UV-B辐射胁迫下杨梅幼苗的高光谱响应

设置UV-B滤光减弱、UV-B辐射增强和自然光(对照)3组模拟大田试验,比较了不同UV-B辐射处理下,亚热带典型木本植物杨梅幼苗的叶绿素含量、光谱反射率及光谱特征参数,研究UV-B辐射变化对亚热带森林树种的影响.结果表明:增强UV-B辐射可降低杨梅幼苗的叶绿素含量,而降低辐射则会显著促进叶绿素的增加,并且这种胁迫反应于光谱反射率中.3种不同梯度UV-B辐射作用下,可见光部分光谱反射率间的差异主要集中在绿光反射峰及红边附近,同时红边所在波长位置“红移”.UV-B辐射对杨梅的胁迫在时间上具有积累性.用反高斯模型参数R0、λ0、λp、Rs、6指示杨梅受UV-B胁迫,以Rs最显著.不同UV-B辐射水平下植物叶片光谱反射率上的差异,可通过较窄波段光谱反射率或特定波长光谱反射率所构建的植被指数加以有效区分.     

UV-B对两种藻光合色素和多糖含量的影响

本文研究了微绿球藻(Nanochloropsis sp.)和海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans)在不同辐射强度的UV-B照射下的光合色素和多糖含量的变化,结果表明微绿球藻比原甲藻有更强的抗紫外辐射能力.它的叶绿素a含量在UV照射下保持相对稳定,而原甲藻的叶绿素a含量明显下降.同时发现微绿球藻中的类胡萝卜素含量有十分显著的上升,由于类胡萝卜素具有保护功能,因此它很可能保护了叶绿素a免遭破坏,从而在微绿球藻的抗紫外辐射中起到重要作用.另外,紫外处理也促进了微绿球藻中多糖含量的升高,这也有利于提高它的抗UV能力,多糖可能作为一种保护机制,对保护藻类防止UV伤害方面有一定功能.原甲藻则因为这些机能较弱,对UV的抗性较低.     

连续两年UV-B辐射增强对割手密叶绿素含量的影响

研究了大田栽培和自然光条件下,连续两年模拟紫外辐射(UV-B,280~315 nm)增加对92-11和93-25两个割手密无性系叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,割手密92-11在UV-B辐射的影响下,叶绿素含量降低,而割手密93-25抗性很强,在增加了5 kJ/m2UV-B辐射下,其叶绿素含量增加。割手密叶绿素含量对UV-B辐射的响应具有种内差异。割手密92-11对紫外辐射的抗性在2004年比2003年强,而割手密93-25则相反。生育期中开花期受UV-B辐射影响最大,然后是分蘖期,伸长期抗性较强。     

He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射对小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光特性的影响

选用"ML7113"小麦幼苗为材料,分别采用He-Ne激光(5mW·mm-2)和增强UV-B(10.8 kJ/m-2·d-1)辐射以及两者的复合辐照进行处理,利用PAM-2100便携式叶绿素荧光仪测定小麦幼苗在不同处理天数(5、6、7、8)下叶绿素荧光特性的变化。结果表明:增强UV-B辐射后,随着处理时间的延长,小麦幼苗的Fo、Fm、Fv/Fm、qP、ФPSⅡ、叶绿素含量的值均逐渐下降,qN值均逐渐升高,从而不断减弱小麦幼苗的叶绿体荧光特性;而低剂量的He-Ne激光辐照后能够在一定程度上修复经UV-B辐射后对小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光所造成的损伤。     

不同时间的UV-B辐射对拟南芥幼苗生长的影响

以哥伦比亚野生型拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)为实验材料, 用辐射功率为16.67 μW·cm^-2但不同时间(0.5、1、1.5、2、2.5和3小时)的UV-B辐射对拟南芥幼苗进行处理, 观察叶片形态, 并测定其根长、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、丙二醛(MDA)浓度、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及叶绿素荧光参数。结果显示, 短时间UV-B辐射可促进拟南芥根的伸长, 叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量升高; 长时间UV-B辐射则抑制拟南芥根的生长, 使叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m及qP逐渐降低, MDA浓度、SOD活性、CAT活性和qN值升高, 并随着时间的延长逐渐降低或升高。当辐射功率为16.67 μW·cm^-2时, 其最佳辐射时间为1.5小时。UV-B辐射作为一种环境胁迫, 其胁迫程度都是在一定的范围内, 当胁迫达到极限时, 植株都会对UV-B辐射产生一定的适应效应而使损伤降低。     

低剂量UV-B辐射对乌拉尔甘草叶片光合机构的影响

为了探讨植物叶片对UV-B辐射增强的响应机制,采用叶绿素荧光测定技术,分别测定在人工模拟低剂量UV-B(2.4μW/cm~2)辐射条件下乌拉尔甘草叶片的叶绿素荧光诱导动力曲线、初始荧光(F_0)、最大荧光(F_m)、光合机构比活性参数(ABS/RC、TR_o/RC和ET_o/RC)和性能指数等变化规律。结果表明:(1)低剂量UV-B辐射未引起甘草叶片O-J-I-P叶绿素荧光诱导曲线中的相数发生改变,UV-B辐射对PSⅡ的影响主要发生在其受体侧,而非供体侧;(2)低剂量UV-B辐射引起了甘草叶片光合系统F_v/F_m以及F_m、F_0的明显变化,同时也影响了光合机构的开放程度和电子从Q_A向Q_B传递效率,从而影响了光转化效率;相应性能指数(PI_(abs)和PI_(total))的改变亦验证了此结果。研究认为,低剂量UV-B辐射抑制乌拉尔甘草叶片光合系统Ⅱ受体侧Q_A至PQ之间的电子传递效率,从而影响了Q_A之后的光化学反应及非光化学反应。     

降低UV-B辐射对烤烟株高影响的非自治Logistic模型

根据在低纬高海拔的云南烟区,对烤烟品种云烟87进行不同程度的降低UV-B辐射的试验结果,建立了描述紫外线辐射影响烤烟株高生长形态的非自治Logistic模型.模型分析结果表明,与自然UV-B辐射相比较,当辐射强度的适当降低时,有利于烟株的生长,然而,当辐射强度降低得过多时,反而又不利于其生长.     

亚热带典型树种对模拟酸雨胁迫的高光谱响应

对亚热带地区6种典型树种幼苗在不同模拟酸雨梯度下的光谱响应特征进行了研究。结果表明,针叶树种和阔叶树种对酸雨敏感性具有明显差异。针叶树种马尾松、杉木和香榧对酸雨敏感性高于阔叶树种刨花楠、香樟和杨梅。针叶树种内部,马尾松和杉木叶绿素含量随酸雨浓度变化的幅度明显高于香榧;而阔叶树种内部,刨花楠、香樟和杨梅三者之间无显著差别。马尾松、香樟和香榧不能承受长时间高浓度酸雨胁迫,叶绿素含量呈先增加后减少趋势,杉木则先减少后增加,杨梅能承受长时间高浓度酸雨胁迫,pH值2.5处理下叶绿素含量高于pH值5.6处理。刨花楠4期试验中叶绿素含量变化无明显规律。各受试植物光谱反射率红边位置与其叶绿素含量变化规律基本一致。针叶树种马尾松和香榧主要表现为"蓝移",杉木则先"蓝移"后"红移",表现出对高浓度酸雨长时间的抗性;阔叶树种香樟先"红移"后"蓝移",对高浓度模拟酸雨表现出先促进后抑制现象,杨梅光谱反射率一阶导数曲线比较平缓,无明显"红移"和"蓝移"现象,刨花楠则"红移"和"蓝移"交替出现,与其叶绿素含量变化相一致,对酸雨敏感性不明显。     

不同氮供应下增强UV-B辐射对谷子叶片重要生理指标的影响

以谷子(Setaria italica(L.)Beauv.)为研究材料,从拔节期开始持续浇灌1.88、15mmol·L-12种氮供应水平营养液,从抽穗期开始对材料进行增强UV-B辐射处理(14.7μW·cm-2),研究了谷子叶片中总叶绿素、可溶性物质及紫外吸收物质的含量在开花期期间的变化。结果表明:与较高氮供应水平相比,无论是否进行增强UV-B辐射,较低氮供应水平明显降低了谷子叶中总叶绿素、可溶性蛋白的含量,但提高了其紫外吸收物质的含量;与较低氮供应水平相比,较高氮供应水平下的谷子叶中总叶绿素含量在开花期初期和中期,可溶性蛋白含量在开花期中期对增强UV-B辐射处理更敏感;氮供应水平虽然对开花期中期至末期的谷子叶片可溶性糖含量有显著影响,但在整个增强UV-B辐射处理期间,该指标对增强UV-B辐射并不敏感。上述结果表明,较低氮供应水平可促进谷子叶片在开花期期间紫外吸收物质的积累,有利于增强其抵抗UV-B辐射能力,但仍应寻求一个合理范围的氮供应水平,以平衡谷子生殖生长和提高对UV-B辐射抗性的需求。     

增强UV-B辐射对彩色马铃薯叶片中相关保护酶活性的影响

以种植于大田中的马铃薯品种'云南转心乌'(块茎紫皮紫环,以下简称'转心乌')和 '大西洋'(块茎白皮白肉)为材料,分别采用自然太阳光照(0～10 W/m2)、2 W/m2和4 W/m2 UV-B辐射进行20～80 d的照射处理,测定了马铃薯叶片内过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性以及总叶绿素和丙二醛含量的变化.结果表明:随着UV-B处理时间的延长,'转心乌'和'大西洋'叶片中CAT、POD、SOD、PAL活性均表现出先升后降的趋势,而总叶绿素含量持续降低,丙二醛含量逐渐增加;在增强UV-B辐射条件下,上述指标在处理时间和剂量间大多差异显著,且'转心乌'叶片的各保护酶活性和总叶绿素含量显著高于'大西洋',丙二醛含量则显著低于‘大西洋'.可见,长时间大剂量的UV-B辐射对马铃薯叶片的叶绿素合成代谢和保护酶活性具有一定的抑制作用,从而影响作物正常的生长发育;马铃薯对于紫外线辐射的响应具有品种间差异,'转心乌'较'大西洋'更耐UV-B辐射,其更适合种植在UV-B辐照较强的高海拔地区.     

模拟酸雨胁迫对杨梅幼苗水分生理特性的影响

选择浙江省典型亚热带经济植物杨梅为对象,通过盆栽试验研究了重度酸雨(pH2.5)、中度酸雨(pH4.0)和对照(pH5.6)处理对杨梅幼苗水分生理特性的影响.结果表明:季节、年份和酸雨对杨梅幼苗的光合速率均有显著影响,各处理中,夏季的差异大于春、秋季,pH4.0处理对光合速率有促进作用;季节、年份、酸雨,季节-年份交互作用以及三者交互作用对气孔导度均有显著影响,各处理在夏季的差异大于春、秋季,酸雨对气孔导度有抑制作用;季节、年份、酸雨及季节-年份和季节-酸雨两两交互作用对蒸腾速率有显著影响,各处理夏季的差异大于春秋季,且pH2.5处理对蒸腾速率的抑制作用最强;酸雨、季节-年份和季节-酸雨交互作用对水分利用率有显著影响,且pH2.5处理对水分利用率有一定的促进作用.     

UV－B辐射增强对长白山五种藓类植物生长的影响

对生长在中国长白山的5种藓类植物——垂枝藓、拟垂枝藓、塔藓、星塔藓和高山金发藓分别以辐射强度为0.2(自然光照,对照)、3.0(紫外线中等辐射强度)和6.0kJ.m-2.d-1(高剂量辐射强度)的UV-B照射40d后,测定其株高、生物量及叶绿素含量.结果表明:中等和高强度的UV-B辐射使拟垂枝藓和塔藓的株高、生物量和叶绿素含量分别下降了32.3%、62.4%、81.3%和21.4%、59.4%、62.8%,其相对生长速率均为负值;高剂量UV-B辐射处理下垂枝藓的生物量稍有上升,而高山金发藓地下部分的生物量增加1倍,但叶绿素含量变化不明显.高山金发藓和垂枝藓抵抗UV-B辐射的能力较强,拟垂枝藓和塔藓对UV-B辐射较敏感.     

二氧化碳和臭氧浓度升高对春小麦生长及次生代谢的影响

通过开顶式气室(OTCs)研究了OTC对照（自然CO₂浓度约342 μmol·mol^-1,O₃浓度约30 nmol·mol^-1）、高浓度CO₂（550 μmol·mol^-1）、高浓度O₃（浓度为80 nmol·mol^-1）及其交互作用（CO₂ 550 μmol ·mol^-1,O₃ 80 nmol·mol^-1）对春小麦不同发育时期生物量、总酚量、黄酮含量及成熟期产量性状的影响.结果表明：CO₂浓度增加条件下,春小麦生物量和产量性状都显著高于OTC对照（P<0.05）;而O₃浓度升高条件下,小麦生物量降低,株高、穗长、穗粒质量及千粒重也显著低于对照;CO₂和O₃交互作用下各项指标处于二者之间.说明CO₂可以缓解O₃对小麦的负效应,而O₃对CO₂的正效应具有削弱作用,但二者的作用并非简单的叠加.CO₂、O₃浓度增加及其交互作用显著增加了春小麦叶片中的总酚含量,其中两者交互作用的效应更大,但在小麦生长后期,总酚含量增加量比对照有所降低.在小麦生长前期,各处理总黄酮含量均低于对照;而在成熟期,各处理都显著高于对照.     

Effects of an enhanced ultraviolet-B irradiation on photosynthetic apparatus of several forest coniferous tree species from different locations

The effect of UV-B on the photosynthetic apparatus of coniferous trees: Picea abies (L.) Karst., Picea pungens (Engelm.), Pinus sylvestris (L.), Pinus cembra (L.) and Abies alba (Mill.) was investigated. Three and four-year-old plantlets coming from different latitudes, longitudes and altitudes were used. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse. Two doses of ultraviolet-B irradiation were applied: control=0, low dose=11.32 and high dose=22.64 kJ·m⁻²·d⁻¹ UV-B_BE (biologically effective irradiance of UV-B). Measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange, chlorophyll and flavonoids content were carried out. Response of forest trees to an increased UV-B radiation depends on species, location of place of pantalets collecting and UV-B dose. Pinus cembra, Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris from high altitude (1000 m a.s.l.) were less sensitive to UV-B than these from plain location. The altitude determined adaptation of forest coniferous trees to an enhanced UV-B radiation much more than the latitudinal gradient. Permanent discoloration was observed only on the young needles of the fir plantlets that were grown in light limiting conditions. Photosynthetic parameters were affected by the UV-B radiation. Both maximal and the steady state fluorescence of chlorophyll were reduced as a consequence of elevated UV-B in case of some species. The chlorophyll content was enhanced, increased or was not affected according to species and to locations. The flavonoids content in the needles increased with chlorophyll content at both UV-B treatments. An opposite trend was found in the control. The increased content of screening pigments in the needles of all the tested coniferous trees was detected. Picea abies and Picea pungens photosynthesis response curves to the light and to the intercellular CO₂ concentration did not change significantly under increased UV-B because of higher concentration in screening pigments in leaves. The increased concentration of flavonoids in forest litter may lead to changes in the biogeochemical cycle in the forest ecosystem.     

不同营林面积情景下鹿科动物的潜在生境分布

在有人为干扰的森林景观中开展鹿科动物适宜生境分布研究,对于解决大尺度生境保护与小面积森林经营的矛盾问题有着重要的参考意义,也符合我国林区的现实需求.2013—2015年冬季进行的多次野外调查收集196处鹿科动物出现点信息,将这些点作为分布点数据,选取地形、景观类型、植被特征和人类干扰4类17种因子作为环境变量,利用最大熵模型方法,分析4种林下经营面积情景下小兴安岭铁力林业局马鹿和狍的潜在适宜生境分布特征及其对环境因子的响应.结果表明:模型预测精度达到优秀水平,稳定性好,鹿科动物的适宜生境主要集中在东部区域;不同情景下,两种鹿科动物的主要环境影响因子相似,均为距农田距离、距居民点距离、距河流距离、距营林区距离和海拔因子,其中,距营林区距离因子的贡献率稳定在4%～6%;两种鹿科动物躲避人类经营活动干扰的距离(1200～1300 m)较为接近.在无林下经营情景中,鹿科动物的适宜生境分布较广、面积较大;随着经营面积的增大,适宜生境面积减少;当经营面积扩大到现实情况的2～3倍时,鹿科动物栖息地面积缩减较为严重.     

The effects of hoarding habitat selection of Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) on natural regeneration of the Korean pines

Cone-cores discarded by Eurasian red squirrels were used to study the habitat selection of Korean pine-seeds hoarding, in forest patch Nos. 16 and 19 in Liangshui Nature Reserve, China. Ten transects with a total length of 15 km were uniformly set, and data from 343 valid samples were collected in a 369 hm² area. One hundred and eighty four were hoarding samples which were determined according to the cluster analysis based on the number of the cone-cores, while the other 159 were control samples. The principal component analysis, using 11 habitat factors, suggested that the distance from Korean pine forest, forest type, number of Korean pine seedlings, density and type of bush significantly influenced the habitat selection of hoarding by Eurasian red squirrels. The results of Bailey’s method indicated that the squirrels showed (1) preference for natural coniferous forest, natural fir and spruce forest and planted spruce forest; (2) avoidance of planted Korean pine forest and planted larch forest; and (3) random use of natural Korean pine forest. Moreover the distance from the Korean pines in the range of 150–600 m showed no effect on the habitat selection of hoarding by the Eurasian red squirrels. More than 50% of the cone-cores were discarded in either fringe or gap of the Korean pine forest with more cone-cores found at <300 m than at 300 m away (One-Way ANOVA; df = 3, 183, F = 5.76, p = 0.0009). This demonstrated that the Eurasian red squirrels could take the cone-cores out of the Korean pine forest. The density of bushes in samples of hoarding area was significantly lower than that in control samples (Kruskal–Wallis test; df = 1, χ² = 83.99, p < 0.0001). The number of the Korean pine seedlings in samples of hoarding area was significantly higher than that in the control samples (Kruskal–Wallis test; df = 1, χ² = 104.13, p < 0.0001). This illustrated that the hoarding habitat favoured the germination of the Korean pine seedlings. In conclusion the behavior of hoarding Korean pine seeds by the Eurasian red squirrels can promote the regeneration and dispersal of the Korean pines.     

Effects of Enhanced UV-B Radiation on the Activity and Expression of Alternative Oxidase in Red Kidney Bean Leaves

An increase in ultraviolet(UV)B radiation on the earth's surface is a feature of current global climate changes.It hasbeen reported that alternative oxidase(AOX)may have a protective role against oxidative stress induced by environmentalstresses,such as UV-B.To better understand the characteristic tolerance of plants to UV-B radiation,the effects ofenhanced UV-B radiation on the activity and expression of AOX in red kidney bean(Phaseolus vulgaris)leaves wereinvestigated in the present study.The results show that the total respiration rate and AOX activity in red kidney bean leavesincreased significantly during treatment with enhanced UV-B.However,cytochrome oxidase(COX)activity did not changesignificantly.The H_2O_2 content was also markedly increased and reached a maximum of 4.45 mmol.L~(-1)·g~(-1)DW(dry weight)at 24 h of UV-B treatment,before dropping rapidly.Both alternative pathway content and alternative pathway activity wereincreased in the presence of exogenous H_2O_2.Immunoblotting analysis with anti-AOX monoclonal antibody revealed thatexpression of the AOX protein increased in red kidney bean leaves under enhanced UV-B radiation,reaching a peak at 72h.In addition,AOX expression in red kidney bean leaves was induced by exogenous H_2O_2.These data indicate that theincrease in AOX activity in red kidney bean leaves under enhanced UV-B radiation was mainly due to H_2O_2-induced AOXexpression.     

He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射对小麦幼叶叶绿素荧光和Rubisco活化酶的影响

选用小麦‘ML7113’品种为材料,人工模拟He-Ne激光(5mJ·s-1·mm-2)、增强UV-B(10.8kJ·m-2·d-1)辐射及两者复合辐照进行处理,利用叶绿素荧光仪、考马斯亮蓝G-250染色法和PCR技术研究7d龄小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光特性、Rubisco活化酶含量、基因表达量及其基因序列的变化。结果表明:(1)与对照组相比,增强UV-B辐射后,小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光特性减弱,Rubisco活化酶含量及其基因表达量均下降;而低剂量的He-Ne激光辐照后能够在一定程度上修复经UV-B辐射后对小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光特性所造成的损伤,且使Rubisco活化酶含量及其基因表达量上升。(2)与对照组相比,经He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射以及两者复合辐照处理后基因序列均出现两个相同的点突变,但并未造成氨基酸序列的变化。研究认为,低剂量He-Ne激光辐照能够在一定程度上修复受UV-B辐射小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光活性、Rubisco活化酶含量及其基因表达量的降低;He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射对小麦幼苗Rubisco活化酶活性的影响可能发生在其转录水平,从而使小麦光合能力发生相应的变化。