Study on change in value of ecosystem service function of Tarim River

The characteristic of change in value of Tarim River ecosystem service function and its causes are discussed by combining the remote-sensing images with social statistical data related to the change in land utilization of Tarim River Main stream area during 1973–2005 and applying correlation analysis, regressional analysis and principal component analysis methods. The results show a right ascension state in the value of Tarim River ecosystem service function over the past 30 years. Of which, the Cropland ecosystem service function is of the largest increment in the economic value, which is far in excess of other ecosystem systems; the capacity of forest, grassland and wetland in service supply and value attribution show a downward tendency relatively; the area of Cropland and unused land ecosystems increase while that of forest, grassland and wetland ecosystems decrease, which indicates that the integral capacity and balance of the ecosystem in the region investigated has been affected severely and the ecosystem deteriorated; the economic activity of human is the key factor to regulate the change in economic value of Tarim River ecosystem service function and its trend in development.     

Study on change in value of ecosystem service function of Tarim River

The characteristic of change in value of Tarim River ecosystem service function and its causes are discussed by combining the remote-sensing images with social statistical data related to the change in land utilization of Tarim River Main stream area during 1973–2005 and applying correlation analysis, regressional analysis and principal component analysis methods. The results show a right ascension state in the value of Tarim River ecosystem service function over the past 30 years. Of which, the Cropland ecosystem service function is of the largest increment in the economic value, which is far in excess of other ecosystem systems; the capacity of forest, grassland and wetland in service supply and value attribution show a downward tendency relatively; the area of Cropland and unused land ecosystems increase while that of forest, grassland and wetland ecosystems decrease, which indicates that the integral capacity and balance of the ecosystem in the region investigated has been affected severely and the ecosystem deteriorated; the economic activity of human is the key factor to regulate the change in economic value of Tarim River ecosystem service function and its trend in development.     

Intraspecific phylogeography of Carchesium polypinum (Peritrichia, Ciliophora) from China, inferred from 18S-ITS1-5.8S ribosomal DNA

Based on the variation of site 34, 46, 241, 305 and 322 in the 18S-ITS1 rDNA sequence, 19 Carchesium polypinum populations collected from eight provinces of China were separated into northern and southern population along the delineation between the Yangtze River and the Pearl River. This geographic distribution pattern of Carchesium polypinum maybe results from two factors: the vicariance resulting from the formation of the delineation between the Pearl River and the Yangtze River accompanied with the uplift of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, and the different dispersal paths of C. polypinum affected by the climate.     

Modeling the spatial–temporal dynamics of water use efficiency in Yangtze River Basin using IBIS model

Climate change alters regional water and carbon cycling, which has been a hot study point in the filed of climatology and ecology. As a traditionally “water-rich” region of China, Yangtze River Basin plays an important role in regional economic development and ecosystem productivity. However, the mechanism of the influence of climate change on water and carbon cycling has been received little attention. As a coupling indicator for carbon and water, the water use efficiency (WUE) is widely used, which indicates the water consumption for carbon sequestration in watershed and regional scale. A lot of studies showed that climate change has significantly affected the water resource and production of the ecosystems in Yangtze River Basin during the period of 1956–2006, when great climate variations were occurred. To better understand the alternation pattern for the relationship between water and carbon cycling under climate change at regional scale, the WUE and the spatiotemporal variations patterns were simulated in the study area from 1956 to 2006 by using the Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS). The results showed that the WUE spatial pattern had the annual and seasonal variations. In general, the average annual WUE value per square meter was about 0.58 g C/kg H₂O in Yangtze River Basin. The high WUE levels were mainly distributed in the eastern area of Sichuan, western area of Jiangxi and Hunan, and the highest value reached 0.88 g C/kg H₂O. The lowest WUE’s were mainly located in the western area of Sichuan and Qinghai with the lowest values reaching to 0.36 g C/kg H₂O. The WUE in other regions mostly ranged from 0.5 to 0.6 g C/kg H₂O. For the whole study area, the annual WUE slowly increased from 1956 to 2006. The WUE in the upper reaches of Yangtze River increased based on the simulated temporal trends, which mainly located in the western area of the Sichuan Basin; the WUE of the middle reaches of Yangtze River had increased slightly from 1987 to 1996, and then decreased from 1996 to 2006; the lower reaches of Yangtze River always had smaller WUE’s than the average from 1956 to 2006. The spatiotemporal variability of the WUE in the vegetation types was obvious in the Yangtze River Basin, and it was depended on the climate and soil conditions, and as well the disturbance in its distribution areas. The temporal variations of WUE among different vegetation types had similar trends but different in values. The forest type had higher WUE than any other vegetation types ranging from 0.65 to 0.8 g C/kg H₂O. The WUE of shrubland ranged from 0.45 to 0.6 g C/kg H₂O. The WUE of tundra was the lowest, indicating the differences in plant physiology. The consistence of the spatial pattern of WUE with the NPP indicated that the regional production of Yangtze River Basin increased based on the water resources prompted and vegetation restoration. We found the drought climate was one of critical factor that impacts the alteration of WUE in Yangtze River Basin in the simulation.     

Modeling the spatial–temporal dynamics of water use efficiency in Yangtze River Basin using IBIS model

Climate change alters regional water and carbon cycling, which has been a hot study point in the filed of climatology and ecology. As a traditionally “water-rich” region of China, Yangtze River Basin plays an important role in regional economic development and ecosystem productivity. However, the mechanism of the influence of climate change on water and carbon cycling has been received little attention. As a coupling indicator for carbon and water, the water use efficiency (WUE) is widely used, which indicates the water consumption for carbon sequestration in watershed and regional scale. A lot of studies showed that climate change has significantly affected the water resource and production of the ecosystems in Yangtze River Basin during the period of 1956–2006, when great climate variations were occurred. To better understand the alternation pattern for the relationship between water and carbon cycling under climate change at regional scale, the WUE and the spatiotemporal variations patterns were simulated in the study area from 1956 to 2006 by using the Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS). The results showed that the WUE spatial pattern had the annual and seasonal variations. In general, the average annual WUE value per square meter was about 0.58 g C/kg H₂O in Yangtze River Basin. The high WUE levels were mainly distributed in the eastern area of Sichuan, western area of Jiangxi and Hunan, and the highest value reached 0.88 g C/kg H₂O. The lowest WUE’s were mainly located in the western area of Sichuan and Qinghai with the lowest values reaching to 0.36 g C/kg H₂O. The WUE in other regions mostly ranged from 0.5 to 0.6 g C/kg H₂O. For the whole study area, the annual WUE slowly increased from 1956 to 2006. The WUE in the upper reaches of Yangtze River increased based on the simulated temporal trends, which mainly located in the western area of the Sichuan Basin; the WUE of the middle reaches of Yangtze River had increased slightly from 1987 to 1996, and then decreased from 1996 to 2006; the lower reaches of Yangtze River always had smaller WUE’s than the average from 1956 to 2006. The spatiotemporal variability of the WUE in the vegetation types was obvious in the Yangtze River Basin, and it was depended on the climate and soil conditions, and as well the disturbance in its distribution areas. The temporal variations of WUE among different vegetation types had similar trends but different in values. The forest type had higher WUE than any other vegetation types ranging from 0.65 to 0.8 g C/kg H₂O. The WUE of shrubland ranged from 0.45 to 0.6 g C/kg H₂O. The WUE of tundra was the lowest, indicating the differences in plant physiology. The consistence of the spatial pattern of WUE with the NPP indicated that the regional production of Yangtze River Basin increased based on the water resources prompted and vegetation restoration. We found the drought climate was one of critical factor that impacts the alteration of WUE in Yangtze River Basin in the simulation.     

Forest ecosystem services of changbai mountain in china

The forest ecosystem of the Changbai Mountain is the most typical upland temperate forest ecosystem in eastern Asia. It is also of the most primitive vegetation type that came into being through the natural succession of soil and vegetation following volcanic eruption. The forest ecosystem has great importance for maintaining the structures and functions of the watershed ecosystems of the Songhua River, the Yalu River and the Tumen River. We combined physical assessment method (RAM) with the value assessment method (VAM) to evaluate the forest ecosystem services of the northern slope of the Changbai Mountain, including eco-tourism, forest by-products, timber, soil and water conservation, air purification, and the recycling of nutritive elements. We also assessed the integrated forest ecosystem service and analyzed its dynamics. The service value provided by the Changbai Mountain forest ecosystem amounts up to RMB 3.38×1012 yuan, of which, water conservation is 66%, water conservation and air purificatio     

The effect of ecological management in the upper reaches of Heihe River

Heihe River is the second largest inland river in northwest China which flows through Qinghai Province, Gansu Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Because of the rapid development of social economy, the sharp increase of water utilization in the middle reaches and the aggravation of contradiction of supply and demand on water resources, the water to the lower reaches decreases and the ecological environment deteriorates constantly. According to the severe situation of ecology system depravation in Heihe River basin, Chinese government decided to invest 2.35 billion RMB to carry out 3 years ecological management in Heihe River basin from August in 2001. After 3 years ecological management, the depravation of ecological environment is controlled effectively. This paper researches the ecological management engineering in the upper reaches of Heihe River and evaluates the effect of the ecological management engineering. The methods of field sampling and measuring are used to obtain the index indicating the ecology change in the upper reaches of Heihe River in 2006. The effects of fencing grassland, fencing natural forest, and artificial afforestation to the ecology are evaluated. The result suggests that: Firstly, in fencing grassland area, the yield of grass had increased by 42–113%, average height of the grass had increased by 60–100%, and the degree of coverage had increased by 67–100%. Secondly, in fencing natural forests area, the degree of coverage had increased by 15–33%, the shade density had increased by 50–100%, average height had increased by 80–125%, and the crown size had increased by 63–186%. Thirdly, the growth increment of the trees in artificial afforestation area is bigger than that outside artificial afforestation area. In conclusion, ecological management leads to obvious ecological effect in the upper reaches of Heihe River.     

The effect of ecological management in the upper reaches of Heihe River

Heihe River is the second largest inland river in northwest China which flows through Qinghai Province, Gansu Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Because of the rapid development of social economy, the sharp increase of water utilization in the middle reaches and the aggravation of contradiction of supply and demand on water resources, the water to the lower reaches decreases and the ecological environment deteriorates constantly. According to the severe situation of ecology system depravation in Heihe River basin, Chinese government decided to invest 2.35 billion RMB to carry out 3 years ecological management in Heihe River basin from August in 2001. After 3 years ecological management, the depravation of ecological environment is controlled effectively. This paper researches the ecological management engineering in the upper reaches of Heihe River and evaluates the effect of the ecological management engineering. The methods of field sampling and measuring are used to obtain the index indicating the ecology change in the upper reaches of Heihe River in 2006. The effects of fencing grassland, fencing natural forest, and artificial afforestation to the ecology are evaluated. The result suggests that: Firstly, in fencing grassland area, the yield of grass had increased by 42–113%, average height of the grass had increased by 60–100%, and the degree of coverage had increased by 67–100%. Secondly, in fencing natural forests area, the degree of coverage had increased by 15–33%, the shade density had increased by 50–100%, average height had increased by 80–125%, and the crown size had increased by 63–186%. Thirdly, the growth increment of the trees in artificial afforestation area is bigger than that outside artificial afforestation area. In conclusion, ecological management leads to obvious ecological effect in the upper reaches of Heihe River.     

甘肃省中国种子植物特有属物种多样性保护优先地区分析

以甘肃省境内11个主要天然林区作为基本的地理单元,选择天然分布在各林区的中国种子植物特有属的物种丰富度、相对特有性和等级性作为评价指标,对各林区中国种子植物特有属物种多样性进行综合评价,确定出甘肃省中国种子植物特有属物种多样性保护的关键林区,并且运用互补性原理设计出最低保护区域组合及其优先序。分析得出关键保护林区为白龙江下游（白水江）林区、白龙江中上游林区和小陇山林区;最低保护区域组合按其优先序依次为白龙江下游（白水江）林区、白龙江中上游林区、东祁连山林区、小陇山林区和太子山,大夏河林区。     

干旱区终闾湖泊孢粉记录的环境重建模式

西北干旱区河西走廊东段、石羊河终闾湖泊边缘的三角城剖面全新世早期至末次冰消期 2 92— 6 0 0cm处 15 5个样孢粉组合 ,显示云杉、圆柏属含量极高 ,两者之和达 40 %— 6 0 % ,且百分比互为消长。云杉百分比与孢粉浓度、植被分异度成正比。通过对云杉、圆柏属生态习性、传播性能、与其它组分关系、当地特殊的自然地理条件的综合分析 ,笔者认为剖面中高含量的云杉、圆柏属来自流域上游祁连山 ,是石羊河搬运的结果 ,孢粉组合中其它成分有当地的 ,也有来自山上的。剖面附近表土花粉分析支持这种观点。云杉、圆柏属是判断流域环境变化的主要因子 ,孢粉组合中其它成分可辅助判断环境变化的细节。流域环境重建模式和具体的变化过程是 :孢粉组合中的主要成分指示流域山上的植被状况 ;云杉花粉含量高时 ,流域有效湿度大 ,山上云杉林范围扩大 ,终闾区湖泊发育 ,整个流域生物分异度、密度 ,孢粉浓度都大 ;圆柏属花粉含量高 ,流域干旱 ,山上云杉林范围急剧减少 ,整个流域生物分异度、密度减小 ,孢粉浓度降低。圆柏属受干旱影响较小 ,数量有所减少 ,但因补偿递减率的作用 ,百分比增加。这可为重建我国西部干旱区湖泊孢粉记录的古环境作参考。     

安徽省宁国市安友庄旧石器遗址调查及发掘简报

2003-2004年,安徽省文物考古研究所对地处水阳江流域的宁国安友庄遗址开展野外调查及考古发掘,发掘面积250 m²,调查采集石制品3件,发掘出土石制品49件。石制品原料以中津河（水阳江一级支流）二级阶地底部砾石层中产出的石英岩砾石为主,少量为石英。石制品类型包括石核、石片和石器。石制品均为使用硬锤直接剥片。石制品主要出自中国南方地区常见的网纹红土和均质红土中,根据长江中下游地区第四纪红土风化壳的相关研究结果,初步推断安友庄遗址古人类生存与活动的年代延续中更新世中、晚期一段时间。虽然安友庄遗址发现石制品数量不多,但其中存在模式2技术产品,如剥取大石片的大石核、长度大于或等于10 cm的大石片,以及以手斧、大型石刀等为代表的大型切割石器,特别是比较典型的两面加工手斧在水阳江流域尚不多见。安友庄遗址的发现,为进一步讨论早期人类在长江下游地区的扩散与技术发展具有重要的科学意义。     

基于地理探测器的云南省生态系统产水服务的空间异质性及驱动因素

产水服务作为重要的生态系统服务功能,准确把握其空间分异特征、明确不同地域的关键驱动因子是维系生态安全和可持续发展的关键。以地理空间异质性显著的云南省为研究区,借助InVEST模型模拟1992—2019年云南省产水量时空分布,通过地理探测器探析气候、植被、土壤、地形、土地利用等因子对产水服务的空间驱动特征。结果表明: 1992—2019年,云南省产水量呈先增大后减小的波动变化趋势,各年产水量空间分布格局相似,总体趋势是自西北、西部、西南部向中部和东部逐渐递减。气候类因子(降水量和实际蒸散量)是导致产水服务空间分异的主要驱动因子。在不同的流域分区,各驱动因素对产水量的影响具有明显的空间异质性:云岭-元江一线以西,伊洛瓦底江、怒江上游、怒江下游、澜沧江上游、金沙江上游、元江、李仙江一带,降水量是主要的控制因子;云岭-元江一线以东,喀斯特地貌区(南广河、赤水河、乌江、右江、盘龙河)以及人口密度大、耕地资源短缺的金沙江下游地区,实际蒸散量和土地利用类型是主要的控制因子。本研究结果可为云南省水资源管理政策和生态文明建设工作提供参考依据,对促进高原山地复杂区生态系统服务优化和可持续发展具有一定的指导意义。     

基于河流生境调查的东河河流生境评价

河流生境是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,是河流生物赖以生存的基础。以位于三峡库区腹心区域的典型山区河流东河为研究对象,采用河流生境调查(RHS)方法调查河流生境,选择河流生境质量评价指数(HQA)、河流生境退化指数(HMS)评估河流生境现状,分析生境质量和人为干扰的空间分布规律。结果表明,51个河段的HQA值介于24—66之间。29.4%河段的HQA为优,29.4%为良,23.5%为中,9.8%为较差,7.8%为差。从HMS看,7.8%的河段保持较自然状态,19.6%受到轻微的破坏,41.2%退化明显,27.5%退化严重,3.9%受到剧烈破坏。HQA与HMS存在显著的负相关关系。东河上、中、下游河段的HQA无明显差异,但HMS差异显著。从干扰来源看,东河上游和中游河流生境主要受引水式小水电、沿河公路、河道采砂影响。东河下游河流生境受高强度的土地开发(农业用地、建设用地),河道采砂,河堤、排污管、桥梁等水工构筑物的修建和三峡水库水位的波动影响。RHS评价结果能较直观地反映河流生境状况,以及导致河流生境质量衰退的原因。     

南四湖典型入湖河流沉积物重金属污染特征与风险评价研究

以南四湖两条典型入湖河流为研究对象,分别对湖东的泗河及湖西的东鱼河沉积物中9种重金属(Cr、Ni、Zn、Cu、Pb、Hg、Cd、As、Mn)含量进行分析,最后采用多种方法解析重金属的来源并对其污染特征和生态风险进行评价.结果表明,两条河流沉积物中重金属均存在一定程度的富集,尤其是Hg、Zn、Cd富集最严重.泗河沉积物中...     

水电梯级开发对河流生境质量及纵向连通性影响评价——以五布河和藻渡河为例

河流物理生境是维持河流生物多样性及生态功能的关键因素。生境质量的好坏能反应河流健康的程度。以我国西南地区的五布河和藻渡河为例,采用河流生境调查方法(RHS)和树状水系连通性指数(DCI)定量评估水电梯级开发和水坝建设对河流物理生境质量和河流纵向连通性的影响。结果表明,水电梯级开发后,五布河干流未受水坝明显影响河段、库区河段、减水河段分别为20.48、43.34、18.09 km,占总长度的25.0%、52.9%、22.1%。藻渡河干流河口至双河口段未受水坝明显影响河段、库区河段、减水河段分别为58.61、8.28、18.99 km,占总长度的68.2%、9.6%、占22.1%。水电梯级开发后,五布河干流河流片段由26个增至29个,藻渡河干流河流片段由2个增至5个。两条河流纵向连通性分别降低了7.8%和38.0%。五布河坝下减水河段生境质量降低14.1%,库区河段生境质量变化不明显。藻渡河减水河段生境质量与近自然河段无显著差异;两座坝后式电站库区河段生境质量明显低于近自然河段。水电梯级开发对两条河流物理生境的影响与水坝位置选择、建坝前的自然阻隔数量与分布、河流地貌特征、水电资源开发方式等密切相关。     

甘肃洮河流域种子植物区系的初步研究

甘肃洮河流域地黄土高原和青藏高原的交汇地带,植物种类比较丰富,据初步统计,有种子植物１００科,４４８属,１３４６种,其种子植物区系具有下列基本特征;种类组成比较丰富,地理成分复杂,联系广泛,但以温带成分占绝对优势,具典型的北温带性质,区系成分过渡性强。根据特有种的分布情况和自然地理特征,洮河中上游植物区系应地横断山脉地区川西北,甘南,青东南地区,洮河下游应属于华北地区黄土高原亚地区。     

Morphological and behavioral variation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rasbora paviei</Emphasis> (Cyprinidae,Cypriniformes) from lotic and limnic habitats (Central Vietnam)

Morphological and behavioral traits of Rasbora paviei from river and lake environments are studied. For investigations, the fish were caught from the middle reaches of the Cai River and from the inshore zone of the Kam Lam Reservoir (Khanh Hoa Province, Central Vietnam). Phenotypic differences are found in river and lake fish groups. Experimentally, differences in tactics and efficiency of defensive behavior are found in specimens from different habitats in the presence of a predator—Lepisosteus sp. (Lepisosteidae). In river specimens of Rasbora, the defensive reaction is more efficient in comparison with specimens from the reservoir. The river specimens of Rasbora used predominantly the tactics of group defense from the predator and stayed in a school longer than the lake specimens.     

黄河流域鱼类食性同资源种团的时空变化

鱼类资源保护是黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的重要环节.通过历史资料整理和野外调查发现,1960-2019年,黄河流域共分布鱼类16目35科201种.其中,鲤形目物种数最多,占比60.7％;鲈形目次之,占比10.0％.1960-1980年分布鱼类15目28科182种;1980-2019年分布鱼类10目23科112种.源区...