯濃度为6.6×10~(-5)M时即抑制戊巴比妥鈉轉化的50％。安他布斯对药酶的抑制作用属于竞爭性,谷胱甘肽、半胱氨酸及維生素C不能对抗此作用。安他布斯对氯丙嗪的氧化影响不大,对对硝基苯甲酸的还原无抑制作用。     

二苯基丙基乙酸β-二乙基氨基乙酯对戊巴比妥钠体內轉化的双相影响

已知二苯基丙基乙酸β-二乙基氨基乙酯(SKF 525A)为肝微粒体药物轉化酶的抑制剂。我們以戊巴此妥鈉睡眠时間为指标,发現SKF 525A的作用是双相的。小鼠注射一剂SKF 525A(40—80毫克/公斤)后0—12小时为莉酶受抑制期,表現为戊巴比妥鈉睡眠时間明显延长;但注射后48小时,小鼠戊巴比妥鈉睡眠时間不仅不延长,反而縮短。SKF 525A的双相效应在雌雄小鼠均能看到。小鼠及大鼠經連續多次注射SKF 525A后48小时,同样也出現第二相效应。下述进一步的实驗表明第二相效应是由于肝脏药物轉化酶活性加強的結果:(1)48小时前接受过一剂SKF 525A的小鼠,戊巴比妥鈉自体內消失的速率此正常动物者明显加快。(2)不論48小时前是否接受过SKF 525A,小鼠戊巴比妥鈉睡眠刚醒时,体內催眠药含量无显著差別。(3)48小时前曾經注射SKF 525A的大鼠肝切片轉化戊巴比妥鈉的速率比正常动物肝切片者快。(4)48小时前注射SKF525A并不改变二乙基巴比妥鈉(一个在体內不經轉化的莉物)引起的小鼠睡眠时間及其自体內消失的速度。 給小鼠(或大鼠)注射相当剂量的SKF 525A后12—24小时,肝脏(及尿)中的維生素C含量比对照动物者显著增加。但在給药后48小时,此作用即已消失。可見SKF525A对动物体內維生素C合成的促进作用出現在对肝脏莉物轉化酶的刺激作用之前。     

外源性铜对SD鼠脑内铜稳态与γ-氨基丁酸、谷氨酸含量影响的实验研究

目的：探讨脑内铜稳态与γ-氨基丁酸、谷氨酸含量之间的关联性,了解脑内铜代谢参与神经疾病的作用机制.方法：把实验动物分为8组：对照组,戊巴比妥组,腹腔注射CuCl2组（剂量分别为2 mg/kg、10 mg/kg、50 mg/kg）,CuCl2-戊巴比妥混合组（先腹腔注射CuCl2,再注射戊巴比妥）.检测SD鼠血清和海马内不同形态铜、γ-氨基丁酸和谷氨酸含量.结果：单一铜胁迫下发现随着外源铜升高血清和海马总铜及血清非蛋白结合铜和海马内谷氨酸含量显著升高,在50 mg/kg注射剂量下达到最高（P＜0.02）;海马非蛋白结合铜和神经递质γ-氨基丁酸含量在2 mg/kg注射剂量下达到最高（P＜0.02）,并随着外源铜浓度升高而降低.单一注射戊巴比妥后海马游离铜含量明显降低（P＜0.02）.铜胁迫1小时后注射1％戊巴比妥结果表明,戊巴比妥能明显降低铜胁迫下海马及血清总铜和游离铜含量（P＜0.05）.结论：外源铜能改变体内铜稳态;铜稳态失衡导致神经递质γ-氨基丁酸、谷氨酸含量变化,γ-氨基丁酸含量与非蛋白结合铜呈正相关.     

一些药物对条件刺激引起的大鼠垂体前叶促肾皮素分泌的影响

大鼠經80次“恐惧”条件反射訓练后,当被放入条件反射箱內或給予鈴声条件刺激, 腎上腺內抗坏血酸含量均明显降低,降低的程度与电刺激(60伏特)所引起者几乎相等。而未經过“恐惧”条件反射訓练的大鼠,于接受同样鈴声刺激后,腎上腺抗坏血酸含量并不降低。 預先注射皮质激素、氯丙嗪、利血平、嗎啡或戊巴比妥鈉等药物,对上述大鼠条件刺激引起的ACTH分泌有不同程度的抑制作用。氯丙嗪、利血平及嗎啡并能显著地抑制大鼠对环境的躲避条件反射。皮质酮和戊巴比妥鈉則无这种作用。文章內討論了上述5种药物抑制垂体分泌ACTH的作用机制。     

鸡前、后背阔肌去神经后对辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)的胞纳作用

本文报道了用辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)作为大分子标记物,以组织化学和生物化学方法观察了鸡前后背阔肌在去神经后的胞纳现象。结果表明,在去神经后发生肥大的前背阔肌和去神经后发生萎缩的后背阔肌同样都出现胞纳的明显增加。组织化学所观察的结果表明,浸泡在含 HRP 的任氏液中的有完整神经支配的前、后背阔肌只有极少数的肌纤维摄取 HRP,而在去神经的前、后背阔肌中则有不少的肌纤维内部出现 HRP 染色反应。这种反应在有的纤维表现为弥散性染色,有的表现为浓的 HRP 反应颗粒。生物化学的结果显示,去神经后的前、后背阔肌中 HRP 的相对含量分别比有神经支配的对照肌肉明显地增多54%和87%,我们在鸡前背阔肌用组织化学和生物化学所得的实验结果与 Thesleff 等人提出的关于肌肉萎缩机制的假设显然不符。本工作证实了肌肉的胞纳作用的增加并不一定最终导致肌纤维的变性和萎缩。     

运动性内源自由基对大鼠肝线粒体的影响

采用大鼠耗竭游泳作为动物运动模型,用戊巴比妥酸(TBA)法测定脂质过氧化水平,薄层色谱—定磷法测定心磷脂含量,细胞色素C还原法测定细胞色素C氧化酶活性。结果如下:耗竭运动时,肝线粒体脂质过氧化水平升高24％;心磷脂含量下降21％;细胞色素C氧化酶活性下降25％。上述结果表明:耗竭运动时,机体内源自由基的产生是运动损伤和整体疲劳的原因之一。     

針刺狗“足三里”对組織胺引起的胃液分泌的影响

本工作系以6只不同慢性胃手术狗(巴氏小胃、胃瘘、海氏小胃)为实验对象,連续注射组织胺于皮下,在引起恆定胃液分泌的背景下,观察针刺“足三里”或非穴位点,疼痛刺激,戊巴比妥纳麻醉后针刺“足三里”等情况对胃液分泌的影响,结果表明: (1) 针刺“足三里”可使各种不同慢性胃手术狗的组织胺胃液分泌量和胃蛋白酶增多,胃酸(游离酸和总酸)则无明显变化。针刺非穴位对胃液分泌量、酶和酸度均无显著影响。 (2) 强烈针刺狗前腿皮肤使产生防御反射,使组织胺胃液分泌受到显著抑制,可见足三里对胃液分泌的促进作用具有一定的特异性。 (3) 用戊巴比妥纳麻醉动物后,则上述针刺“足三里”的效应消失,而且此时由组织胺所引起的持续性胃液分泌水平较不麻醉时低。故推测针刺“足三里”的效应可能与神经系统有关。     

受照射动物对戊巴比妥鈉的反应

小鼠照射500伦琴X线后,在照射后初期对戊巴比妥纳的反应无明显改变,但在病熾期則反应显著加強,及到恢复期反应又渐恢复正常。在放射病病熾期,戊巴比妥鈉在小鼠体内的消失减慢,肝切片对其生物转化速度也相应减慢。若給小鼠注射戊巴比妥鈉入睡后,待其刚醒时,测定体内药物含量,則照射组明显低于对照組。当家兔照射1000伦琴γ线后的病熾期,給予照前仅引起正常兔脑电图轻度抑制的戊巴比妥鈉的剂量时,可使脑电图卽口刻呈现深度抑制状态。由这些結果看来,受照射机体对戊巴比妥鈉反应性增加的原因,一为受照射机体对該葯的转化能力减低,一为在放射病病熾期,动物的中枢神经系统处于抑制占优势状态。因而对戊巴比妥作用的敏感性增強。     

猪创伤皮肤缺损修复实验中的麻醉研究

目的探索一种适合猪创伤皮肤缺损修复实验的麻醉方法。方法实验分两部分,一是创伤皮肤缺损和修复动物模型制作手术中的麻醉,将14只仔猪随机分为3组,分别采用气管插管呼吸机辅助呼吸氯胺酮、安定、芬太尼复合麻醉、氯胺酮肌注加水合氯醛静滴麻醉、氯胺酮加戊巴比妥钠腹腔注射麻醉。二是换药中的麻醉,将64次麻醉分为3组,分别采用单纯氯胺酮麻醉、单纯戊巴比妥钠腹腔、氯胺酮加戊巴比妥组肌注。观察显效时间、维持时间、呼吸频率、心跳频牢、麻醉效果。结果皮肤创伤缺损和修复动物模型制作手术中,3组麻醉比较结果显示气管插管呼吸机辅助呼吸氯胺酮、安定、芬太尼复合麻醉显效时间快,维持时间可以控制,麻醉效果最好,安全可靠。在换药的麻醉中,氯胺酮加戊巴比显组肌注显效时间比较快,麻醉时间较短,效果好,动物容易苏醒。结论创伤皮肤缺损和修复动物模型制作手术中,采用气管插管呼吸机辅助呼吸氯胺酮、安定、芬太尼复合麻醉是有效安全的麻醉方法;在换药的麻醉中,氯胺酮加戊巴比妥组肌注是较好的麻醉方法。     

HRP法对异种神经移植后再生纤维恢复的形态学研究

目的用辣根过氧化酶(HRP)逆行追踪技术探讨异种神经移植后神经纤维的再生.方法将多次冻融处理后的兔胫神经移植于大鼠坐骨神经,术后第2、4、6、8和10周,将HRP注人大鼠坐骨神经吻合部远侧端.结果移植术后第4周起在L4～5脊神经节见到HRP标记细胞,从第6周在腰段脊髓前角内见到标记细胞,其数量随术后存活期延长而增多.术后4周在移植神经内见少量再生神经纤维,6周后再生神经纤维穿过异种移植神经进入大鼠坐骨神经远侧端.结论自移植术后4周起,移植神经内已有再生纤维并部分恢复了轴浆流,证实了用HRP法可反映移植后神经纤维的再生情况.     

Topographical representation of the jaw muscles within the trigeminal motor nucleus. An HRP study in the mallard, Anas platyrhynchos

The location of the trigeminal motoneurons of the jaw muscles has been determined in the brainstem of the mallard utilizing retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Injections with HRP into the jaw muscles or application of HRP to the mandibular nerve showed that the trigeminal motor nucleus can be subdivided into five subnuclei, mV1-mV5. Three functional groups of jaw muscles are represented in separate subnuclei. The most lateral subnucleus mV2 innervates all but one adductor muscles, the intermediate mV1 innervates the pterygoid muscles + one adductor and the medial mV4 the two protractor muscles. The most ventral subnucleus mV3 contains the neurons innervating two extrinsic tongue muscles as well as some perikarya of adductor muscles. Subnucleus mV5 lies dorsomedial to mV4 and contains the motoneurons of the depressor muscle of the lower eye lid. Elements of the proprioceptive system, viz. presumptive gamma-neurons and mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus cells, could also be visualized. The topological and functional aspects of the subdivision of the motor nucleus are discussed.     

肌肉注射人神经生长因子基因逆轴突传递修复神经损伤的研究进展

神经生长因子(NGF)促进中枢及外周神经系统神经元细胞存活、分化、轴突再生等重要作用已得到临床的广泛证实。目前临床上主要以局部或肌肉注射NGF蛋白的方式对神经系统的损伤进行治疗。但NGF半衰期短、局部应用副作用大、费用昂贵、难以透过血脑屏障等缺点而限制临床应用。长期以来,科研工作者致力于寻求一种理想的途径或方法以克服这一缺陷。随着基因工程技术的飞速发展,研究人员发现通过骨骼肌肌肉注射途径,以非病毒载体介导外源的NGF基因体内表达并逆轴突传递到神经损伤部位,有望解决这一难题。本文将就NGF及受体的基本结构和特性、逆轴突传递的机制、非病毒载体结合骨骼肌肌肉注射的基因治疗等方面进行总结和阐述。     

End-structure of afferent axons injured in the peripheral and central nervous system

The end-structure of afferent axons chronically severed in the rat sciatic nerve or dorsal column (DC) was visualized by centrifugal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to HRP (WGA:HRP) injected into the L4 or L5 dorsal root ganglion. Nerve regeneration was prevented and neuroma formation encouraged by tightly ligating the cut nerve end. For the first few weeks postoperative, the time during which afferents trapped in a nerve-end neuroma generate their most intense ectopic impulse barrage, the developing neuroma was dominated by swollen terminal end-bulbs. There was some axonal dying-back, retrograde fiber growth, and terminal sprouting, but little preterminal branching. The rich tangle of fine preterminal branches usually thought of in relation to nerve-end neuromas did not elaborate until several months postoperative, a time when the neuroma is relatively quiescent electrically. Afferents cut in the DC, which never develop dramatic ectopic electrical activity, showed morphological peculiarities similar to nerve-end neuromas during the early postoperative period, including retrograde fiber growth and minimal sprouting. They did not, however, go on to form luxuriant branches. These data provide preliminary clues as to the structure of the ectopic impulse-generating mechanism thought to underlie paresthesias and pain associated with peripheral nerve injury.     

Cells of origin of the branches of the facial nerve: a retrograde HRP study in the rabbit

The origin of different branches of the facial nerve in the rabbit was determined by using retrograde transport of HRP. Either the proximal stump of specific nerves was exposed to HRP after transection, or an injection of the tracer was made into particular muscles innervated by a branch of the facial nerve. A clear somatotopic pattern was observed. Those branches which innervate the rostral facial musculature arise from cells located in the lateral and intermediate portions of the nuclear complex. Orbital musculature is supplied by neurons in the dorsal portion of the complex, with the more rostral orbital muscles receiving input from more laterally located cells while the caudal orbital region receives innervation from more medial regions of the dorsal facial nucleus. The rostral portion of the ear also receives innervation from cells located in the dorsomedial part of the nucleus, but the caudal aspect of the ear is supplied exclusively by cells located in medial regions. The cervical platysma, the platysma of the lower jaw, and the deep muscles (i.e., digastric and stylohyoid) receive input from cells topographically arranged in the middle and ventral portions of the nuclear complex. It is proposed that the topographic relationship between the facial nucleus and branches of the facial nerve reflects the embryological derivation of the facial muscles. Those muscles that develop from the embryonic sphincter colli profundus layer are innervated by lateral and dorsomedial portions of the nuclear complex. The muscles derived from the embryonic platysma layer, including the deep musculature, receive their input from mid to ventral regions of the nuclear complex.     

End-Structure of Afferent Axons Injured in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System

The end-structure of afferent axons chronically severed in the rat sciatic nerve or dorsal column (DC) was visualized by centrifugal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to HRP (WGA:HRP) injected into the L₄ or L₅ dorsal root ganglion. Nerve regeneration was prevented and neuroma formation encouraged by tightly ligating the cut nerve end. For the first few weeks postoperative, the time during which afferents trapped in a nerve-end neuroma generate their most intense ectopic impulse barrage, the developing neuroma was dominated by swollen terminal end-bulbs. There was some axonal dying-back, retrograde fiber growth, and terminal sprouting, but little preterminal branching. The rich tangle of fine preterminal branches usually thought of in relation to nerve-end neuromas did not elaborate until several months postoperative, a time when the neuroma is relatively quiescent electrically. Afferents cut in the DC, which never develop dramatic ectopic electrical activity, showed morphological peculiarities similar to nerve-end neuromas during the early postoperative period, including retrograde fiber growth and minimal sprouting. They did not, however, go on to form luxuriant branches. These data provide preliminary clues as to the structure of the ectopic impulse-generating mechanism thought to underlie paresthesias and pain associated with peripheral nerve injury.     

NGF receptor-mediated reduction in axonal NGF uptake and retrograde transport following sciatic nerve injury and during regeneration.

Injury to the rat sciatic nerve leads to the induction of nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors on the denervated Schwann cells and their disappearance on the regenerating axons of the axotomized, normally NGF-sensitive sensory and sympathetic neurons. This disappearance in the axonal expression and retrograde transport of NGF receptors is associated with a similarly dramatic reduction in the axonal uptake and retrograde transport of NGF following axotomy and during regeneration. In view of the massive NGF synthesis occurring in the injured nerve, these results suggest that, while sensory and sympathetic neurons are the primary targets of NGF in the normal peripheral nervous system, the denervated Schwann cells may become its primary target in the aftermath of nerve injury.     

Retrograde Axonal Transport of Locally Synthesized Phosphoinositides in the Rat Sciatic Nerve

Although autoradiography has demonstrated local incorporation of [3H]inositol into axonal phospholipids after intraneural injection, retrograde axonal transport of phosphatidylinositol has only been demonstrated after injection of lipid precursor into the cell body regions (L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia) of the sciatic nerve. We now report the retrograde axonal transport of inositol phospholipids synthesized locally in the axons. Following microinjection of myo-[3H]inositol into the rat sciatic nerve (50-55 mm distal to L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia), a time-dependent accumulation of 3H label occurred in the dorsal root ganglia ipsilateral to the injection site. The ratio of dpm present in the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia to that in the contralateral dorsal root ganglia was not significantly different from unity between 2 and 8 h following isotope injection but increased to 10-12-fold between 24 and 72 h following precursor injection. By 24 h following precursor injection, the ipsilateral/contralateral ratio of the water-soluble label in the dorsal root ganglia still remained approximately 1.0, whereas the corresponding ratio in the chloroform/methanol-soluble fraction was approximately 20. The time course of appearance of labeled lipids in the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia after injection of precursor into the nerve at various distances from the dorsal root ganglia indicated a transport rate of at least 5 mm/h. Accumulation of label in the dorsal root ganglia could be prevented by intraneural injection of colchicine or ligation of the sciatic nerve between the dorsal root ganglia and the isotope injection site. These results demonstrate that inositol phospholipids synthesized locally in the sciatic nerve are retrogradely transported back to the nerve cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglia.     

大鼠下橄榄复合体至小脑旁绒球和绒球的投射：HRP逆行追踪的研究

应用辣根过氧化物酶（ＨＲＰ）做逆行标记,以四甲基联苯胺（ＴＭＢ）,为呈色剂,对成年大鼠下橄榄复合体到小脑分级球和线球的纤维投射进行了详细的研究。结果显示旁线球和线球接受对侧下橄榄复合体的纤维投射。其中,绒球只接受背帽（ＤＣ）和内侧副橄榄核（ＭＡＯ）嘴段的投射;旁绒球接受ＭＡＯ、橄榄主核（ＰＯ）及少量腹外延伸（ＶＬＯ）的投射。但是,未观察到由下橄榄复合体的背侧副橄榄核（ＤＡＯ）到旁绒球或绒球的投射。此外,对大鼠橄榄旁绒球和橄榄绒球投射的带型以及下橄榄与绒球和旁线球的功能做了相关的讨论。     

刺猬的皮肌及其神经支配

刺猬的皮肤,包括皮肤肌和皮下脂肪,是一个质量很大的器官,平均占体重43形,最多可达57％以上。刺猬的皮肌,如果不是动物界中最发达的,也是非常发达的,尤其环状皮肌带约占体重11％(赵以炳等1958)。在功能上,刺猬的皮肌是重要的生理性体温调节器官,背面带针刺的部分有保温御寒作用,腹部有散热机能(赵以炳等1950a)。清醒的刺猬当遇到强敌或其它干扰时,常蜷缩成带剌的球。不活动的冬眠刺猬也取同样姿势,以防侵害。可以说,蜷缩是一种主动的保护性行为,这种强烈的蜷缩主要是由于环状皮肌带持续有力的收缩。尤其令人惊奇的是冬眠时的蜷缩,这是在一般生理活动明显降低的     

Calcium Requirement for Fast Axonal Transport in Frog Motoneurons

Abstract: Calcium is required to sustain fast axonal transport in sensory neurons of frog and cat. We studied the Ca²⁺ dependence of fast axonal transport in the motoneurons of the lower spinal cord from frog. The accumulation of acetylcholinesterase at a crush on the ventral roots was used to follow axonal transport. Two types of experiments were performed: modification of the medium bathing the ventral roots, alone, and modification of the medium bathing the spinal cord and ventral roots. Incubation (17-18 h) of the ventral roots in Ca²⁺-free medium markedly inhibited acetylcholinesterase transport, a finding that demonstrates a Ca²⁺ requirement for fast axonal transport in motoneurons; when 4 m M MgCl₂ was added to the Ca²⁺-free medium, transport was also greatly reduced. During incubation of the ventral roots in normal medium supplemented with 0.18 m M CoCl₂ transport proceeded normally; but when the Co²⁺ concentration was raised to 1.8 m M , transport was diminished as drastically as in the Ca²⁺-free medium. Incubation of the spinal cord and ventral roots in medium containing 0.18 m M CoCl₂ did not reduce the accumulation of acetylcholinesterase at the crush. Similarly, accumulation of acetylcholinesterase at a crush on the dorsal root was not significantly reduced by exposure of the dorsal root ganglion and root to 0.18 m M Co²⁺. Exposure of sensory cell bodies to 0.18 m M Co₂₊ thus produces differential effects on transport of acetylcholinesterase and on transport of newly synthesized radiolabeled protein.