Benzopyrans in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hypericum polyanthemum</Emphasis> Klotzsch ex Reichardt cultured in vitro

Hypericum polyanthemum Klotzsch ex Reichardt, an endemic species of Southern Brazil, was micropropagated on MS medium supplemented with 1.78 μM BAP. Shoot proliferation and rooting was achieved on hormone-free medium and plantlets survived acclimatization. The bioactive compounds: 6-isobutyryl-5,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-benzopyran (HP1), 7-hydroxy-6-isobutyryl-5-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-benzopyran (HP2) and 5-hydroxy-6-isobutyryl-7-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-benzopyran (HP3) were quantified in the leaves, stems and roots of propagated and acclimatized plantlets and compared with the field-grown plants. The HPLC analysis revealed that the three benzopyrans are accumulated in the aerial parts and the concentration varied with the age of the plant whereas the roots were capable of accumulating only HP3. Greatest yield of HP1 (7.12 mg/g DW) was quantified in the leaves of the acclimatized plantlets, whereas the flowers of the plants from natural habitat displayed higher amounts of HP2 (11.04 mg/g DW) and HP3 (13.99 mg/g DW).     

Identification of alternatively spliced <Emphasis Type="Italic">MsRan</Emphasis> transcripts involved in low temperature response in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Musa</Emphasis> spp.

Ran is involved in response to external stimuli. In this study, six MsRan gene cDNA sequences were isolated from wild banana (Musa spp. AB group) from Sanming City, China. Sequence analysis reveals that MsRan3A, MsRan3A-1a, and MsRan3C contained Ran protein domains including a GTP hydrolysis domain, a RanGAP-binding domain, and an acidic tail, whereas two G boxes (G4 and G5) were absent in MsRan3A-6a. The physicochemical property of MsRan3A, MsRan3A-1a, MsRan3A-6a, and MsRan3C appeared to differ significantly. Real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis indicates that MsRan3A-1, MsRan3A-5, MsRan3A-6, MsRan3A-6a, and MsRan3C-1 were expressed in roots, leaves, peduncles, bracts, flowers, peels, and pulp of the wild banana. MsRan3A-1a was expressed at extremely low levels in these tissues and was undetectable by qPCR. The MsRan genes were found to be involved in responses to a low temperature stress but with different response patterns. Furthermore, salicylic acid significantly enhanced MsRan gene expressions suggesting the involvement of these genes in salicylic acid signal transduction.     

Suppression subtractive hybridization cloning of cDNAs of differentially expressed genes in dovetree (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Davidia involucrata</Emphasis>) bracts

A subtracted cDNA library forDavidia involucrata was constructed using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). mRNA isolated from young leaves was used as a “driver,” and mRNAs isolated from young bracts were used as “testers.” The differentially expressed cDNA fragments in bracts were identified by differential screening. Of the 16 clones selected randomly from the screened library, 8 were known genes found in GenBank, and 2 had no similar sequences. Northern blot analysis revealed that the expression level of P1A5 cDNAs selected randomly was dominantly expressed in bracts. This indicates that SSH can be used to clone differentially expressed cDNAs inD. involucrata bracts.     

棉花苞叶光呼吸和PSII热耗散对土壤水分的响应

在新疆气候生态条件下, 采用膜下滴灌植棉技术, 设置不同滴灌水分处理, 研究了不同滴灌量条件下棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)苞叶和叶片碳同化、光呼吸作用、光系统II (PSII)热耗散作用及其光破坏防御机制的差异, 以揭示滴灌节水条件下棉花苞叶缓解光抑制的机理及与棉花抗旱特性的关系。结果表明: 棉花开花后苞叶及叶片在高温强光下实际光化学效率(Φ_PSII)显著降低, 发生明显的光抑制现象, 但苞叶的光抑制程度较叶片轻; 与正常滴灌量处理相比, 节水滴灌条件下棉花水分亏缺, 叶片净光合速率(P_n)、Φ_PSII、光呼吸(P_r)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)降低, 非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)升高, 叶片光抑制程度加重, 而苞叶P_n、Φ_PSII、P_r、q_P、NPQ变化不大, 与正常滴灌量处理相比, 光抑制程度无显著差异。苞叶光呼吸速率与光合速率的比值(P_r/P_n)显著高于叶片; 滴灌节水条件下棉花适度水分亏缺对苞叶光呼吸及P_r/P_n无显著影响。高温强光下, 棉花节水滴灌对叶片PSII量子产量的转化与分配影响显著, 但对苞叶的影响不显著; 苞叶非调节性能量耗散的量子产量(Y(NPQ))高于叶片, 因此能有效地将PSII的过剩光能以热的形式耗散。综上所述, 与叶片相比, 苞叶对轻度水分亏缺不敏感, 是棉花适应干旱逆境较强的器官, 苞叶光呼吸和热耗散作用对光破坏防御具有重要意义。     

Benzofuran derivatives from enceliopsis argophylla

From the composite Enceliopsis argophylla several new benzofuran derivatives were isolated. The unusual structure of the skeleton comprises an isopropylidene group at C-2 and a keto function at C-3 of the furan ring. An organ specific analysis by HPLC showed the compounds being present in leaves, peduncles, bracts, ray and disc flowers. The absolute amounts, however, differed greatly being highest in leaves and bracts.     

Terpenoid compounds from different parts ofAchillea collina Becker inflorescences

Extracts of small amounts of inflorescence material (3 lingular flowers, 3 tubular flowers, 1 receptacle with involucral bracts), obtained withn-hexane, were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography using a capillary column. The presence of terpenoids was demonstrated and differences in composition between extracts from different inflorescence parts were found.     

Inheritance of flower color and spininess in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) flowers are used for coloring and flavoring food and also as fresh-cut and dried flowers. The most important characteristics which contribute to the ornamental value of safflower are flower color and spinelessness. The objective of this study was to determine the inheritance mode and the number of genes controlling spininess and flower color in some Iranian genotypes of safflower. The results indicated that the existence of spines on the leaves and bracts of safflower is controlled by a single dominant gene in which the spiny phenotype was completely dominant to spineless. In some crosses, flower color was controlled by two epistatic loci each with two alleles, resulting in a ratio of 13:3 in the segregating F2 population for plants with orange and yellow flowers. Also, other mechanisms of genetic control, such as duplicate dominance and duplicate recessive types of epistasis, were observed for flower color in other crosses that led to ratios of 7:9 and 15:1 for plants with orange and yellow flowers, respectively. The results suggest that for ornamental use or in the food dying industry, genotypes with orange or yellow flowers and without spines on the leaves and bracts can be produced.     

兜兰DEFICIENS(DEF)-和GLOBOSA(GLO)-like基因的克隆及表达分析

以‘同色兜兰’品种为材料,采用RT-PCR和RACE技术获得了DEFICIENS(DEF)-和GLOBOSA(GLO)-like基因的cDNA全长,命名为PcDEF和PcGLO,并用半定量RT-PCR和实时PCR研究了PcDEF和PcGLO在花芽发育过程和不同组织部位的表达特性。结果表明,PcDEF和PcGLO的全长cDNA分别为1 039bp和934bp,分别编码224和210个氨基酸;蛋白比对表明,PcDEF和PcGLO蛋白都具有典型MADS-box蛋白的MADS和K结构域;蛋白同源性分析显示,PcDEF和PcGLO与已登录的其它兰科植物的DEF/AP3和GLO/PI蛋白的相似性分别在75%～96%和87%～98%;系统进化树分析表明,PcDEF和PcGLO分别属于B类MADS-box蛋白家族的AP3和PI亚家族。表达分析显示,PcDEF和PcGLO在花芽发育中均有表达,PcDEF在成熟花、唇瓣和花瓣中的表达量高,在蕊柱、萼片、苞叶和根中次之,在花茎和叶中较低,在子房中几乎不表达;PcGLO在各组织中均有不同丰度的表达。     

拟南芥6个酪蛋白激酶基因的组织表达及其生物信息学分析

利用实时荧光定量PCR技术研究6个酪蛋白激酶基因在不同组织中的表达特性.结果表明:6个基因在各个器官中均有表达,但表达量不同.AT4G14340、AT3G23340、AT1G03930和AT3G03940基因在花中表达量最高,在根中其次,在茎、叶和叶柄中的表达量最低;A T1G04440和AT4G26100基因在根中的...     

Production of caffeic,chlorogenic and rosmarinic acids in plants and suspension cultures of Glechoma hederacea

Glechoma hederacea L. (Lamiaceae) is a perennial plant, which is distributed widely in Europe, Asia and America. Important anti-oxidant compounds are caffeic acid esters like rosmarinic acid (RA) and chlorogenic acid (CA). Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and rosmarinic acid synthase (RAS, 4-coumaroyl-CoA:hydroxyphenyllactic acid hydroxycinnamoyltransferase) contribute to the formation of RA. Our aim in this study was to follow the accumulation of RA, CA and caffeic acid in a suspension culture of G. hederacea. Growth, medium and secondary metabolism parameters were determined during a culture period of 14 days. The maximal PAL activity was observed on day 5 and the maximal RAS activity on day 8. The RA content was exceedingly high and reached 25.9% of the dry mass on day 7. Caffeic acid and CA contents remained rather low. Furthermore, the presence of RA, CA and caffeic acid and the expression patterns of RAS and hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:shikimate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HST), an important enzyme of monolignol formation, in leaves, flowers, stems and roots of naturally grown G. hederacea were assessed. The expression of RAS and HST genes was detectable in all organs except roots. Flowers accumulated 12.5% RA in their dry mass, leaves, stems and roots about 1%. CA was highest in leaves (2.0%), while it was at 1.6% in flowers, 1.3% in stems and almost undetectable in roots. The caffeic acid content remained at or below 0.4% of the dry weight in all organs.     

气孔在四季秋海棠营养器官和繁殖器官上的发育及相关性分析

主要观察了气孔在四季秋海棠营养器官和繁殖器官上的分布和发育情况,并分别对叶片和翅上气孔簇大小、气孔簇密度等指标的相关性进行了研究、结果表明:在叶片的下表皮、雌花和雄花的花被片、苞片、小苞片和翅上有气孔分布,而在茎、花梗上却未见气孔分布.叶片下表皮和翅上气孔通常成簇分布.在叶片的下表皮,气孔簇大小与气孔簇密度呈显著的负相关(P<0.05);气孔簇密度与叶片长度呈极显著的负相关(P<0.01).而翅上的气孔簇密度、气孔簇大小与子房长度无显著相关性(P>0.05).在四季秋海棠中,不同器官表皮的气孔簇大小是不同的,这可能与生理功能的不同有关.     

Volatiles from different organs of Unxia camphorata L. f. growing wild in the Amazon

The essential oils obtained from fresh leaves, flowers, roots and stems of Unxia camphorata collected in the rainy and dry seasons in the state of Pará, were examined by GC and GC/MS. The highest oil yields were observed from the samples collected at the dry season (flowers: 0.6%, leaves: 0.6%, stems: 0.3%, roots: 0.4%). All parts of the plant were rich in α-phellandrene, with non-significant changes during the rainy and dry seasons (flowers: 61.9–53.7%, leaves: 18.3–17.4%, stems: 68.3–72.8%, roots: 51.9–48.3%). In the leaf oil, the monoterpenoid camphor was the largest component (rainy season: 28.5%, dry season: 28.8%). In the leaf oil, the high amount of α-phellandrene was followed by methylthymol (rainy season: 14.1%, dry season: 13.1%). Depending on the plant part studied, these oils can be characterized by α-phellandrene, camphor/α-phellandrene/camphene, or α-phellandrene/methylthymol type.     

重庆楼梯草属一新组和三新种

描述了自重庆市江津区四面山发现的荨麻科楼梯草属的一新组和三新种：（1）雌伞楼梯草组Sect.Gynosciadion具一新种,雌伞楼梯草Elatostema femineocymosum,其特征为雌花序为3~4回分枝的聚伞花序,无花序托和总苞,根据这些特征可与楼梯草属的其他组相区别;（2）圆微叶楼梯草E.gyronanophyllum,与对叶楼梯草E.sinense H.Schr ter近缘,区别特征为此新种的叶较小,具较少二级脉,退化叶圆形或近圆形,雌总苞具12枚三角形苞片,雌花具2花被片,柱头扁球形;（3）正宇楼梯草E.zhengyuanum,与四面山楼梯草E.simianshanicum W.T.Wang近缘,区别特征在于新种的茎无毛,有时为营养茎,其叶片、钟乳体和托叶均较小,雌总苞的苞片呈倒披针状长圆形,在背面无鸡冠状突起。