共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
Jan G. H. M. Rijnders Young-Yell Yang Yuji Kamiya Nobuta Takahashi Gerard W. M. Barendse Cornelis W. P. M. Blom Laurentius A. C. J. Voesenek 《Planta》1997,203(1):20-25
The role of gibberellin (GA) and ethylene in submergence-induced petiole elongation was studied in two species of the genus
Rumex. Analysis of endogenous GAs in the flooding-tolerant Rumex palustris Sm. and the intolerant Rumex acetosa L. by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed for both species the presence of GA1, GA4, GA9, GA19, GA20 and GA53. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of R. palustris petiole tissue of submerged plants showed an increase in levels of 13-OH GAs, especially GA1, compared with drained plants. This effect could be mimicked by application of 5 μL L−1 ethylene. In R. acetosa, no differences between levels of GAs in drained or submerged plants were found. In R. palustris, both submergence and ethylene treatment sensitized petioles to exogenous gibberellic acid (GA3). In R. acetosa the effect was opposite, i.e. submergence and ethylene de-sensitized petioles to GA3. Our results demonstrate the dual effect of ethylene in the submergence response related to flooding tolerance, i.e. in the
flooding-tolerant R. palustris ethylene causes an increased concentration of and sensitivity to GA with respect to petiole elongation while in the intolerant
R. acetosa ethylene reduces growth independent of GAs.
Received: 5 November 1996 / Accepted: 8 February 1997 相似文献
2.
Ethylene regulates fast apoplastic acidification and expansin A transcription during submergence-induced petiole elongation in Rumex palustris 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Vreeburg RA Benschop JJ Peeters AJ Colmer TD Ammerlaan AH Staal M Elzenga TM Staals RH Darley CP McQueen-Mason SJ Voesenek LA 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2005,43(4):597-610
3.
4.
5.
6.
Seeds of Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum cv. Flash were sown in acid-washed vermiculite and grown in a controlled-environment growth chamber. After 1 month of growth,
plantlets did not contain sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase (1-SST), the key enzyme in fructan biosynthesis. No fructan
could be observed. Some of the plants were submitted to drought for 2 weeks. Glucose, fructose and sucrose concentrations
increased in roots and leaves of stressed plants and the fructan concentration in roots and leaves was ten times higher than
in control plants. The onset of fructan synthesis coincided with the increase in 1-SST activity in roots. Expression of the
1-SST gene could be observed in roots and leaves of stressed plants.
Received: 12 July 1999 / Accepted: 16 October 1999 相似文献
7.
8.
9.
Herbivore-induced ethylene suppresses a direct defense but not a putative indirect defense against an adapted herbivore 总被引:28,自引:1,他引:28
Herbivory induces both direct and indirect defenses in plants; however, some combinations of these defenses may not be compatible.
The jasmonate signal cascade activated both direct (nicotine accumulations) and indirect (mono- and sesquiterpene emissions)
whole-plant defense responses in the native tobacco Nicotiana attenuata Torr. Ex Wats. Nicotine accumulations were proportional to the amount of leaf wounding and the resulting increases in jasmonic acid (JA)
concentrations. However, when larvae of the nicotine-tolerant herbivore, Manduca sexta, fed on plants or their oral secretions were applied to leaf punctures, the normal wound response was dramatically altered,
as evidenced by large (4- to 10-fold) increases in the release of (i) volatile terpenoids and (ii) ethylene, (iii) increased
(4- to 30-fold) accumulations of endogenous JA pools, but (iv) decreased or unchanged nicotine accumulations. The ethylene
release, which was insensitive to inhibitors of induced JA accumulation, was sufficient to account for the attenuated nicotine
response. Applications of ethylene and ethephon suppressed the induced nicotine response and pre-treatment of plants with
a competitive inhibitor of ethylene receptors, 1-methylcyclopropene, restored the full nicotine response. This ethylene burst,
however, did not inhibit the release of volatile terpenoids. Because parasitoids of Manduca larvae are sensitive to the dietary intake of nicotine by their hosts, this ethylene-mediated switching from direct to a
putative indirect defense may represent an adaptive tailoring of a plant's defense response.
Received: 13 June 1999 / Accepted: 21 August 1999 相似文献
10.
Expression of a Petunia inflata pectin methyl esterase in Solanum tuberosum L. enhances stem elongation and modifies cation distribution 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants were constructed with a Petunia inflata-derived cDNA encoding a pectin methyl esterase (PME; EC 3.1.1.11) in sense orientation under the control of the cauliflower
mosaic virus 35S promoter. The PME activity was elevated in leaves and tubers of the transgenic lines but slightly reduced
in apical segments of stems from mature plants. Stem segments from the base of juvenile PME-overexpressing plants did not
differ in PME activity from the control, whereas in apical parts PME was less active than in the wild-type. During the early
stages of development stems of these trangenic plants elongated more rapidly than those of the wild-type. Further evidence
that overexpression of a plant-derived PME has an impact on plant development is based on modifications of tuber yield, which
was reduced in the transgenic lines. Cell walls from transgenic tubers showed significant differences in their cation-binding
properties in comparison with the wild-type. In particular, cell walls displayed increased affinity for sodium and calcium,
while potassium binding was constant. Furthermore, the total ion content of transgenic potatoes was modified. Indications
of PME-mediated differences in the distribution of ions in transgenic plants were also obtained by monitoring relaxations
of the membrane potential of roots subsequent to changes in the ionic composition of the bathing solution. However, no effects
on the chemical structure of pectin from tuber cell walls could be detected.
Received: 24 March 1999 / Accepted: 20 August 1999 相似文献
11.
Cell division and cell differentiation are key processes in shoot development. The Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. SCHIZOID (SHZ) gene appears to influence cell differentiation and cell division in the shoot. The shz-2 mutant is notable in that distinct phenotypes develop, depending on the environment in which the plants are grown. When shz-2 mutants are grown in petri dishes, callus develops from the petiole and hypocotyl. In contrast, when the mutants are grown
on soil, shoots appear externally stunted with malformed leaves. However, detailed examination of soil-grown mutants shows
that the two phenotypes are related. Soil-grown mutants form adventitious meristems, produce a large amount of vascular tissues
and have aberrant cell divisions in the meristem. Cells with abnormal cell-division patterns were found in the apical and
vascular meristems, suggesting SHZ influences cell division. Development of callus in petri dishes, development of adventitious meristems and aberrations in
leaves on soil suggest that SHZ influences cell differentiation. The distinct, but related phenotypes on soil and in petri dishes suggests that SHZ normally functions to regulate differentiation and/or cell division in a manner that is responsive to environmental conditions.
Received: 30 July 1999 / Accepted: 22 September 1999 相似文献
12.
The roles of gibberellins, abscisic acid and phytochrome B in the vernalization response were investigated by combining mutations
causing defects in their biosynthesis and response with the Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. fca-1 mutation. The fca-1 mutation confers a very late-flowering phenotype which can be reversed to wild-type flowering if the seedlings are vernalized.
Vernalization was unaffected in ga1-3, gai, abi1-1, abi2-1, abi3-1 and phyB-1 backgrounds, suggesting that gibberellin action mediated via GA1 and GAI, abscisic acid action mediated through ABI1 and ABI2, and phytochrome B, function independently of vernalization. However, the mutations did interact with fca-1 to change flowering time in the absence of vernalization. The abi1 fca-1 and abi2 fca-1 double mutants flowered earlier than fca-1 implying a role for abscisic acid in floral repression. Combination of ga1-3 or gai with fca-1 unexpectedly resulted in opposite interactions, with gai partially suppressing the late flowering of fca-1.
Received: 17 July 1999 / Accepted: 11 October 1999 相似文献
13.
Batchelor AK Boutilier K Miller SS Labbé H Bowman L Hu M Johnson DA Gijzen M Miki BL 《Planta》2000,211(4):484-492
A seed coat-specific gene, SCS1 (Seed Coat Subtilisin 1), from soybean, Glycine max [L.] Merill, has been identified and studied. The gene belongs to a small family of genes with sequence similarity to the
subtilisins, which are serine proteases. Northern blot analysis showed that SCS1 RNA accumulates to maximal levels in seed coats at 12 days post anthesis, preceding the final stages of seed coat differentiation.
The SCS1 RNA was not found in other tissues including embryos, seed pods, flowers, stems, roots or leaves. In-situ hybridization studies
confirmed the temporal pattern of expression observed by Northern blot analysis and further revealed a restricted pattern
of RNA accumulation in thick-walled parenchyma cells of the seed coats. These cells are important in the apoplastic translocation
of nutrients en route to the embryo from the vascular tissues. The tissue-specific subtilisin-like gene may be required for
regulating the differentiation of the thick-walled parenchyma cells.
Received: 10 January 2000 / Accepted: 22 February 2000 相似文献
14.
A cDNA fragment encoding a Lupinus albus. L. class-III chitinase, IF3, was isolated, using a cDNA probe from Cucumis sativus L., by in-situ plaque hybridization from a cDNA library constructed in the Uni-ZAP XR vector, with mRNAs isolated from mature
lupin leaves. The cDNA had a coding sequence of 293 amino acids including a 27-residue N-terminal signal peptide. A class-III
chitinase gene was detected by Southern analysis in the L. albus genome. Western blotting experiments showed that the IF3 protein was constitutively present during seed development and in
all the studied vegetative lupin organs (i.e., roots, hypocotyls and leaves) at two growth stages (7- and 20-d-old plants).
Accumulation of both the IF3 mRNA and IF3 protein was triggered by salicylic acid treatment as well as by abiotic (UV-C light
and wounding) and biotic stress conditions (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides infection). In necrotic leaves, IF3 chitinase mRNA was present at a higher level than that of another mRNA encoding a pathogenesis-related
(PR) protein from L. albus (a PR-10) and that of the rRNAs. We suggest that one role of the IF3 chitinase could be in the defense of the plant against
fungal infection, though our results do not exclude other functions for this protein.
Received: 15 March 1999 / Accepted: 12 July 1999 相似文献
15.
Heteroblasty in Arabidopsis thaliana was analyzed in a variety of plants with mutations in leaf morphology using a tissue-specific β-glucuronidase gene marker.
Some mutants exhibited their mutant phenotypes specifically in foliage leaves. The phenotypes associated with the foliage-leaf-specific
mutations were also found to be induced ectopically in cotyledons in the presence of the lec1 mutation. Moreover, the features of an emf1lec1 double mutant showed that cotyledons can be partially converted into carpelloids. When heteroblastic traits were examined
in foliage leaves in the presence of certain mutations or natural deviations by histochemical analysis of the expression of
the tissue-specific marker gene, it was found that ectopic expression of the developmental program for the first foliage leaves
in lec1 cotyledons seemed to affect the heteroblastic features of the first set of foliage leaves, while foliage leaves beyond the
third position appeared normal. Similarly, in wild-type plants, discrepancies in heteroblastic features, relative to standard
features, of foliage leaves at early positions seemed to be eliminated in foliage leaves at later positions. These results
suggest that heteroblasty in foliage leaves might be affected in part by the heteroblastic stage of the preceding foliage
leaves but is finally controlled autonomously at each leaf position.
Received: 9 July 1999 / Accepted: 17 August 1999 相似文献
16.
17.
A group of frequent cDNA clones from a young-leaf cDNA library was found to code for a homologue of S-ribonucleases (S-RNases)
involved in gametophytic incompatibility and the so-called S-like RNases active in flowers and in vegetative tissues. The
derived amino acid sequence starts with a signal peptide and has a 27-amino-acid C-terminal extension of unknown function.
The barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) gene, rsh1 (for RNase S-like homologue) corresponding to the cDNA clones was isolated. The gene has three introns and the position of
one intron corresponds to the site of the single, small intron in the S-RNase genes. The deduced amino acid sequence of mature
RSH1 shares 35% identical and 58% similar amino acid residues with an S-like RNase from tomato, RNase LE. However, two active-site
histidine residues, conserved between all S and S-like RNases are replaced by serine residues in RSH1. The new barley RNase
S-like homologue is clearly related to the family of active RNases but is probably not active as an RNase. Sequences from
the same class of presumably inactive RNases have been recorded in maize, rice and sorghum. The barley gene is exclusively
expressed in young leaf tissue and is substantially induced by light.
Received: 26 July 1999 / Accepted: 26 October 1999 相似文献
18.
To test the hypothesis that the contribution of phosphoribulokinase (PRK) to the control of photosynthesis changes depending
on the light environment of the plant, the response of transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) transformed with antisense PRK constructs to irradiance was determined. In plants grown under low irradiance (330 μmol m−2 s−1) steady-state photosynthesis was limited in plants with decreased PRK activity upon exposure to higher irradiance, with a
control coefficient of PRK for CO2 assimilation of 0.25 at and above 800 μmol m−2 s−1. The flux control coefficient of PRK for steady-state CO2 assimilation was zero, however, at all irradiances in plant material grown at 800 μmol m−2 s−1 and in plants grown in a glasshouse during mid-summer (alternating shade and sun 300–1600 μmol m−2 s−1). To explain these differences between plants grown under low and high irradiances, Calvin cycle enzyme activities and metabolite
content were determined. Activities of PRK and other non-equilibrium Calvin cycle enzymes fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase
and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase were twofold higher in plants grown at 800 μmol m−2 s−1 or in the glasshouse than in plants grown at 330 μmol m−2 s−1. Activities of equilibrium enzymes transketolase, aldolase, ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase and isomerase were very similar
under all growth irradiances. The flux control coefficient of 0.25 in plants grown at 330 μmol m−2 s−1 can be explained because low ribulose-5-phosphate content in combination with low PRK activity limits the synthesis of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate.
This limitation is overcome in high-light-grown plants because of the large relative increase in activities of sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase
and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase under these conditions, which facilitates the synthesis of larger amounts of ribulose-5-phosphate.
This potential limitation will have maintained evolutionary selection pressure for high concentrations of PRK within the chloroplast.
Received: 15 November 1999 / Accepted: 27 January 2000 相似文献
19.
Light-induced expression of the Gsa gene encoding the heme and chlorophyll biosynthetic enzyme glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was previously shown to involve Ca2+ and calmodulin (CaM) (C. lm et al. 1996, Plant Cell 8: 2245–2253). To further analyze the signal transduction pathway for
light-induced Gsa expression, the effects of several pharmacological agents were examined. Treatment of light-dark synchronized cells with
the heterotrimeric G-protein agonist Mas-7 caused partial induction of Gsa in the dark. The phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 inhibited light induction of Gsa. Exposure of cells to light caused a sustained 3-fold increase in cellular d-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) concentration. KN-93, a specific inhibitor of Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase II, inhibited light induction of Gsa. In contrast, cyclosporin A, a specific inhibitor of the Ca2+/CaM-dependent phosphoprotein phosphatase calcineurin, did not affect light induction of Gsa. These results, together with the earlier results, suggest the involvement of a canonical signal transduction pathway for
light-regulated Gsa expression that involves a heterotrimeric G-protein activation, phospholipase C-catalyzed InsP3 formation, InsP3-dependent Ca2+ release, and activation of a downstream signaling pathway through a Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase.
Received: 21 October 1999 / Accepted: 3 December 1999 相似文献
20.
Phloem transport of amino acids in two Brassica napus L. genotypes and one B. carinata genotype in relation to their seed protein content 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In order to investigate the relationship between the amino acid concentration in the phloem sap of leaves and the protein
content in seeds, two Brassica napus genotypes and one B. carinata genotype with low, medium and high seed protein contents were analyzed. Phloem sap was collected from the B. napus winter rapeseed breeding line DSV15 with 19% protein of dry weight in the seeds, the spring cultivar ‘Duplo’ with 25% protein
in the seeds and from the B. carinata line BRA1151/90 with 39% protein in the seeds by using the aphid-stylet technique. The total amino acid contents measured
in the phloem varied considerably among the three genotypes analysed, and correlated positively with their respective seed
protein contents. The total amino acid-to-sucrose ratio was lowest in B. napus line DSV15 which had the lowest seed protein content and highest in the B. carinata line BRA1151/90 which had the highest seed protein content. The amino-N translocation in the phloem during the light period
was about 2-fold higher in the B. carinata line BRA1151/90 than in the B. napus lines Dulpo and DSV15. Predominant amino acids in the phloem were glutamine and glutamate, followed by serine, aspartate,
and threonine. The amino acid patterns in the leaves resembled those in the phloem, although their absolute concentrations
were higher in the phloem than in the cytosol of mesophyll tissue. Furthermore, the concentration gradient of amino acids
between the cytosol of mesophyll cells and the phloem was higher in the B. carinata line BRA1151/90 than in the B. napus lines Duplo and DSV15. These results lead to the conclusion that the phloem translocation of amino-N and the phloem loading
process of amino acids are decisive factors for the protein content in the seeds of Brassica species.
Received: 28 November 1999 / Accepted: 10 April 2000 相似文献