Influence of Soil Components on Sorption of Atrazine under Aerobic and Anoxic Conditions

The adsorption of atrazine onto untreated and soils when oxides and hydroxides of Fe, Mn, and organic matter have been reduced was studied under aerobic and anoxic conditions. The Freundlich model appeared to fit the isotherm data better than the Langmuir model, while second-order reaction rates were best fit for atrazine in the aqueous phase. Simple regression analysis indicated that the Fe content of the geosorbents is the most important primary factor controlling the sorption processes of atrazine (r² = 0.947). Similar sorption capacity of atrazine by geosorbents but different isotherm nonlinearity indicated different sorption domains due to structural modifications and hydrophobicity. The sample treated to significantly remove organic carbon exhibited the greatest organic carbon–normalized sorption capacity. There existed apparent sorption–desorption hysteresis for each sorbent–sorbate system with desorption being more significant under anoxic conditions. The study suggests that, in remediation exercise, in situ redox barriers such as Fe²⁺-enriched zones can be created by stimulation of Fe³⁺ through chemical reduction. This study observed that soil predominated by Fe and with low OC content is probably a more effective sorbent for atrazine, implying that atrazine applied to such soils is less likely to leach into groundwater.     

Influence of the Interactions Between Black Carbon and Soil Constituents on the Sorption of Pyrene

Biochar (a kind of black carbon (BC)) has been advocated as a promising additive to farmland, thus it is crucial to understand the influence of BC on the fate of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) when they exist in soil. This study explored the sorption of pyrene onto a BC sample obtained by pyrolyzing pine sawdust, two soils, clay (kaolinite), and the mixtures thereof to investigate the influence of the interactions between BC and soil constituents on the sorption of HOCs and the mechanisms therein. Sorption of pyrene onto soil?BC mixtures was significantly less than that predicted by the sum of the individual soil and BC sorption, indicating that the sorption of pyrene onto soil and BC did not occur independently. The reduction of BC sorption capacity in soil seemed primarily to be caused by soil dissolved organic matter (DOM), which attenuated pyrene sorption onto BC by 18.7%?40.3% (within pyrene equilibrium concentration range of 0.05?0.5 S _w). These were likely due to the blockage of micropores, reduced accessibility of sorption sites, and binding of pyrene by DOM in aqueous solution. In addition to the DOM effect, kaolinite also diminished pyrene sorption onto BC to some extent, which suggested additional interaction between BC and soil particles. Pyrene sorption onto the soil?BC mixtures varied with water content and contact time. The influence of wet versus dry conditions and contact time on the K_oc of pyrene was more obvious when pyrene equilibrium concentrations were lower. The effect of aging also varied with soil properties. In summary, BC could not behave independently in soil, and its sorption capacity was changed by its interactions with soil constituents, which may be influenced by soil properties, environmental condition, and contact time.     

土壤有机质概念和分组技术研究进展

土壤有机质一直是土壤学研究领域的重点,在过去的50年里,对土壤质量可持续性观念的增强和寻找快速判断人为因素对土壤质量影响方向指标的强烈愿望导致了土壤有机质的研究重点发生了急剧变化：对农业措施反映慢的土壤腐殖质类物质的研究正在退出土壤有机质研究领域,而侧重点逐渐转向了土壤中未受微生物作用或正在受微生物降解的有机残体;也出现了新的土壤有机质研究概念和对应测试手段：土壤有机质的比重分组、与有机质结合的土壤颗粒大小分组、土壤团聚体中的POM和iPOM以及土壤水溶性有机质和微生物体C等概念和测试手段被相继提了出来,土壤有机质的研究重点正在从土壤微生物的作用产物(腐殖质)向土壤微生物作用前的、具有部分生物活性的有机质(轻组有机质、砂粒组和粗粉砂粒组中的有机质、POM和iPOM)和完全具有生物活性的有机质(微生物体C和水溶性有机质)转移,这一过程与土壤有机质概念的拓展密不可分。     

Organic matter chemistry and dynamics in clear-cut and unmanaged hardwood forest ecosystems

Forest harvesting alters the organic matter cycle by changing litter inputs and the decomposition regime. We hypothesized that these changes would result in differences in organic matter chemistry between clear-cut and uncut watershed ecosystems. We studied the chemistry of soil organic matter (SOM), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil solutions and stream samples in clear-cut and uncut sites at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire using DOC fractionation techniques and solid-state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.Alkyl-C (aliphatic compounds) and O-alkyl-C (carbohydrates) were the largest C fractions in soil and dissolved organic matter at Hubbard Brook. Alkyl-C ranged from 29–48% of soil C, 25–42% of soil solution C, and 22–42% of streamwater DOC. Carbohydrates comprised 32–49%, 36–43%, and 29–60% of C in soils, solutions, and streamwater, respectively. In both soils and soil solutions, the carbohydrate fraction decreased with increasing soil depth, while the aromaticity of organic matter increased with depth. There were no significant differences in the structural chemistry of SOM between clear-cut and uncut watersheds.The aromatic-C fractions in soil solutions at the clear-cut site ranged from 12–16%, approximately 40% greater than at the uncut site (8.5–11%). Thus, clear-cutting has resulted in the leaching of more highly decomposed organic matter, and depletion of more aliphatic compounds in the soluble organic pool. Because DOC fluxes are small compared to the SOM pool, large differences in soil solution chemistry do not substantially alter the overall composition of SOM. While the organic chemistry of stream DOC varied greatly among 3 sampling dates, there were no obvious clear-cutting effects. Thus, temporal variations in flowpaths and/or in-stream processes appear to be more important than disturbance in regulating the organic carbon chemistry of these streams.     

Increasing the organic carbon stocks in mineral soils sequesters large amounts of phosphorus

Despite the fact that phosphorus (P) is critical for plant biomass production in many ecosystems, the implications of soil organic carbon (OC) sequestration for the P cycle have hardly been discussed yet. Thus, the aims of this study are, first, to synthesize results about the relationship between C and P in soil organic matter (SOM) and organic matter inputs to soils, second, to review processes that affect the C:P ratio of SOM, and third, to discuss implications of OC storage in terrestrial ecosystems for P sequestration. The study shows that the storage of OC in mineral soils leads to the sequestration of large amounts of organic phosphorus (OP) since SOM in mineral soils is very rich in P. The reasons for the strong enrichment of OP with respect to OC in soils are the mineralization of OC and the formation of microbial necromass that is P‐rich as well as the strong sorption of OP to mineral surfaces that prevents OP mineralization. In particular, the formation of mineral‐associated SOM that is favorable for storing OC in soil over decadal to centennial timescales sequesters large amounts of OP. Storage of 1,000 kg C in the clay size fraction in the topsoils of croplands sequesters 13.1 kg P. In contrast, the OC:OP ratios of wood and of peatlands are much larger than the ones in cropland soils. Thus, storage of C in wood in peatlands sequesters much less P than the storage of OC in mineral soils. In order to increase the C stocks in terrestrial ecosystems and to lock up as little P as possible, it would be more reasonable to protect and restore peatlands and to produce and preserve wood than to store OC in mineral soils.     

保护性耕作对稻田土壤有机质的影响

研究使用常规犁耕-休闲(DTF),常规犁耕-小麦(DTW),保护耕作-休闲(CTF),保护耕作-小麦(CTW)4个处理,评价连续实验10a后保护性耕作对稻作区SOM的影响。结果表明:垄作、免耕和小麦种植的结合是稻作区一种较好的保护性耕作实践。它不仅显著增加SOM在土壤表层的聚集,而且它也通过改变SOM的组成和结构显著影响土壤胡敏酸的光谱和热解特性。相比其他处理,垄作免耕(稻麦)在0～10cm土层拥有最多的SOM含量,但随着土层厚度的增加,这一含量下降的也较为迅速。垄作免耕(稻麦)土壤胡敏酸在波长665nm处的光密度为0.122,465nm处为0.705,而常规平作(中稻)在这两个波长处却分别为0.062和0.321。垄作免耕土壤胡敏酸DTA曲线在360～365℃处放热峰的焓变值比常规平作低,1000～1050cm-1吸收峰常规平作也比垄作免耕强。垄作免耕土壤腐殖质的氧化稳定系数增高,表明长期垄作免耕土壤腐殖酸的缩合度增高,芳构化程度增强。通过保护性耕作和作物实践可以管理稻田土壤,维持充分的SOM积累,缓解土壤有机碳的丢失。     

Long-Term Grazing Exclusion Improves the Composition and Stability of Soil Organic Matter in Inner Mongolian Grasslands

Alteration of the composition of soil organic matter (SOM) in Inner Mongolian grassland soils associated with the duration of grazing exclusion (GE) has been considered an important index for evaluating the restoring effects of GE practice. By using five plots from a grassland succession series from free grazing to 31-year GE, we measured the content of soil organic carbon (SOC), humic acid carbon (HAC), fulvic acid carbon (FAC), humin carbon (HUC), and humic acid structure to evaluate the changes in SOM composition. The results showed that SOC, HUC, and the ratios of HAC/FAC and HAC/extractable humus carbon (C) increased significantly with prolonged GE duration, and their relationships can be well fitted by positive exponential equations, except for FAC. In contrast, the HAC content increased logarithmically with prolonged GE duration. Long-term GE enhanced the content of SOC and soil humification, which was obvious after more than 10 years of GE. Solid-state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that the ratios of alkyl C/O-alkyl C first decreased, and then remained stable with prolonged GE. Alternately, the ratios of aromaticity and hydrophobicity first increased, and then were maintained at relatively stable levels. Thus, a decade of GE improved the composition and structure of SOM in semiarid grassland soil and made it more stable. These findings provide new evidence to support the positive effects of long-term GE on soil SOC sequestration in the Inner Mongolian grasslands, in view of the improvement of SOM structure and stability.     

Adsorption of Antimony on Sediments from Typical Water Systems in China: A Comparison of Sb(III) and Sb(V) Pattern

The present work investigated the adsorption of Sb(III) and Sb(V) on five sediment samples (Pearl River, Yangtze River, Yellow River, Yongding River, and Liao River) from typical water systems in China and the adsorption of Sb(V) on Pearl River sediment with different organic carbon (OC) fractions using batch experiments. In order to assess the contributions of sedimentary organic components to the overall adsorption of pentavalent Sb on sediments, one sediment sample was treated by commonly used chemical and physical methods to remove different organic components. Experimental data of Sb(III) and Sb(V) adsorption on five sediments were successfully modeled using the Freundlich (r² > 0.96) isotherm. In general, the sediments with high Fe and Al oxide contents and total organic carbon (TOC) had higher Sb(III) and Sb(V) adsorption than the sediments containing small amounts of Fe and Al oxides and TOC. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in sediment promoted the adsorption of Sb(V), and humin fractions and black carbon-like material in sediment had a high affinity for Sb(V).     

Surficial gains and subsoil losses of soil carbon and nitrogen during secondary forest development

Reforestation of formerly cultivated land is widely understood to accumulate above‐ and belowground detrital organic matter pools, including soil organic matter. However, during 40 years of study of reforestation in the subtropical southeastern USA, repeated observations of above‐ and belowground carbon documented that significant gains in soil organic matter (SOM) in surface soils (0–7.5 cm) were offset by significant SOM losses in subsoils (35–60 cm). Here, we extended the observation period in this long‐term experiment by an additional decade, and used soil fractionation and stable isotopes and radioisotopes to explore changes in soil organic carbon and soil nitrogen that accompanied nearly 50 years of loblolly pine secondary forest development. We observed that accumulations of mineral soil C and N from 0 to 7.5 cm were almost entirely due to accumulations of light‐fraction SOM. Meanwhile, losses of soil C and N from mineral soils at 35 to 60 cm were from SOM associated with silt and clay‐sized particles. Isotopic signatures showed relatively large accumulations of forest‐derived carbon in surface soils, and little to no accumulation of forest‐derived carbon in subsoils. We argue that the land use change from old field to secondary forest drove biogeochemical and hydrological changes throughout the soil profile that enhanced microbial activity and SOM decomposition in subsoils. However, when the pine stands aged and began to transition to mixed pines and hardwoods, demands on soil organic matter for nutrients to support aboveground growth eased due to pine mortality, and subsoil organic matter levels stabilized. This study emphasizes the importance of long‐term experiments and deep measurements when characterizing soil C and N responses to land use change and the remarkable paucity of such long‐term soil data deeper than 30 cm.     

Comparison of Soil Organic Matter in Created, Restored and Paired Natural Wetlands in North Carolina

Soil organic matter (SOM) content is a key indicator of soil quality and is correlated to a number of important soil processes that occur in wetlands such as respiration, denitrification, and phosphorus sorption. To better understand the differences in the SOM content of created (CW), restored (RW), and paired natural wetlands (NWs), 11 CW/RW-NW pairs were sampled in North Carolina. The site pairs spanned a range of hydrogeomorphic (HGM) subclasses common in the Coastal Plain. The following null hypotheses were tested: (1) SOM content of paired CW/RWs and NWs are similar; (2) SOM content of wetlands across different HGM subclasses is similar; and (3) interactions between wetland status (CW/RW vs. NW) and hydrogeomorphic subclass are similar. The first null hypothesis was rejected as CW/RWs had significantly lower mean SOM (11.8 ± 3.9%) than their paired NWs (28.98 ± 8.0%) on average and at 10 out of the 11 individual sites. The second and third null hypotheses were also rejected as CW/RWs and NWs in the non-riverine organic soil flat subclass had significantly higher mean SOM content (31.08 ± 14.2%) than the other three subclasses (8.18 ± 2.5, 11.18 ± 8.2, and 10.38 ± 4.2%). Individual sites within this fourth subclass also had significantly different SOM content. This indicated that it would be inappropriate to include the organic soil flat subclass with either the riverine or non-riverine mineral soil flat subclasses when considering restoration guidelines. These results also suggested that if there is a choice in mitigation options between restoration or creation, wetlands should be restored rather than created, especially those in the non-riverine organic soil flat subclass.     

Copper Sorption Behavior of Selected Soils of the Oasis in the Middle Reaches of Heihe River Basin,China

The mobility and bioavailability of copper (Cu) depends on the Cu sorption capacity of soil and also on the chemical form of Cu in soils. Laboratory batch experiments were carried out to study the sorption and distribution of Cu in nine soils differing in their physicochemical properties from the oasis in the middle reaches of Heihe river basin, China: desert soil (S-1), agricultural soils (S-2, S-3, S-8, and S-9), marshland soil (S-4), and hungriness shrub soils (S-5 and S-6). Copper sorption behavior was studied using the sorption isotherm and sequential extraction procedure. In general, the sorption capacity for Cu decreased in the order: S-4 > S-9 > S-2 > S-8 > S-3 > S-6 > S-5 > S-7 > S-1. The correlation results suggest that soils with higher CEC, silt, clay, CaCO3, and organic matter will retain Cu more strongly and in greater amounts than soils that are sandy with lower CEC, CaCO3, and organic matter. pH is not an important impact factor to Cu sorption in experimental soil samples because pH in soils used in this study had a narrow range. The distribution of sorbed Cu varied between nine soils studied and depended on both soil properties and initial added Cu concentration. There are significant differences in the distribution of Cu in each soil with the increase of initial Cu concentration. The predominance of Cu associated with the available fraction, which was over 50% of the total sorbed Cu in most cases, indicates that the change of geochemical conditions might promote the release of Cu back into soil solution thus impacting organisms in the soils. The added Cu has also the tendencies to locate in the residual fraction, which was larger than 5% of the total amount extracted from the four fractions in most soils.     

长期垄作稻田腐殖质稳定碳同位素丰度(δ13C)分布特征

研究了四川盆地丘陵区连续16年垄（宽垄）作稻田土壤稳定碳库腐殖质组分的稳定碳同位素(δ¹³C)分布特征.结果表明： 稻田土壤有机碳含量为宽垄作＞垄作＞水旱轮作.腐殖质碳以胡敏素为主,占土壤碳含量的21%～30%,提取碳以胡敏酸为主,分别占土壤有机碳和腐殖质的17%～21%和38%～65%.土壤有机碳的δ¹³C值介于-27.9‰～-25.6‰,20～40 cm和0～5 cm土壤有机碳δ¹³C值之差约为1.9‰.土壤胡敏酸δ¹³C值比土壤有机碳低1‰～2‰,更接近于油菜和水稻秸秆及根系的δ¹³C值.土壤富里酸δ¹³C值分别较土壤有机碳和胡敏酸高2‰和4‰.耕作层和犁底层胡敏素δ¹³C值分别介于-23.7‰～-24.9‰和-22.6‰～-24.2‰,δ¹³C值的变化反映了耕层中腐殖质的新老混合现象.各有机组分δ¹³C值递减顺序为：胡敏素＞富里酸＞土壤有机碳＞稻草（油菜）残体＞胡敏酸.长期水稻种植有利于增加土壤有机碳含量,同时,耕作方式影响土壤腐殖质δ¹³C在耕作层和犁底层中的分布格局.     

长白山原始阔叶红松林土壤有机质组分小尺度空间异质性

土壤有机质(SOM)对于维持生态系统生产力具有非常重要的意义,有机质的组成、空间分布和空间关联性是影响和控制诸多生态系统过程的重要因素。应用地统计学方法,对长白山原始阔叶红松林局部尺度内0—20 cm土壤有机质与活性有机质的空间异质性进行了研究,并通过交叉半方差分析探讨了二者之间的相关性。研究结果表明:(1)总体上来说,土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、颗粒态有机碳(POC)和颗粒态有机氮(PON)空间异质性较小;而土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)和表层(0—10 cm)溶解性有机碳(DOC)的空间异质性较大;(2)SOC、TN、MBC、DOC、POC和PON随着深度的增加空间自相关性增加;而溶解性有机氮(DON)的空间自相关性随深度的增加变化不大;(3)SOC与TN在表层和下层(10—20 cm)均存在空间上的正相关关系;(4)SOC、TN在表层和下层分别与MBC、MBN、DOC、DON和POC呈空间上的正相关性,但是与PON之间的空间相关关系较差;(5)不同土层深度的土壤活性有机质之间的相关关系存在差异。在表层,除POC,PON外,其余土壤活性有机质组分在空间上两两相关;但是随着土壤深度的增加,活性有机质变量之间在空间上两两相关。研究结果表明土壤有机质组分在长白山原始阔叶红松林小尺度内存在不同空间异质性和空间关联性,这为人们更好的理解森林生态系统功能(如土壤养分循环)提供了重要的理论依据。     

Transport of ammonium and nitrate in saturated porous media incorporating physiobiotransformations and bioclogging

The vertical transport of nitrates from fertilizer application and wastewater irrigation through the subsurface and saturated zone is of major concern to assess the vulnerability of groundwater contamination. The present study addresses the transport of nitrogenous fertilizers such as ammonium and nitrate in the presence of organic carbon (acetate) in a one-dimensional soil column under saturated conditions, considering the effect of adsorption and biotransformation. The soil had a neutral pH range and was classified as loamy sand, with a 0.89% organic carbon content. Batch studies revealed that sorption occurred in the order of ammonium > acetate > nitrate following a Freundlich isotherm model. Mixed heterotrophic native soil bacteria for aerobic nitrification and anoxic denitrification were developed, and the growth kinetic parameters were simulated using a Haldane inhibition model for nitrification and a Monod inhibition model for denitrification. Results from biotransformation studies suggested that denitrification was the predominant process, with significant bacterial growth and clogging of pores occurring monotonously reaching a stationary phase by 12 days. Pore-clogging phenomenon not only reduces the permeability of the soil by 5 orders of magnitude but also increases the contact time of the contaminant with the soil microbe and thereby delays the transport process and decreases the effluent ammonium and nitrate concentrations. A tailing breakthrough in a leaching study illustrates that water flux variation (0.153 and 0.509 cm/min) did not influence the transport of solutes, rather irreversible chemical bonding retains more ammonium than nitrate in the soil matrix.     

Influence of Soil Organic Matter on Copper Extraction from Contaminated Soil

Column experiments of copper extraction from four contaminated soils characterized by a content of Soil Organic Matter (SOM) ranging from 1% to 25% are presented and discussed. The extraction was performed by flushing the soil with an aqueous solution of a sodium salt of ethylene diamminotetraacetic acid (EDTA). Preliminary tests were performed on a soil containing 25% of organic matter, to investigate the influence of pH, concentration and volumes of EDTA on its chelant action and on the dissolution of SOM. Having selected the optimal conditions for the extraction process, a further series of tests was conducted on the four soils to evaluate the influence of organic content on copper extraction yields. EDTA solutions at 0.01 M, 0.05 M, 0.1 and 0.2 M were injected at 0.33 ml/s; copper and organic matter extraction yield were determined. At a pH of 5, 15 pore volume (PV) of a solution containing 0.05M EDTA, extracted about 99% of copper contained by the soil with the higher organic matter content. Under the same conditions, and for soil with > 6% SOM, extraction yields over 80% were achieved, while at lower organic content, copper extraction was dramatically reduced. This was attributed to the formation of highly stable copper-humate complexes and to their increasingly dissolution that occurred in the soils with higher organic matter level.

Experimental tests performed at different contamination levels (1200 mg/kg, 2400 mg/kg) showed that EDTA extraction effectiveness also depended upon initial soil Cu concentration.     

Sorption and Desorption of Napropamide in Sandy Soil Amended with Chicken Dung and Palm Oil Mill Effluent

Beach Ridges Interspersed with Swales (BRIS) is a sandy soil and in Malaysia it is found exclusively in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. It is a marginal soil because of its low nutrient and water-holding capacity. However, with proper management and organic matter amendments some areas with BRIS soil are cultivated. Napropamide is a selective herbicide widely used to control weeds in BRIS soil. No previous studies have been reported on the effects of organic matter amendments on napropamide sorption in BRIS soil. This study was conducted to determine sorption and desorption of napropamide in BRIS soil amended with chicken dung (CD) and palm oil mill effluent (POME) at 0, 20, 40, and 80 Mg ha^?1. Potential interaction of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) with napropamide and their competition for sorption sites were also determined. Sorption isotherm data were fitted to the log-transformed Freundlich's equation. Sorption of napropamide was higher in soils amended with CD and POME as compared to non-amended soil. At the same rates of application, sorption was higher in soil amended with CD than POME. The Freundlich's coefficient (K_f) values were 0.22, 3.96, and 41.6 for nonamended soil, soil amended with 80 Mg ha^?1 POME, and soil amended with 80 Mg ha^?1 CD, respectively. Desorption of napropamide showed positive hysteresis and the hysteresis were greater with higher rates of CD and POME. There was no association between napropamide and DOC extracted from BRIS soil amended with either CD or POME and also there were no competitions between napropamide and DOC extracted from either CD or POME for sorption sites of the soil samples.     

Influence of rhizodeposition under elevated CO2 on plant nutrition and soil organic matter

Atmospheric CO₂ concentrations can influence ecosystem carbon storage through net primary production (NPP), soil carbon storage, or both. In assessing the potential for carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems under elevated CO₂, both NPP and processing of soil organic matter (SOM), as well as the multiple links between them, must be examined. Within this context, both the quantity and quality of carbon flux from roots to soil are important, since roots produce specialized compounds that enhance nutrient acquisition (affecting NPP), and since the flux of organic compounds from roots to soil fuels soil microbial activity (affecting processing of SOM).From the perspective of root physiology, a technique is described which uses genetically engineered bacteria to detect the distribution and amount of flux of particular compounds from single roots to non-sterile soils. Other experiments from several labs are noted which explore effects of elevated CO₂ on root acid phosphatase, phosphomonoesterase, and citrate production, all associated with phosphorus nutrition. From a soil perspective, effects of elevated CO₂ on the processing of SOM developed under a C4 grassland but planted with C3 California grassland species were examined under low (unamended) and high (amended with 20 g m^–2 NPK) nutrients; measurements of soil atmosphere 13C combined with soil respiration rates show that during vegetative growth in February, elevated CO₂ decreased respiration of carbon from C4 SOM in high nutrient soils but not in unamended soils.This emphasis on the impacts of carbon loss from roots on both NPP and SOM processing will be essential to understanding terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage under changing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations.Abbreviations SOM soil organic matter - NPP net primary productivity - NEP net ecosystem productivity - PNPP p-nitrophenyl phosphate     

大颗粒活化腐植酸肥对苹果土壤团聚体和有机碳的影响

新型大颗粒活化腐植酸肥(LAF)在苹果化肥减量和果实稳产方面的效果显著,探明其对土壤团聚体和有机碳的影响是揭示该新型肥料对苹果土壤结构影响的重要依据。本研究设置4个LAF处理:LAF₁[全量施肥,施肥时期及重量比(下同):萌芽期∶膨果期∶成熟期=3∶4∶3]、LAF₂(全量施肥,萌芽期∶膨果期∶成熟期=2∶3∶5)、LAF₃(减量1/4施肥,萌芽期∶膨果期∶成熟期=2∶3∶5)、LAF₄(减量1/3施肥,萌芽期∶膨果期∶成熟期=2∶3∶5),以不施肥(CK)处理为对照。通过4年盆栽试验,研究苹果土壤团聚体组成、稳定性和有机碳对不同施肥处理的响应。结果表明: 1)与CK相比,LAF各处理显著提高了土壤水稳性大团聚体含量,>2 mm和2~0.25 mm粒径团聚体含量分别提高了53.4%~77.5%和12.3%~17.0%,且提高幅度随施肥量的增加而增大,其中LAF₁处理土壤水稳性大团聚体含量最高。2)LAF各处理在各粒径团聚体含量上差异不显著,其中2~0.25 mm粒径团聚体含量所占的比例最高。3)与CK相比,LAF各处理均显著提高了团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD),降低了分形维数(D),其中LAF₁处理的MWD和GMD值最高,对土壤团聚体稳定性提升效果最好。4)除LAF₄外,其他LAF处理土壤有机碳含量均显著高于CK,其中LAF₂处理土壤有机碳含量最高;LAF各处理均增加了土壤各粒径团聚体有机碳含量,LAF₁、LAF₂、LAF₃处理显著提高了>2 mm粒径团聚体有机碳含量,且>2 mm团聚体有机碳对总有机碳的贡献率最大;LAF各处理的水稳性大团聚体有机碳对总有机碳的贡献率均显著高于CK,且贡献率均在66.0%以上,其中LAF₁处理最高。综上,施用LAF在促进苹果土壤水稳性大团聚体形成和稳定性、提高团聚体有机碳含量上应用效果显著,其中全量施用效果最好。施用LAF可作为改善苹果土壤结构和提升土壤肥力的有效措施。     

Incorporation of Petroleum Carbon Into Soil Organic Matter During Biodegradation

A procedure, based on measurement of the stable carbon isotope ¹³C, has been developed for determining the extent to which petroleum carbon is incorporated into soil organic matter (SOM) by humification of biomass produced during biodegradation of the petroleum in soil. We have shown that a crude oil having a δ¹³C of-27.4%, when biodegraded in a soil containing SOM with a δ¹³C of-15.7%, resulted in a change of the δ¹³C of the bound SOM reflecting that of petroleum carbon. Comparison of five soil biodegradation tests using different amounts and types of fertilizer to stimulate biodegradation of the oil in this soil showed that the extent of the δ¹³C change in the bound SOM varied with the extent of oil biodegradation observed. To obtain ¹³C data on the SOM, the residual petroleum was first removed by rigorous extraction with dichloromethane using a Soxhlet apparatus. The extracted soil was then combusted to release bound carbon as CO₂, which was analyzed for ¹³C. Where the SOM has a δ¹³C similar to that of petroleum, ¹⁴C measurements of SOM would give similar results. This type of data, referred to as the petroleum “footprint” in the SOM, could be useful in identifying or confirming intrinsic biodegradation of petroleum in contaminated soil.     

Snow vole (Chionomys nivalis Martins) affects the redistribution of soil organic matter and hormone‐like activity in the alpine ecosystem: ecological implications

In alpine environments, colonies of snow vole (Chionomys nivalis Martins) cause strong pedoturbation, which may affect humification process and soil organic matter (SOM) cycling, with repercussions on the hormone‐like activity of organics. We investigated the effect of snow vole pedoturbation on the chemical and spectroscopic features of soil organic fractions, and the potential hormone‐like activity of humic and fulvic acids (HA, FA). The study site was located on the high‐mountain environment of the Majella massif (central Italy). Pedoturbated and regular soils were morphologically described and characterized for pH and content of total organic carbon, total extractable carbon, HA, and FA. Both HA and FA were extracted and investigated using attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared (ATR/FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance with high‐resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS‐NMR), and ¹H‐¹³C heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC). HA and FA were also tested for their auxin‐like and gibberellin‐like activities. Results provide evidences that bioturbated and regular soils contain a poorly decomposed SOM, but HA and FA with a well‐defined molecular structure. The HA and FA from both bioturbated and regular soils show a hormone‐like activity with a different allocation along the soil profile. In the regular soil, the highest auxin‐like activity was shown by HA and FA from Oe1 horizon, while gibberellin‐like activity was expressed by FA from Oe2 horizon. Burrowing activity determines a redistribution of organics throughout the profile with a relatively high auxin‐like activity in the FA from straw tunnel wall (STW) and gibberellin‐like activity in the HA from vole feces (VF). The relative high presence of carboxylic acids, amides, proteins, and amino acids in the FA from STW and the aromatic moieties in the HA from VF put evidences for their different behavior. The fact that snow vole activity has modified the chemical and biological properties of SOM in these soils otherwise considered governed only by low temperature has important ecological implications such as the preservation of soil fertility and vegetal biodiversity.