美国宣布第一个植物基因组测序计划

美国宣布第一个植物基因组测序计划美国４个联邦政府机构宣布将通过国际性合作来破译生长迅速的植物“Ａｒａｂｉｄｏｐｓｉｓｔｈａｌｉａｎａ”（拟南芥）遗传物质。它是植物中最小的基因组序列,只有１×１０８ｂｐ。美国国家科学基金会（ＮＳＦ）将带头资助为期３年的...     

介绍美国高中生物课程改革方案(上)

美国国家研究委员会（NRC）制订的国家科学教育标准即将出台。为了帮助高级中学教师和课程设计者履行这个标准,美国国家科学基金会（NSF）向国家科学教师协会（NSTA）拨款4O0万美金。国家科学教师协会于1995年4月推出了第～个高级中学国家课程和教学改革的《范围、顺序和协调方案》（简称方案）,全国有15所高级中学参与这个方案的发展和试验阶段。1科学课程改革的目的和意义国家科学教师协会创建干1994年,它是世界上最大的专注于各个水平由学前的到学院的科学教学的改进的职业机构。这个机构目前的全体人员大约5万人,包括科学课教…     

美国农业部通过推动机器人计划来改善农业生产ISAAA信息

<正>美国农业部(USDA)国家粮食与农业研究所(NIFA)宣布下拨300万美元经费来推动机器人在美国农业生产中的使用。这项经费是"国家机器人计划(NRI)"的一部分,"国家机器人计划(NRI)"是国家粮食与农业研究所(NIFA)、美国国家科学基金会(NSF)、国家卫生研究院(NIH)、美国国家航空航天局(NASA)和国防部的合作研究     

美国国家基金会1989年财政年度计划

总得来说,美国国家基金会(NSF)1989年财政年度计划需要21亿美元,高于1988年财政年度拨款17亿美元的19％。在NSF,计算机、情报科学和工程理事会在1989年财政年度计划中将获益最大,计划149,100万美元,比88年增长20.3％。NSF的科学、技术和国际事物理事会将获得5,100万美元,增长15.8％。其它用于工程的计划19,500万美元,增长13.7％,地球科学计划32,090万     

生物复杂性研究动态

生物复杂性（biocomplexity或biological complexity）是近年来由Rita Colwell等人积极倡导的一个新的学科领域,旨在更好地了解生命系统及其环境组分间的相互作用以及系统复杂性的动态特征与演化机制,目前,生物复杂性的定义与内涵尚不明确,意见纷呈,而有关研究在美国国家科学基金会（NSF）的支持下已迅速开展起来,并即将成为国际合作研究的热点之一。本文简要介绍了有关生物复杂性的不同观点、生物复杂性与生物多样性研究之间的关系,并以若干生态系统和基因组为例,说明了现阶段生物复杂性研究的主要特点。     

2006年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

在我国经济持续稳定发展的背景下,国家通过各种研究计划（如973计划、863项目、NSFC等）和国家知识创新体系等形式大力支持具有国家战略需求的基础研究,使植物科学研究飞速发展并受到国际同行的高度重视。体现在我国不少科学家担任国际学术组织负责人或重要国际期刊编委,如许智宏院士担任国际植物组（The International Association for Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology,IAPTC ＆ B;）     

2004 年中国植物科学若干领域研究进展

随着模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)和水稻(Oryza sativa)基因组测序工作的完成, 国际植物科学的研究在近年来得到了极大的推动。我国植物科学领域也在整体上取得了重大进展, 特别是水稻基因组框架图(Yu et al., 2002)和4 号染色体基因组精细图(Feng et al., 2002)以及水稻控制分蘖的MOC1基因发现(Li et al., 2003)等重大研究成果在Science和Nature等国际顶级科技刊物上的发表, 使国际科学界对中国的科学研究水平刮目相看, 亦使中国科学家为之振奋。据不完全统计, 2004年中国科学家本土取得研究成果在植物科学专业顶级学术刊物The Plant Cell、The Plant Journal 和Plant Physiology 上发表的论文有2 2 篇, 在其他重要综合性期刊Nature、Science、PNAS、Trends in Plant Science、Molecular Biolgy and Evolution、Ecology Letters和Conservation Biology等上也有论文发表, 这反映了我国科研总体水平正在迅速提高。本文基于我国科学家发表在这些著名刊物上的成果对《植物学通报》的读者作一简单介绍, 希望从一些侧面反映我国科学家在本土所做研究的主要进展, 由于篇幅有限, 不能对每个领域各项逐一介绍, 收集文献不尽完善请同行和读者见谅。下面就不同研究领域举例作一介绍。     

印度测定鹰嘴豆基因组序列

ＮａｔｕｒｅＢｉｏｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ１９９９年１７卷３期第２２１页报道：为了加强生物技术研究,印度政府启动了一个植物基因组计划,测定印度主要粮食作物鹰嘴豆的完整基因组序列。４００万美元的政府拨款给了国家植物基因组研究中心（ＮＣＰＧＲ,新德里）,使其与政府生物技术部（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＢｉｏｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ）资助的７个植物分子生物学实验室网络一起开展测序工作。“初步目标是培育转基因植物”,ＮＣＰＧＲ主任ＡｓｉｓＤａｔｔａ称。“我们希望测定鹰嘴豆的基因组序列将有助于鉴定出有用的基因和启动…     

动态信息

动态信息植物：水稻基因组全碱基序列分析由农林水产省农业生物资源研究所和农林水产尖端技术产业振兴中心（ＳＴＡＦＦ）实行的水稻基因组计划从１９９８年开始着手分析水稻基因组全碱基序列的１０年计划。打算５年间最少确定１亿个碱基对。水稻基因组计划决定在１９９１...     

2005年中国植物科学若干领域的重要研究进展

2005年应该是我国植物科学研究进入飞跃发展的一年。据不完全统计,2005年中国本土植物生命科学领域的科学家在植物科学及其相关学科专业顶级学术刊物Plant Cell、Plant Journal、Plant Physiology、Proteomics和Bioinfomatics上发表的论文有46篇,较2004年的22篇增加了一倍。这反映了我国科研总体水平正在迅速提高,并受到国际同行的高度关注。本文基于我国科学家发表在上述主流刊物上的成果作一简单介绍。对我国在模式植物拟南芥研究方面的进展,读者可参阅许智宏院士全面的评述（Xu,2006）。由于篇幅有限和统计上的困难,我们相信这些介绍难于代表我国植物科研取得的全部成果,但是希望从一些侧面反映我国科学家在本土所做研究的主要进展,本文就不同研究领域举例介绍。     

1,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D2 induces leukemia cell differentiation

This work supported in part by the NIH (USPHS), Council for Tobacco Research, American Institute for Cancer Research, and the Cornell Consolidated and Cornell Biotechnology Program which is sponsored by the New York State Science and Technology Foundation, a consortium of industries, the US Army Research Office and the National Science Foundation.     

Modeling insect dispersal and estimating parameters when mark-release techniques may cause initial disturbances

We consider the problem of quantitatively modeling movements of marked flea beetles in cultivated arrays of the cole crop, collards (Brassica oleraceae). Methods for the estimation of temporally and spatially dependent parameters in general dispersal models are outlined and a summary of our findings using these methods with flea beetle data is given.This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under NSF # MCS-8205335 and by the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research under contract AFOSR 81-0198. Part of the research was carried out while this author was a Visiting Professor in the Department of Mathematics at Southern Methodist UniversityThis research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under NSF # DEB-8207117This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under NSF # MCS-8200883. Part of the research was carried out while the first and third authors were visitors at the Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering (ICASE), NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia which is operated under NASA contracts NAS1-15810 and NAS1-16394     

Complex biomedical systems: from basic science to translation

The Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME) of the University of Southern California (BME@USC) has a longstanding tradition of advancing biomedicine through the development and application of novel engineering ideas. More than 80 primary and affiliated faculty members conduct cutting-edge research in a wide variety of areas, such as neuroengineering, biosystems and biosignal analysis, medical devices (including biomicroelectromechanical systems (bioMEMS) and bionanotechnology), biomechanics, bioimaging, and imaging informatics. Currently, the department hosts six internationally recognized research centers: the Biomimetic MicroElectronic Systems Engineering Research Center (funded by the National Science Foundation), the Biomedical Simulations Resource [funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH)], the Medical Ultrasonic Transducer Center (funded by NIH), the Center for Neural Engineering, the Center for Vision Science and Technology (funded by an NIH Bioengineering Research Partnership Grant), and the Center for Genomic and Phenomic Studies in Autism (funded by NIH). BME@USC ranks in the top tier of all U.S. BME departments in terms of research funding per faculty.     

US regulatory system for genetically modified [genetically modified organism (GMO), rDNA or transgenic] crop cultivars

This paper reviews the history of the federal regulatory oversight of plant agricultural biotechnology in the USA, focusing on the scientific and political forces moulding the continually evolving regulatory structure in place today. Unlike most other jurisdictions, the USA decided to adapt pre-existing legislation to encompass products of biotechnology. In so doing, it established an overarching committee (Office of Science and Technology Policy) to study and distribute various regulatory responsibilities amongst relevant agencies: the Food and Drug Administration, Environmental Protection Agency and US Department of Agriculture. This paper reviews the history and procedures of each agency in the execution of its regulatory duties and investigates the advantages and disadvantages of the US regulatory strategy.     

结直肠癌组织RPN11与Ki67的表达及其临床病理学意义

目的观察去泛素化酶RPN11和增殖相关核标记物Ki67在结直肠癌组织中的表达,研究其与结直肠癌肿瘤细胞增殖的相关性及与结直肠癌临床病理特征的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学SABC法检测56例结直癌组织及20例癌旁正常组织中的RPN11和Ki67表达,结合临床病理学资料进行统计分析。结果免疫组织化学染色显示:RPN11及Ki67在结直肠癌组织的阳性表达率明显高于正常结直肠组织;RPN11和Ki67的表达均与肿瘤分化程度、TNM分期、转移有关,而与性别、年龄无明显相关;RPN11与Ki67的表达呈正相关。结论RPN11和Ki67可能共同参与结直肠癌肿瘤细胞的增殖调控,并促进结直肠癌的发生发展以及浸润转移。     

A parallel programming interface for out-of-core cluster applications

Clusters of workstations are a practical approach to parallel computing that provide high performance at a low cost for many scientific and engineering applications. In order to handle problems with increasing data sets, methods supporting parallel out-of-core computations must be investigated. Since writing an out-of-core version of a program is a difficult task and virtual memory systems do not perform well in some cases, we have developed a parallel programming interface and the support library to provide efficient and convenient access to the out-of-core data. This paper focuses on how these components extend the range of problem sizes that can be solved on the cluster of workstations. Execution time of Jacobi iteration when using our interface, virtual memory and PVFS are compared to characterize the performance for various problem sizes, and it is concluded that our new interface significantly increases the sizes of problems that can be efficiently solved. Jianqi Tang received B.Sc. and M.Sc. from Harbin Institute of Technology in 1997 and 1999 respectively, both in computer application. Currently, she is a Ph.D. candidate at the Department of Computer Science and engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology. She has participated in several National research projects. Her research interests include parallel computing, parallel I/O and grid computing. Binxing Fang received M.Sc. in 1984 from Tsinghua University and Ph.D. from Harbin Institute of Technology in 1989, both in computer science. From 1990 to 1993 he was with National University of Defense Technology as a postdoctor. Since 1984, he is a faculty member at the Department of Computer Science and engineering of Harbin Institute of Technology, where he is presently a Professor. He is a Member of the National Information Expert Consultant Group and a Standing Member of the Council of Chinese Society of Communications. His research efforts focus on parallel computing, computer network and information security. Professor Fang has implemented over 30 projects from the state and ministry/province. Mingzeng Hu was born in 1935. He has been with the Department of Computer Science and engineering in Harbin Institute of Technology since 1958, where he is currently a Professor. He was a visiting scholar in the Siemens Company, Germany from 1978 to 1979, a visiting associate professor in Chiba University, Japan from 1984 to 1985, and a visiting professor in York University, Canada from 1989 to 1995. He is the Director of the National Key Laboratory of Computer Information Content Security. He is also a Member of 3rd Academic Degree Committee under the State Council of China. Professor Hu’s research interests include high performance computer architecture and parallel processing technology, fault tolerant computing, network system, VL design, and computer system security technology. He has implemented many projects from the state and ministry/province and has won several Ministry Science and Technology Progress Awards. He published over 100 papers in core journals home and abroad and one book. Professor Hu has supervised over 20 doctoral students. Hongli Zhang received M.Sc in computer system software in 1996 and Ph.D. in computer architecture in 1999 from Harbin Institute of Technology. Currently, she is an Associate Professor at the Department of Computer Science and engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology. Her research interests include computer network security and parallel computing.     

Summary Report on the 2012 Sun Grant National Conference: Science for Biomass Feedstock Production and Utilization

The 2012 Sun Grant National Conference on Science for Biomass Feedstock Production and Utilization was held on 2–5 October 2012, in New Orleans, LA, USA. The Sun Grant Initiative set out to highlight recent advances in science and technology contributing to the deployment of conventional and advanced biofuels and bioproducts from agricultural and forest systems. The Initiative, with sponsorship from the Department of Energy’s Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO), assembled an agenda focusing on promoting collaboration between academic, industry, non-profit, and government partners. This special issue is comprised of a small sample of conference presentations selected to reflect important research progress and to highlight the range of issues that must be considered as the transition to biomass energy takes hold.     

小鼠cofilin2蛋白的原核表达及纯化

[目的]构建小鼠cofilin2原核表达载体并纯化表达产物。[方法]以胚胎期小鼠心脏组织的c DNA为模板PCR扩增cofilin2基因,经酶切连接表达载体PGEX-4T-1后转化入大肠杆菌E. coli BL21感受态细胞中,利用异丙基-β-D-硫代吡喃半乳糖苷(IPTG)进行诱导表达及优化,利用SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳,考马斯亮蓝R-250进行染色,检测GST-cofilin2的表达情况。通过谷胱甘肽树脂(Glutathione Resin)亲和层析进行纯化,最后通过Western Blot进行验证。[结果]PCR成功扩增cofilin2基因,双酶切及测序结果表明p GEX-4T-1-cofilin2原核表达载体构建成功,SDS-PAGE鉴定表明,在22℃、200μmol/L的IPTG能诱导出大量可溶性的GST-cofilin2蛋白,分子量为43 k Da。Western Blot验证得到纯化的GST-cofilin2。[结论]成功构建小鼠cofilin2原核表达载体,纯化得到的重组小鼠cofilin2蛋白可用于后续的生物学研究。     

香姜,越南植物一新记录种（英文）

据已有文献记载,香姜(姜科)(Alpinia coriandriodora D. Fang)仅分布于广西,现首次在越南发现其分布。该种在形态上与竹叶山姜(A. bambusifolia D. Fang)相近,但其叶片椭圆状披针形、唇瓣浅黄色及带红褐色条纹和花药附属体三角状而与后者有别。提供该种详细的形态学描述以及图版,亦包括在越南的分布及生态的资料。凭证标本保存于越南国立自然博物馆(VNMN)和中国科学院华南植物园(IBSC)。     

Exploiting redundancy to boost performance in a RAID-10 style cluster-based file system

While aggregating the throughput of existing disks on cluster nodes is a cost-effective approach to alleviate the I/O bottleneck in cluster computing, this approach suffers from potential performance degradations due to contentions for shared resources on the same node between storage data processing and user task computation. This paper proposes to judiciously utilize the storage redundancy in the form of mirroring existed in a RAID-10 style file system to alleviate this performance degradation. More specifically, a heuristic scheduling algorithm is developed, motivated from the observations of a simple cluster configuration, to spatially schedule write operations on the nodes with less load among each mirroring pair. The duplication of modified data to the mirroring nodes is performed asynchronously in the background. The read performance is improved by two techniques: doubling the degree of parallelism and hot-spot skipping. A synthetic benchmark is used to evaluate these algorithms in a real cluster environment and the proposed algorithms are shown to be very effective in performance enhancement. Yifeng Zhu received his B.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering in 1998 from Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; the M.S. and Ph.D. degree in Computer Science from University of Nebraska – Lincoln in 2002 and 2005 respectively. He is an assistant professor in the Electrical and Computer Engineering department at University of Maine. His main research interests are cluster computing, grid computing, computer architecture and systems, and parallel I/O storage systems. Dr. Zhu is a Member of ACM, IEEE, the IEEE Computer Society, and the Francis Crowe Society. Hong Jiang received the B.Sc. degree in Computer Engineering in 1982 from Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; the M.A.Sc. degree in Computer Engineering in 1987 from the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and the PhD degree in Computer Science in 1991 from the Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA. Since August 1991 he has been at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA, where he is Professor and Vice Chair in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering. His present research interests are computer architecture, parallel/distributed computing, cluster and Grid computing, computer storage systems and parallel I/O, performance evaluation, real-time systems, middleware, and distributed systems for distance education. He has over 100 publications in major journals and international Conferences in these areas and his research has been supported by NSF, DOD and the State of Nebraska. Dr. Jiang is a Member of ACM, the IEEE Computer Society, and the ACM SIGARCH. Xiao Qin received the BS and MS degrees in computer science from Huazhong University of Science and Technology in 1992 and 1999, respectively. He received the PhD degree in computer science from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in 2004. Currently, he is an assistant professor in the department of computer science at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology. He had served as a subject area editor of IEEE Distributed System Online (2000–2001). His research interests are in parallel and distributed systems, storage systems, real-time computing, performance evaluation, and fault-tolerance. He is a member of the IEEE. Dan Feng received the Ph.D degree from Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, in 1997. She is currently a professor of School of Computer, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. She is the principal scientist of the the National Grand Fundamental Research 973 Program of China “Research on the organization and key technologies of the Storage System on the next generation Internet.” Her research interests include computer architecture, storage system, parallel I/O, massive storage and performance evaluation. David Swanson received a Ph.D. in physical (computational) chemistry at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL) in 1995, after which he worked as an NSF-NATO postdoctoral fellow at the Technical University of Wroclaw, Poland, in 1996, and subsequently as a National Research Council Research Associate at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, DC, from 1997–1998. In 1999 he returned to UNL where he directs the Research Computing Facility and currently serves as an Assistant Research Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering. The Office of Naval Research, the National Science Foundation, and the State of Nebraska have supported his research in areas such as large-scale scientific simulation and distributed systems.