The Influence of Hydraulic Gradient and Rate of Erosion on Hydraulic Conductivity of Sand-Bentonite Mixtures

The use of sand-bentonite mixtures as liner materials for waste disposal is very common. In the laboratory, this study investigated hydraulic conductivities of such mixtures at different hydraulic pressure (hydraulic gradient), dry unit weights, and bentonite contents. The bentonite content and the dry unit weight of the samples were both important factors, significantly affecting the hydraulic conductivity of the liner material. A bentonite content of 5% was found to be sufficient in reaching a hydraulic conductivity under 10^?9 m/s, when the liner material was compacted under near optimum moisture content. Nevertheless, hydraulic conductivity was found to increase with hydraulic pressures, especially for the 5% bentonite mixtures subjected to pressure above 40 kPa, suggesting some degree of internal erosion (washing out of particles).

Therefore, this paper discuses the influence of internal erosion of the mixtures under a given hydraulic gradient, on the final value of k. The internal erosion of the tested mixtures was found to be influenced mainly by porosity, which can be reduced by properly selecting the sand particle size distribution and the bentonite percentage. Furthermore, this study proposed an empirical expression to predict the risk of internal erosion in the sand-bentonite mixtures, and therefore of k being higher than planned. This expression can be used for designing bentonite content and compaction to achieve very low permeability.     

花岗岩崩岗不同部位土壤饱和导水率特征及其影响因素

崩岗是我国南方花岗岩丘陵区普遍存在的水力-重力复合土壤侵蚀现象。为探究崩岗的土壤水力学性质与侵蚀机理的内在联系及其与影响因素之间的关系,选择桂东南活动型、半稳定型和稳定型3种花岗岩崩岗为对象,研究不同部位土壤饱和导水率的空间变化及其影响因素。结果表明:1)崩岗土壤饱和导水率在不同部位呈波动分异,其中崩壁中部为最小值,崩积堆上部为最大值,其次为洪积扇顶端。2)选取Cosby、Compbell、Julià、Hypre 4种土壤饱和导水率传递函数对该区土壤饱和导水率进行拟合,结果预测值与实测值均存在偏差。3)相关性分析表明,土壤饱和导水率与毛管孔隙度、黏粒含量呈极显著负相关关系,与非毛管孔隙和砂粒含量呈极显著正相关关系。4)通径分析表明,砂粒含量为崩岗土壤饱和导水率的主要影响因素,其次为非毛管孔隙度和土壤容重,其中砂粒含量与非毛管孔隙度对土壤饱和导水率呈正效应,容重呈负效应。研究结果可为揭示崩岗侵蚀机理和防治提供理论依据。     

陕北水蚀风蚀交错区两种生物结皮对土壤理化性质的影响

以黄土高原陕北水蚀风蚀交错区六道沟小流域为例,研究了该区以苔藓为主要成分的沙土和黄土两种生物结皮对土壤理化性质的影响。结果显示:(1)两种生物结皮均能显著增加土壤饱和含水量和田间持水量,降低容重和饱和导水率,其中沙土生物结皮还可明显粘化0～25cm土壤质地;(2)两种生物结皮均能不同程度的增加土壤全量养分、速效养分以及有机质含量,降低pH值,但其影响多数集中在表层或结皮层;(3)土壤化学性质中,全氮、速效磷和有机质受生物结皮影响程度较大,而全氮、速效钾和有机质受生物结皮影响土层较深;(4)沙土生物结皮对土壤理化性质的影响程度大于黄土生物结皮。两种类型生物结皮对所研究土壤理化性质的影响总体有利于该区生态环境的改善,且沙土生物结皮较黄土生物结皮具有更为重要的生态功能。     

土壤侵蚀与土地利用方式对黑土地土壤水气传输特性的影响

土壤侵蚀是东北黑土退化的主要原因之一,了解不同土地利用方式下土壤水气传输性质的差异,可以为黑土区水土资源的高效利用和保护提供科学依据。本研究选取东北黑土区典型的3种土地利用方式(农地、林地、撂荒地)进行0~5 cm土层原位土壤饱和导水率、导气率和相对气体扩散率的测定,探讨土壤侵蚀和土地利用方式对土壤水气传输性质的影响。结果表明:不同侵蚀程度农地之间以及不同土地利用方式之间土壤水气传输性质差异显著。重度侵蚀农地容重显著高于其他样地,未侵蚀农地容重显著低于其他样地。与未侵蚀农地相比,轻度、中度和重度侵蚀农地容重分别增加12.7%、17.6%和39.2%,饱和导水率分别降低84.4%、53.7%和12.7%,导气率分别降低94.6%、64.4%和14.0%,相对气体扩散率分别降低91.3%、82.6%和4.3%。松林地饱和导水率、导气率和相对气体扩散率较未侵蚀农地分别降低86.5%、83.0%和91.3%。沙棘林地饱和导水率、导气率和相对气体扩散率较未侵蚀农地分别降低51.7%、45.6%和82.6%,撂荒地饱和导水率、导气率和相对气体扩散率较未侵蚀农地分别降低16.2%、1.4%和73.9%。可以利用测得的土壤导气率、相对气体扩散率估算土壤饱和导水率。土壤侵蚀和土地利用方式显著影响黑土地土壤水气传输特性。     

Assessing the impact of agro-industrial olive wastes in soil water retention: Implications for remediation of degraded soils and water availability for plant growth

Olive solid waste (OSW) is a toxic by-product of olive oil production. Disposal of OSW is a major problem in many Mediterranean countries leading to increased interest in its potential as an organic fertiliser. Relatively little is known regarding the impact of augmentation with OSW and olive solid waste compost (OSWC) on soil hydraulic properties. The effect of OSW and OSWC on the hydraulic characteristics of common agricultural soils with high sand but very different silt and clay contents was analysed. Increased organic inputs induced reductions in soil bulk density and increases in air capacity, hydraulic conductivity and the water content available for plant growth (AWC) in the Sandy Clay Loam (SCL) soil. Similar patterns were observed in Loamy Sand (LS) soil augmented with OSW, but OSWC caused reductions in hydraulic conductivity, air capacity and AWC. Nonetheless, over longer timescales OSWC may benefit the hydraulic properties of loamy sand soils as the compost becomes fully incorporated within the soil structure. Augmentation with organic olive waste induced the hydraulic parameters of the sandy clay loam soil to become identical to those loamy sand (LS) with a higher available water capacity; suggesting that soil augmentation with OSW and OSWC may be an effective tool in remediating and improving degraded or organic poor soils. In terms of the improvement of hydraulic parameters, application rates of 6–8% OSW/OSWC were most beneficial for both soil types.     

降雨能量对东北典型黑土区土壤溅蚀的影响

溅蚀特征研究可揭示溅蚀发生机理,而现有研究大多用溅蚀量来表征溅蚀特征,不能全面准确地反应溅蚀作用过程。为此,基于改进的试验土槽进行室内模拟降雨试验,研究降雨能量对坡面不同方向溅蚀量及溅蚀过程的影响。试验设计包括2种降雨强度(50 mm/h和100 mm/h)和10个降雨能量,其中10个降雨能量是通过2种降雨强度(50 mm/h和100 mm/h)和5个雨滴降落高度(3.5,5.5,7.5,9.5、11.5 m)来实现的。结果表明:在相同降雨强度下,坡面总溅蚀分量均随降雨能量的增加而增大。次降雨坡面溅蚀量均为向下坡最大,其次为侧坡溅蚀量,而向上坡溅蚀量最小。当降雨强度由50mm/h增加至100mm/h时,坡面向上坡溅蚀量增加2.3—5.0倍,向下坡溅蚀量增加1.7—5.1倍,侧坡溅蚀量增加1.9—4.3倍,总溅蚀量增加1.9—4.5倍,净溅蚀量增加1.2—6.4倍。对于不同降雨能量处理,坡面溅蚀率均表现为坡面产流前随降雨历时的增加而递增,产流后迅速达到峰值,之后逐渐减小并趋于稳定。定量分析了各溅蚀分量、总溅蚀量、净溅蚀量与降雨能量的关系,提出了溅蚀发生的降雨能量阈值,发现雨滴溅蚀发生的临界能量为3—6 J m~(-2)mm~(-1),且向上坡溅蚀量,向下坡溅蚀量,净溅蚀量和总溅蚀量皆与降雨能量呈幂函数关系,而侧坡溅蚀量与降雨能量呈二次多项式关系。     

江河源区高寒草甸退化序列土壤粒径分布及其分形维数

江河源区高寒草甸退化日益严重,恢复治理已进行了大量工作,但收效甚微,主要是对退化机理认识不清.为阐明退化草地的形成机制,
本文以江河源区高寒草甸为对象,分析退化序列土壤粒径的分布特征、分形维数,以及分形维数与土壤侵蚀模数的关系.结果表明: 随着高寒草甸退化加剧,土壤的黏粒百分含量呈增加趋势,粉砂和极细砂呈减小趋势;退化序列土壤粒径分形维数与黏粒百分含量呈显著正相关,与极细砂和粉砂呈显著负相关;各粒级土壤侵蚀模数与分形维数呈二次函数关系,分形维数2.81为土壤侵蚀发生的阈值.以土壤粒径分形维数2.81作为草地恢复指标,选择使分形维数小于2.81的相应措施,是恢复退化草地的有力保证.     

Soil hydraulic properties as ecological indicators in forested watersheds impacted by mechanized military training

Soil hydraulic properties were characterized on a ridgetop training site and other sites not impacted by training at Fort Benning, a military installation in southwestern, GA to: (1) examine the influence of mechanized training on soil hydraulic properties and (2) evaluate the utility of soil hydraulic properties as disturbance-level indicators related to ecosystem integrity. Ridgetop surface soils impacted by mechanized military training exhibited a reduction in the mean pore size, as indicated by smaller scaling factors, an increase in the soil bulk density and a decrease in saturated hydraulic conductivity for training locations versus non-training locations. Soil bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity and scaling factors exhibited lower population variance in the training sites, indicating repetitive training cycles that progressively mix and homogenize the soil. Surface soils (0–3 cm below ground surface) at all sites were predominantly loamy sands. The observed differences in measured soil properties at training and non-training sites characterize the endpoints of an ecosystem disturbance gradient where relatively un-impacted forest transitions to barren, churned sand. They also help explain the visual evidence of increased overland flow and significant soil erosion in the training areas. While results from this research showed a marked difference in measured soil properties between the two extreme types of land management, more work is needed to establish threshold levels for soil properties related to mechanized vehicle training cycles and training intensity and corresponding ecosystem degradation/integrity. It is noted that for assessment of immediate erosion potential and ecosystem integrity, remote sensing techniques paired with watershed-scale numerical modeling may be more valuable and that greater research emphasis be given to characterizing the indirect, yet more widespread, down-slope impacts of mechanized training activities localized on the ridgetops.     

风蚀和沙埋对塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘骆驼刺水分和光合作用的影响

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘风沙活动十分频繁, 风蚀和沙埋是该地区自然植被生长发育的重要影响因子。该文以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带为研究区, 以该区域主要建群种植物骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)为研究对象, 对一次强沙尘天气过后沙丘表面5种不同风蚀沙埋状况的骆驼刺植物进行标定(包括10 cm风蚀、5 cm风蚀、不蚀不积、10 cm沙埋、30 cm沙埋), 天晴后测定其叶水势、叶片含水量、光合参数和叶绿素荧光等参数, 分析研究自然环境条件下风蚀和沙埋对骆驼刺水分和光合作用的影响。结果表明: (1)风蚀显著降低了骆驼刺叶水势和叶片含水量, 进而导致植物气孔导度降低, 并引起植物光合速率和蒸腾速率的下降。风蚀的植物水分利用效率低于沙埋, 特别是在10 cm风蚀深度明显降低。 (2)沙埋增加了骆驼刺的叶水势、叶片含水量和气孔导度, 并引起植物光合速率和蒸腾速率的上升, 水分利用效率也得到提升。(3)风蚀条件下骆驼刺所受胁迫增加, 但可以通过增加活性反应中心的数量和光化学效率来抵消胁迫造成的不利影响。沙埋条件下骆驼刺受胁迫减轻, 反应中心吸收的光能和用于光化学反应的能量随着沙埋程度增加而减小, 这是骆驼刺适应风沙环境的一种生存策略。(4)与5 cm风蚀以及10 cm沙埋相比, 10 cm风蚀显著抑制骆驼刺的生长, 30 cm沙埋则会显著促进骆驼刺的生长。     

Biochar-Induced Changes in Soil Hydraulic Conductivity and Dissolved Nutrient Fluxes Constrained by Laboratory Experiments

The addition of charcoal (or biochar) to soil has significant carbon sequestration and agronomic potential, making it important to determine how this potentially large anthropogenic carbon influx will alter ecosystem functions. We used column experiments to quantify how hydrologic and nutrient-retention characteristics of three soil materials differed with biochar amendment. We compared three homogeneous soil materials (sand, organic-rich topsoil, and clay-rich Hapludert) to provide a basic understanding of biochar-soil-water interactions. On average, biochar amendment decreased saturated hydraulic conductivity (K) by 92% in sand and 67% in organic soil, but increased K by 328% in clay-rich soil. The change in K for sand was not predicted by the accompanying physical changes to the soil mixture; the sand-biochar mixture was less dense and more porous than sand without biochar. We propose two hydrologic pathways that are potential drivers for this behavior: one through the interstitial biochar-sand space and a second through pores within the biochar grains themselves. This second pathway adds to the porosity of the soil mixture; however, it likely does not add to the effective soil K due to its tortuosity and smaller pore size. Therefore, the addition of biochar can increase or decrease soil drainage, and suggests that any potential improvement of water delivery to plants is dependent on soil type, biochar amendment rate, and biochar properties. Changes in dissolved carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fluxes also differed; with biochar increasing the C flux from organic-poor sand, decreasing it from organic-rich soils, and retaining small amounts of soil-derived N. The aromaticity of C lost from sand and clay increased, suggesting lost C was biochar-derived; though the loss accounts for only 0.05% of added biochar-C. Thus, the direction and magnitude of hydraulic, C, and N changes associated with biochar amendments are soil type (composition and particle size) dependent.     

Hydraulic conductivity of tonoplast-freeChara cells

Summary This study is the first trial to measure the osmotic water permeability or the hydraulic conductivity of the plasmalemma alone of a plant cell. For this purpose tonoplast-free cells were prepared from intenodal cells ofChara australis and their hydraulic conductivities were measured by the transcellular osmosis method.The transcellular hydraulic conductivity did not change after removing the tonoplast. The transcellular hydraulic conductivity of the tonoplast-free cells was dependent on the internal osmotic pressure as is the case in the tonoplast-containing normal cells. The hydraulic conductivities for both endosmosis and exosmosis of the tonoplast-free cells were equal to respective values of the normal cells. Consequently the ratio between the inward and outward hydraulic conductivities did not change due to the loss of the tonoplast. The results indicate that the resistance of the tonoplast to water flow is negligibly small as compared with that of the plasmalemma and further that the tonoplast is not a factor responsible for the direction-dependency of hydraulic conductivity. The hydraulic conductivity of the plasmalemma is invariable for wide variations of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ in the cytoplasm.     

Sedimentary Residual Soil as a Waste Containment Barrier Material

Compacted soil liners are widely used as a waste containment barrier to control or restrict the migration of contaminant/leachate from the landfill into the environment because of their low hydraulic conductivity, attenuation capacity, resistance to damage or puncture, and cost effectiveness. Compacted soil liners are usually composed of natural inorganic clays or clayey soils. If natural clayey soils are not available, kaolinite or commercially available high swelling clay (bentonite) can be mixed with local soils or sand. This study examines the potential of a sedimentary residual soil as a waste containment barrier in landfills. The laboratory experiments conducted were: grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, swelling tests, compaction, volumetric shrinkage strain, unconfined compression, hydraulic conductivity and cation exchange capacity. The experimental results were compared with those recommended by various researchers for evaluation of its suitability. Test results showed that the soil compacted with modified Proctor compaction effort possesses low hydraulic conductivity (≤1 × 10^?7 cm/s) and adequate strength. In addition, compacted sedimentary residual soil exhibited little volumetric shrinkage strain of below 4% at this compaction effort. Thus, the sedimentary residual soil could be effectively used for the construction of a waste containment barrier in landfills.     

Geotechnical Aspects of Oil-Contaminated Sands

Contamination due to chemicals and oil spills can influence the engineering behavior of soils. The results of an investigation conducted to study the effects of oil contamination on compaction characteristics, shear strength, one-dimensional compression, and hydraulic conductivity of a sand are presented in this article. The test results indicate that the compaction characteristics are influenced by oil contamination. The angle of internal friction of sand based on total stress condition was found to decrease with the presence of oil in the pore spaces. One-dimensional compression characteristics of sand are significantly influenced by oil contamination, resulting in a decrease in the value of the constrained modulus with increase in the degree of oil saturation. Hydraulic conductivity was observed to be a function of the initial viscosity and the degree of oil saturation.     

森林植被对坡面土壤水蚀作用的动力学机理

水力侵蚀是目前世界上分布最广、危害也是最为普遍的一种土壤侵蚀类型。坡面土壤侵蚀主要是由雨滴击溅、坡面径流引起,而森林植被作为陆地上最重要的生态系统以其林冠层、林木茎杆、林地上富集的枯枝落叶层、根系层以及发育疏松而深厚的土壤层截持和蓄储大气降水,发挥着其特有的水文生态功能,从多个角度影响降雨和坡面流的水力特性,在防治土壤侵蚀方面有其不可缺少的意义,然而目前对森林植被防治坡面土壤水蚀机理系统的研究还较少。系统的总结了森林植被各个垂直层次对坡面水蚀作用的动力学机理以及不同学者在此领域所做出的研究成果及此项研究的研究现状,并从以下几个方面指出了林地坡面水蚀作用动力学机理研究中尚存在的问题及发展方向：林冠对降雨重新分配出现林冠截持和干流等现象,降雨雨滴的大小、分布、降落速度和动能等性质发生变化,林冠层通过改变雨滴特性来影响坡面流水力特性,进而改变坡面流对坡面的侵蚀机理;森林植被茎干对径流的分散阻止作用,增大地表径流的阻力系数,茎干绕流现象对坡面土壤侵蚀的作用有正反两方面,林木在一定种植密度内,会使得泥沙起动流速减小,增加坡面侵蚀,因此应合理选择林木的种植密度才能起到减少坡面水蚀的作用;坡面流在枯落物层中流动并穿过枯落物层后下渗进入土壤的过程,类似于水流在多孔介质中的流动,枯落物的物理性质如分解程度、空隙度等的变化,引起水流流动的状态变化复杂,有必要应用渗流理论来深入研究以搞清其流动机理;根系层的存在能逐步改善土壤的内在特性,稳定表土层结构、提高土壤入渗性能使其抗侵蚀能力加强,植物根系层对坡面水蚀作用的研究是一个崭新的领域,需从土力学和植物根系影响土壤力学性质的角度研究土壤的抗侵蚀能力。     

长江上游亚高山暗针叶林土壤水分入渗特征研究

长江上游以峨嵋冷杉为主的亚高山暗针叶林流域土壤质地较粗,属于壤质砂土。随着森林演替的发展,林地土壤砂粒含量逐渐降低,粉、粘粒含量逐渐增加,以过熟龄峨嵋冷杉纯林的粉粘粒含量为最高。就坡积物而言。随土层深的增加,砂粒含量逐渐增加,粘粒含量逐渐减小。随森林演替的进展和土层深度的减小,土壤容重逐渐减小,土壤孔隙度和土壤贮水力逐渐增大,研究区土壤非饱和导水率随土层深度的增加和土壤含水量的减小而减小,并与土壤含水量呈指数函数关系。随土层深度的增加,土壤饱和导水率呈负指数递减,不同土层到达稳渗的时间有差异,随土层深度的增加,稳渗时间增加,平均在110min左右。该流域暗针叶林带土壤质地上的变化和土壤水分物理性质的分异以及土壤水分的高入渗性是该暗针叶林流域水文循环中森林对水分传输调节的具体体现,也可以为该流域很少见到坡面径流或地表径流,而大部分以壤中流、回归流和地下渗漏等径流形式出现的机制作出有力的解释。     

Effects of wind erosion and sand burial on water relations and photosynthesis in Alhagi sparsifolia in the southern edge of the Taklimakan Desert

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘风沙活动十分频繁, 风蚀和沙埋是该地区自然植被生长发育的重要影响因子。该文以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带为研究区, 以该区域主要建群种植物骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)为研究对象, 对一次强沙尘天气过后沙丘表面5种不同风蚀沙埋状况的骆驼刺植物进行标定(包括10 cm风蚀、5 cm风蚀、不蚀不积、10 cm沙埋、30 cm沙埋), 天晴后测定其叶水势、叶片含水量、光合参数和叶绿素荧光等参数, 分析研究自然环境条件下风蚀和沙埋对骆驼刺水分和光合作用的影响。结果表明: (1)风蚀显著降低了骆驼刺叶水势和叶片含水量, 进而导致植物气孔导度降低, 并引起植物光合速率和蒸腾速率的下降。风蚀的植物水分利用效率低于沙埋, 特别是在10 cm风蚀深度明显降低。 (2)沙埋增加了骆驼刺的叶水势、叶片含水量和气孔导度, 并引起植物光合速率和蒸腾速率的上升, 水分利用效率也得到提升。(3)风蚀条件下骆驼刺所受胁迫增加, 但可以通过增加活性反应中心的数量和光化学效率来抵消胁迫造成的不利影响。沙埋条件下骆驼刺受胁迫减轻, 反应中心吸收的光能和用于光化学反应的能量随着沙埋程度增加而减小, 这是骆驼刺适应风沙环境的一种生存策略。(4)与5 cm风蚀以及10 cm沙埋相比, 10 cm风蚀显著抑制骆驼刺的生长, 30 cm沙埋则会显著促进骆驼刺的生长。     

红壤表土团聚体粒径对坡面侵蚀过程的影响

以湖北省咸宁市的3种典型红壤为研究对象,利用试验土槽,采用室内人工模拟降雨方法,研究土壤团聚体粒经对坡面径流和侵蚀的影响以及泥沙特性。结果表明,在前期含水量、坡度一致的条件下,随着团聚体粒径的增大其稳定性减小,坡面初始产流时间缩短;侵蚀量也随着团聚体粒径的增大而减小,供试3种土壤中〈2mm团聚体侵蚀量最大,依次为3.40、2.55、3.33gm^-2min^-1。侵蚀泥沙平均重量直径随着坡面表土团聚体初始粒径的增大而减小。研究结果有助于深入了解坡面侵蚀机理,为泥沙输移模型开发提供必要的土壤参数。     

民勤绿洲边缘积沙带的稳定性动态

甘肃河西走廊经过60年的防沙治沙,在绿洲上风向边缘形成了一条流沙堆积带,即积沙带。其中,民勤绿洲上风向边缘的积沙带最高大、最连续。为了揭示积沙带的稳定性动态,在民勤绿洲上风向边缘设置11条观测样线,从2016年11月上旬至2019年4月上旬进行了7次风蚀积沙观测和沙面特征点位移观测。民勤绿洲上风向边缘积沙带按形成方式可分为人工固沙林积沙带、天然灌丛积沙带和乔灌木混交单行林积沙带。结果表明:人工固沙林积沙带风蚀最严重且前移速率最快,天然灌丛积沙带次之;风蚀程度越轻则积沙带前移速率就越慢,草本植物盖度越高沙面风蚀程度就越轻,积沙带前移速率就越慢。草本植物盖度与沙面稳定性二者相辅相成;积沙带迎风坡为风蚀面,而背风坡为积沙面,一蚀一积,维持着积沙带的前移及其动态稳定性。     

Improvement of Geomechanical Properties of Bio-remediated Aeolian Sand

Aeolian sand is widely distributed in the desert. It is susceptible to wind erosion because it consists of fine particles that lack cohesion between them. Wind erosion of Aeolian sand, dune migration, and dust storms in deserts affect the environment and infrastructure severely. Conventional chemical methods for lessening the effect of wind erosion are environmentally unfriendly. This paper examines Aeolian sand bio-remediated by microbially induced calcite precipitations (MICPs). The geomechanical properties of the Aeolian sand remediated by MICP were tested to explore its behavior as a desert bio-crust. The results indicated that a bio-crust of Aeolian sand with suitable strength required 7 days for formation. The remediated Aeolian sand had an average unconfined compression strength of 0.66 MPa and an average inner friction angle of 36° at a bacterial concentration in the OD₆₀₀ range of 0.5–0.8. These findings indicate that formation of bio-crust could serve as protection against desert erosion. The particle characteristics and the porosity of Aeolian sand play an important role in the formation of the bio-crust. Crust from bio-remediated well-graded, high-porosity soil is stronger than crust from bio-remediated, poorly graded, low-porosity soil, given that both soils have the same bacteria concentration.     

Pu同位素示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用

土壤侵蚀是地球表面物质迁移的重要形式,也是造成土壤肥力下降和生态环境退化的重要诱因之一,对土壤侵蚀速率的定量研究是进行区域土壤侵蚀治理的前提和基础。大气核试验产生的Pu同位素具有较长的半衰期,其沉降到土壤中易被土壤中的黏土矿物和有机质吸附,近年来被认为是定量研究土壤侵蚀速率的重要示踪元素,尤其是质谱技术的发展,缩短了Pu同位素的测量时间并提高了其测量灵敏度,大力推动了土壤侵蚀核素示踪技术的发展。本文在梳理已有相关研究的基础上,总结土壤中Pu同位素的分布特征及吸附与迁移行为,阐述了应用Pu同位素示踪土壤侵蚀的基本原理和应用研究进展,并对Pu同位素和¹³⁷Cs示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中的适用性进行比较分析,对未来研究方向提出展望,以期为科学应用Pu同位素示踪技术研究土壤侵蚀提供参考。