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1.
Whether female crickets choose among males based on characteristics of the courtship song is uncertain, but in many species,
males not producing courtship song do not mate. In the house cricket,Acheta domesticus, we examined whether a female chose or rejected a male based on his size, latency to chirp, latency to produce courtship
song, or rate of the high-frequency pulse of courtship song (“court rate”). We confirmed that females mated only with males
that produced courtship song, but we found no evidence that the other factors we measured affected a female’s decision to
mate. In addition, we investigated whether the outcome of male agonistic encounters affected the subsequent production of
courtship song. In one experiment, we observed courtship and mating behavior when a single female was placed with a pair of
males following a 10-min interaction period between the two males. Winners of male agonistic encounters had higher mating
success. However, winners and losers of agonistic encounters were not different in their likelihood or latency to produce
courtship song or in the number of times they were disrupted by the other male in the pair. In a second experiment, we allowed
two males to interact for a 10-min period, but following this interaction period, we placed a female with each male separately
and observed courtship and mating behavior. The mating success of winners and losers was not different under these circumstances,
and we found no differences between winners and losers in any subsequent courtship or mating behavior examined. We conclude
that winning agonistic encounters influences a male’s mating success in ways other than his production of courtship song and
this effect is lost when winning and losing males are separated and each is given an opportunity to mate. 相似文献
2.
Rossana Perrone Omar Macadar Ana Silva 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2009,195(5):501-514
Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus (pulse-type weakly electric fish) is a gregarious species that displays reproductive behavior and agonistic encounters between
males only during the breeding season. During social interactions, in addition to its basal electric organ discharge (EOD),
fish emit social electric signals (SESs) in the contexts of reproduction and intrasexual aggression. We reproduced natural
behavior in laboratory settings: SESs recorded in the field are indistinguishable from those observed in our experimental
setup. SESs are nocturnal, change seasonally and exhibit sexual dimorphism. This study provides an exhaustive characterization
and classification of SESs produced by males and females during the breeding season. In male–female dyads, males produce accelerations
and chirps while females interrupt their EODs. The same SESs are observed in male–male dyads. We present a novel, thorough
classification of male chirps into four independent types (A, B, C, and M) based on their duration and internal structure.
The type M chirp is only observed in male–male dyads. Chirps and interruptions, both in male–female and male–male dyads, are
emitted in bouts, which are also grouped throughout the night. Our data suggest the existence of a sophisticated electric
dialog during reproductive and aggressive interaction whose precise timing and behavioral significance are being investigated. 相似文献
3.
Game theoretical models predict that the main function of fighting behaviour is to assess the relative fighting ability of
opponents. The sequential assessment game has often been used to investigate contests, while honest signalling theory has
received much less attention. With the wolf spider Hygrolycosa rubrofasciata we investigated whether male agonistic signalling can reveal honest information about fighting ability, and how size and motivation
asymmetries affect male fighting behaviour. We also determined whether male–male competition affects the courtship behaviour
of the males. We found that agonistic drumming activity is an honest indicator of male fighting ability, and that relative
size asymmetry and motivation to fight both contribute to the fighting ability. We also found that male–male competition decreases
the courtship drumming rate of subdominant males, suggesting that male–male competition limits the opportunities for female
choice. We conclude that sequential assessment and honest signalling may both be used in settling contests, and that they
may be used simultaneously.
Received: 10 December 1998 / Received in revised form: 23 June 1999 / Accepted: 5 July 1999 相似文献
4.
We studied territorial behaviour of Calomys musculinus, a promiscuous-polygynous species, in order to test the predictions that during the breeding period, home-range-owner females
are more aggressive than home-range intruders and that males do not display territorial behaviour. At the core of the breeding
season, we conducted 136 intrasexual and 66 intersexual encounters. The study was carried out in four 0.25-ha enclosures,
each containing one independent population. We studied territorial behaviour utilising focal animal sampling to record behaviour.
Encounters were conducted in a circular opaque arena (COA) near the home-range’s activity mathematical centre (AMC). Amicable
behaviour was not observed in any of the 78 trials among females. The rates of aggressive and submissive behaviour per female–female
encounters varied in relation to whether they were home-range owners or intruders, the former being aggressive, the latter
submissive. So we could link these drives to the territorial behaviour of C. musculinus. This result fits well with the already known territoriality of C. musculinus during the breeding season. In contrast, the 58 intrasexual male encounters did not show direct aggressive interactions between
them. The rates of the different behaviours between males did not vary in relation to whether they were home-range owners
or intruders. In our study, which took place during the breeding period, C. musculinus males were nonterritorial, and they never exhibited aggressiveness towards females. 相似文献
5.
Massen JJ Overduin-de Vries AM de Vos-Rouweler AJ Spruijt BM Doxiadis GG Sterck EH 《International journal of primatology》2012,33(1):73-92
Male mating success in a multimale–multifemale group can depend on several variables: body condition, dominance, coalitions,
“friendship,” or an exchange of services for mating access. Exchange patterns may also be determined by market effects or
social relationships. We studied the mating tactics of males in a captive, multimale–multifemale group of rhesus macaques
and the resulting patterns of mating and paternity to determine the influence of dominance rank, mating markets, and relationship
quality on their mating tactics. Male rank was positively related to the total number of copulations and the number of mating
partners, but did not explain male mating distribution completely. Moreover, male fertilization success was not related to
male rank. Males did not exchange grooming for mating access on the same day and neither the supply nor the rank (as a proxy
for quality) of receptive females affected the amount of male grooming, suggesting that market effects did not explain male
mating access. However, there was a positive correlation between long-term grooming patterns of both males and females and
mating access, indicating that social relationships were important for male mating access. Paternity data revealed that these
social relationships were also important for male reproductive success. We conclude that both male rank and male–female “friendship”
determined male mating access in these rhesus macaques, but that “friendship” was more important in determining paternity,
emphasizing the importance of intersex social bonds in male mating success in multimale primate societies. 相似文献
6.
We conducted an experimental study to test the hypothesis that, at low female availability, males show intrasexual aggressive
behaviour and home range owners are more aggressive than home range intruders. Using field dyadic arena test, we carried out
35 male–male trials in four 0.25 ha enclosures, two male-biased (experimental enclosures) and two unbiased (control enclosures).
Dyadic encounters were conducted between unrelated and sexually mature males of similar weight and age which established home
ranges in the same enclosure at the same trapping session. Each inter-male encounter was performed in the home range of one
of the opponents between the home range owner and a home range intruder. When sex ratios were male-biased, inter-male amicable
behaviour was absent and we found significant rates of inter-male aggressiveness, being home range owners much more aggressive
than intruders. In the unbiased enclosures, inter-male encounters resulted mainly in noninteractive or amicable interactions.
We found that inter-male aggression varied in relation to female availability being more evident in home range owners. 相似文献
7.
A wide range of organisms use chemical and visual cues in mate attraction and courtship; however, chemical discrimination
relevant to reproduction and the interplay between these two types of communication are poorly understood in reptiles. We
experimentally tested the ability of male Eulamprus heatwolei, a scincoid lizard, to discriminate between sexually receptive and non-receptive females in two ways. First, we conducted
155 staged encounters between males and females over 29 days to determine the start and the duration of the female receptive
period based on the date of copulations. These data suggest that the receptive period lasted for approximately 7 days in late
October under controlled laboratory conditions. We also recorded 6,330 individual male and female behaviours during these
trials to evaluate the frequency of female courtship and rejection behaviours and the intensity of male courtship behaviour.
Female courtship increased sharply during the receptive period and then diminished. The disparity between female courtship
behaviours and female rejection behaviours was greatest during the receptive period. Male courtship intensity increased sharply
prior to the receptive period, peaked during the receptive period and thereafter declined rapidly. To determine if males were
using visual cues, chemical cues or both from females, we conducted an experiment during and after the receptive period wherein
male lizards were presented with a choice of two retreat sites treated either with the odour of large sexually receptive females,
odour of small sexually non-receptive females or no odour (control). Males preferred the scent of females over the odourless
control, and analysis using a special form of a generalized linear model, the Bradley–Terry model, showed a clear order of
retreat site preferences, with large sexually receptive females favoured over small non-receptive females over the odourless
control. We speculate that males use vision to find females and then use their chemosensory ability to chemically evaluate
female sexual receptivity once the pair are in close proximity. 相似文献
8.
Frans B. M. de Waal Jan A. R. A. M. van Hooff Willem J. Netto 《Primates; journal of primatology》1976,17(3):257-290
The primate literature provides many indications not only that the nature of dyadic interactions is to a large extent determined
by the relations of the interacting animals with others and between these others, but also of the existence of polyadic interactions
in which more than two individuals are simultaneously involved.
The objectives of the present study are to obtain a quantitative categorization of the agonistic interaction types of captive
Java-monkeys and an analysis of their dynamics.
After having described the agonistic behaviour patterns of Java-monkeys we shall discuss the categorization of agonistic interaction
types (depending on the number of involvees: “dyads”, “triads” and “polyads”), the way in which these types can be further
differentiated on the basis of the nature and the direction of the behaviours shown (e.g., different types of alliances), and the existence of so-called “sub-directed” behaviours (i.e., non-agonistic behaviours which are shown towards a dominant third animal more or less simultaneously with aggressive behaviour
directed towards an opponent).
The analysis indicates that agonistic behaviour is different both in its form and its regulation in interactions of different
complexity.
This research was supported in part by a government grant (i.e.: Beleidsruimte project: 16-21-06, “Brain and Behaviour”) to
the first author.
The investigation was supported by a grant from the Beleidsruimtemiddelen Hersenen en Gedrag to the first author. 相似文献
9.
The mating behavior of the male feral cat (Felis catus) living on a small island was investigated. The cats in the study area (6.0 ha) formed the “feeding groups” at the garbage
sites (Yamane et al. 1994; Izawa et al. 1982). We examined the factors influencing fighting ability, rank during courtship,
and mating success of the male cat. Males with heavier body weight mostly won over lighter males in the agonistic encounters
during the estrous season. Heavier males occupied the more advantageous positions to copulate with the estrous females and
had higher mating success. These results suggest that body weight was one of the important factors affecting the courtship
rank and the mating success of the male cat. When males visited and courted the females of feeding groups other than their
own, they were sometimes defeated by the lighter males in that particular group, which lowered their courtship rank and success
in copulations. These results indicate that the location of the courting male (inside or outside of its own group) and the
kind of females they courted (member of the same group or not) were also important factors. 相似文献
10.
V. Sommer 《Human Evolution》1988,3(4):261-278
During a 15 month study on free ranging langurs (Presbytis entellus) at Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India, 5 adult male replacements were observed as a result of nontroop male invasions into the home
ranges of 3 neighbouring one-male troops comprising 16–28 members each. Jodhpur langurs have no breeding season. Periods of
instability during resident male changes lasted 11–119 days. Linear dominance hierarchies could be detected within the 3 main
rival male bands of 2, 5, and 28–35 members. The respective alphas drove their allies away after their bands succeeded cooperatively
at occupying a troop. During gradual replacements interim residencies alternated with multi-male stages. A large band's alpha
may have had better chances to win the competition, since adult and nonadult allies functioned as “buffers” in agonistic encounters.
The role of kin selection in structuring the composition of male bands and male coalitional behaviour cannot yet be quantified.
Tactical “deceit” of powerful males to cause unrealistic expectations and in this way agonistic engagement of less strong
males can be ruled out. “Sneaking copulations” is a proximate advantage for subordinate supporters, since they participated
in 61.9% of all sexual interactions. Female promiscuity might reflect a strategy to induce male-male competition and thus
select for a strong resident. 相似文献
11.
Behaviour of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus during an induced mating season in captivity: how male relative size influences male behavioural investment and female preference over time 下载免费PDF全文
M. Bolgan J. O'Brien M. Picciulin L. Manning M. Gammell 《Journal of fish biology》2017,90(4):1479-1505
The behaviour of sexually mature Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus specimens (fifth farm generation) was observed in captivity for four consecutive days. Only agonistic interactions between males of different size were facilitated on the first 2 days, while both agonistic and courtship interactions were possible from the third day up to the end of the experiment. The reliability of behavioural analysis was assessed in order to reduce the possibility of observer errors within the generated datasets. The behavioural investment of big males, small males and females was analysed using general linear models (two‐way repeated measures ANOVAs with time and male size as factors). A peak in the agonistic interactions between males occurred during the first day of interactions, where the agonistic investment of big males was significantly higher than that of small males. This resulted in an increased investment in submissive behaviour by the small males, who consistently performed submissive behaviours from the second day of interactions up to the end of the trial. Big males were found to invest significantly more than small males in courtship behaviours for the duration of the trial. Even though females performed inter‐sexual behaviours towards both big and small males for the entire observation period, female interaction rate towards big males was higher than towards small males. This study suggests that both male investment in mating behaviour and female preference might be related to male characteristics such as body length and that S. alpinus behavioural patterns and mate choice cues might be strongly context‐related and characterized by high levels of behavioural plasticity (i.e. presence–absence of certain behavioural units or potential reversal of a mate choice cue) within the same species. Finally, in light of this, some conservation measures are discussed. In particular, effective management plans should take into account the high level of behavioural plasticity likely to be occurring in this species. 相似文献
12.
The objective of this study was to determine whether female brown lemmings would selectively mate with dominant conspecific males. In dyadic encounters, oestrous females paired with dominant males engaged in more frequent lordosis and contact social behaviours than those paired with subordinate males. However, the mount and thrust scores of dominant and subordinate males did not differ significantly. When females had simultaneous access to tethered dominant and subordinate males, they spent more time in close proximity to dominant males and avoided contact with subordinate males. Copulation scores were higher with dominant males. In triadic encounters with free-moving dominant and subordinate males, oestrous females spent more time near, and engaged in more sexual behaviour with, dominant males. Intermale agonistic interactions resulted in ‘privileged access’ to females by dominant males. Sexual behaviour scores were lower and there was a 10-fold increase in intermale aggression in triadic encounters between females and unfamiliar dominant and subordinate males. Both intermale agonistic interactions and female ‘choice’ behaviour accounted for the differential copulatory success of dominant males. 相似文献
13.
In the present study, we evaluated whether reproductive condition affects female reproductive behaviour in the induced ovulator
Ctenomys talarum. We also explored the effect of the interaction with a male on the reproductive condition of females. To evaluate this, we
arranged mating trials and evaluated female reproductive behaviour. Reproductive status of females was evaluated using a combined
approach of vaginal smears, urinary progesterone and oestradiol, and ovarian histology. Behaviours denoting attraction (‘male
sniff’ and ‘mount attempts’) and mutual courtship behaviours (‘spin’ and copula) were correlated with vaginal cytology before
and oestradiol and progesterone levels in urine 12 h after male–female encounter. After 24 h of the interaction, oestradiol
levels and vaginal epithelization increased while progesterone levels decreased in soliciting females. C. talarum females’ reproductive behaviour was related to its physiological reproductive state and vaginal cytology. The kind of male
interaction, whether couples copulated or remained indifferent affected the later status of females. Females are induced ovulators
by mating but male presence and interaction also affected other components of their reproductive physiology such as ovarian
hormones and vaginal cytology. 相似文献
14.
The mating behavior of several decapod crustaceans has been extensively studied; however, this aspect of anomuran biology
is still poorly known in some groups. Aeglids are the only anomurans inhabiting freshwaters, and the mating behavior of the
species in this family is unknown. We provide the first account of the mating behavior of an aeglid, Aegla platensis, under laboratory conditions. The precopulatory phase was characterized by male agonistic display, male approach, and courtship.
Males exhibited the agonistic display toward immature and mature females, but only physiologically mature females allowed
males to approach. Male approach led to display of courtship behaviors (body vibration, thrust, body lifting, and abdomen
flapping). During the copulatory phase, males and females touched each other with the antennae (antennae touch), and males
positioned themselves beneath the females (supine position). Although sperm transfer was not directly observed, a “white mass”
was detected among oocytes in the female abdominal chamber shortly after some copulations. Finally, in the postcopulatory
phase, males guard females during the process of egg attachment. Despite their morphological similarities with other anomurans,
the mating behavior of aeglids seems to be unique, and the freshwater environment appears to have an important role in driving
these differences. 相似文献
15.
Songs produced during heterosexual duets in a green lacewing, C. plorabunda, are sexually monomorphic. However, individuals of either sex will also engage in intrasexual duets, which can exhibit sexual
dimorphism. We confined males and females together in various combinations in a small arena to study the phenotypes, behavioral
interactions, and functional roles of duetting in this species. The goal was to test whether sexual selection or sex recognition
provided the better explanation of song sexual dimorphism. We determined that the monomorphic form of the intrasexual duet
was long and stable, and could take place either between males or between females. Such “standard” intrasexual duetting songs
were acoustically indistinguishable from heterosexual songs. However, males could also engage other males in special “fast
duets” that sped up and terminated abruptly. Equivalent fast duets were not part of the female repertory. Fast duetting songs
between males differed significantly from other types of male or female duetting songs in every measurable characteristic,
but their role in the mating system was ambiguous. Contrary to one prediction of the sexual selection hypothesis, fast duetting
between males occurred less often in situations where it might be the most useful to males in securing mates, i.e., during
male-male-female interactions (trios). In addition, fast songs that started, ended, both started and ended, or neither started
nor ended duets were acoustically indistinguishable, making it unlikely that females were choosing males based on such variation.
However, songs that “both started and ended” fast duets were associated with a significant mating advantage, indicating a
possible role for fast duetting in male-male sexual competition. Because the alternative hypothesis of sex recognition was
also supported by some of our results, we conclude that aggressive qualities of male-male fast duets probably mediate intrasexual
selection, while their increasing tempo serves as an adaptive response to promote rapid sex recognition by truncating unproductive
and potentially dangerous intrasexual duetting. 相似文献
16.
Mewa Singh Tephillah Jeyaraj U. Prashanth Werner Kaumanns 《International journal of primatology》2011,32(1):167-176
Socioecology suggests that female distribution in space is determined by the distribution of food resources and the male distribution
is influenced by female distribution. Though studies have traditionally focused on females, males have received increasing
attention in recent years. We compared male–male relationships in lion-tailed macaques and bonnet macaques. Because bonnet
macaques have a high adult male:female sex ratio and are seasonal breeders whereas lion-tailed macaques have a low adult male:female
sex ratio and are largely aseasonal breeders, we predicted that bonnet macaque males would be spatially and socially more
tolerant of each other and would have less linear dominance relationships than lion-tailed macaques. We recorded male–male
and male–female relationships in 1 group of wild macaques of each species via scan sampling and 1–0 sampling. The results
revealed that lion-tailed macaque males largely remained at a distance from each other whereas bonnet macaque males remained
in close proximity to one another. Lion-tailed macaque males were more agonistic toward each other whereas bonnet macaque
males showed more affiliative interactions. The dominance hierarchy among lion-tailed macaque males was more linear than among
bonnet macaque males. Our data support the hypothesis that the study of spatial structuring, temporality of interactions,
and linearity of social relationships may contribute to a better understanding of macaque social systems. 相似文献
17.
This study, based on 687 hr of focal observations, aims to describe overall patterns of the sexual behavior of the adult male
chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains, to compare the results with previous reports, and to explain the variations between studies.
Genital inspection of cycling females by adult males was eight times as frequent as that of lactating females, and twice as
frequent as that of pregnant females. Inspection of the genitals of cycling females increased dramatically 7–10 days before
the onset of maximal swelling and gradually decreased as the day of ovulation approached. Adult males likely obtained information
on the attractivity of females by inspecting their genitals. Mating was usually initiated by male courtship and followed by
pelvic thrusts in a dorsoventral posture, performed on, rather than above, the ground, which continued for 7 s. on average,
and was typically followed by female squeaking and darting from the male, or by the male grooming the female. Higher-ranking
males mated with females in the peri-ovulatory period more frequently than did lower-ranking males. In particular, two alpha
males mated with such females more often than did any other adult males. A male who interfered with a mating pair was dominant
over the mating male in other agonistic contexts. The duration of intromission was correlated with neither dominance rank
nor age. However, when an adult male declined in rank from alpha in 1991 to third in 1992, he showed a significantly shorter
duration of intromission. This indicates that for a particular male, the alpha rank guaranteed longer duration of intromission.
Allies of alpha males tended to mate with peri-ovulatory females more frequently than expected from their low dominance ranks.
The number of mating partners was not correlated with male dominance rank, but was sometimes negatively correlated with male
age. Females were significantly more likely to emit a copulatory squeak when mating with younger, rather than older, adult
males. Male dominance rank and the rate of female copulatory squeaking were not correlated. Weaning infants regularly interfered
with their mothers' mating. Occasionally, unrelated adolescent males and rarely females pushed themselves in between copulating
adults. Female choice was indicated when they performed a “penis erection check” or took the initiative in courtship, or on
the other hand showed strong reluctance to mate with particular males. Young adult males more often received erection checks
than did prime males, while none of the three old adult males did. Courtship initiated by estrous females was not directed
to two of the oldest males, the exception of which was the alpha male. The oldest males, except for the alpha, were consistently
avoided by many estrous females, both young and old. In response to female reluctance, males behaved violently, however, this
was not effective, because other more dominant males came to rescue the female. Neither courtship nor mating was seen between
mature sons and their mothers, nor between brothers and sisters. 相似文献
18.
Kolluru Gita R.; Grether Gregory F.; Dunlop Eric; South Sandra H. 《Behavioral ecology》2009,20(1):131-137
Despite the important effects of diet and parasite infectionon male reproductive behavior, few studies have simultaneouslyaddressed their influence on intrasexual selection (male–malecompetition). We examined the synergistic effects of 2 naturallyvarying environmental factors, lifetime food intake and infection,with the monogenean parasite Gyrodactylus turnbulli on the matingtactics and foraging behavior of male guppies (Poecilia reticulata).We allowed fish to interact directly with each other duringobservations and found that unparasitized males won more intermalecontests, courted females more frequently, and received positiveresponses to courtship displays more frequently than males thathad been infected. Infected males devoted more time to foragingand less time to courtship and competition than uninfected males,suggesting that they were energetically limited and could notincrease reproductive effort despite their reduced expectedlifespan. This interpretation was supported by the observationthat greater food intake ameliorated the negative effects ofparasite infection on courtship effort. Our results have bearingon how natural variation in food availability and parasite prevalenceinfluence geographic variation in reproductive behavior. 相似文献
19.
Clara B. Jones 《Primates; journal of primatology》1985,26(2):130-142
The present study was undertaken to evaluate non-random mating patterns in two groups of mantled howler monkeys in two tropical
dry forest habitats. Sexual dimorphism, female estrus stage, male dominance rank, sexual solicitations and copulations were
assessed. Males are significantly larger than females, but female weight varies more than male weight. The length of female
estrus cycles is comparable in both habitats, but females in the more strongly seasonal habitat demonstrate greater estrus
synchrony relative to their numbers. Males solicit potential mates more frequently than females, a pattern explained by the
relatively high rate of sexual solicitation by high-ranking males. Females in “peak” estrus solicit “alpha” males, while females
in other stages of estrus solicit males equally by rank. Intersexual aggression occurs rarely, and “forced copulations” are
attempted but, apparently, are unsuccessful. Sexual solicitations by “alpha” males and “peak” estrus females are most likely
to lead to copulation, and “alpha” males are more likely to copulate than “gamma” males. In general, latencies from first
solicitation to copulation are expensive in time, especially for high-ranking males. Estimated annual reproduction success
favors high-ranking males, and results indicate that male and female mating behavior is mutually coordinated and controlled. 相似文献
20.
Lucía Calbacho‐Rosa Franco Cargnelutti Alex Crdoba‐Aguilar Alfredo V. Peretti 《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》2019,125(8):548-554
In a sexual context, it is expected that females base their choice of mate on the behaviours that males perform during courtship, as such behaviours are associated with the male's mate quality. Stridulation is one form of female communication in arthropods, for example, spiders. In spiders, stridulation during sexual interactions is relatively common in some groups but mainly restricted to males. In the pholcid spider Holocnemus pluchei (Pholcidae), both sexes have stridulatory organs. The aims of the present work were to: (a) determine possible differences in the frequency of occurrence of stridulation between females during inter‐sexual interactions, (b) establish female consistency in stridulation along repeated interactions and (c) analyse if female stridulation is associated with certain male behaviours during pre‐copulatory courtship and with male size. Female H. pluchei showed highly repeatable differences in their frequency of stridulation across consecutive encounters with males (ICC = 0.64). However, only a modest level of repeatability was detected in total time females spent stridulating across trials (ICC = 0.19). Females’ mean stridulatory behaviour did not change across ten consecutive trials spread across 20 days, and their behaviour was apparently unaffected by male persistence of copulatory attempted and/or size. These results imply that the frequency of female stridulatory behaviour is a trait that is highly characteristic of each individual. Finally, our work opens the door to determine whether behavioural consistency manifests in other ecological contexts and their functional implications. 相似文献