Genotypic differences in root penetration ability of wheat through thin wax layers in contrasting water regimes and in the field

A significant proportion of arable land in south-western Australia is highly susceptible to subsoil compaction, which limits access of roots of wheat to water and nutrients at depth. Genotypic variation in the ability of roots to penetrate a hardpan has been reported for other cereals, using a pot technique, where a thin wax-layer of paraffin wax and petroleum jelly is placed in a soil column to simulate a hardpan. Previously we have modified and validated this technique for measuring root penetration ability of wheat seedlings under contrasting water regimes. Here we report on a series of five experiments (runs), two in well-watered and three in drought stress conditions, which evaluated seminal and nodal root penetration ability through thin wax layers among 24 Australian wheat cultivars and breeding lines (entries). These results were compared with observations on their rooting depths in two contrasting soil types in field trials, including a sandy duplex that contained a hardpan and a red clay that increased in soil strength with depth. Nodal roots ceased growth early under soil water deficit, and water uptake was instead dependant on seminal roots under conditions imposed in the pots. Plants were then reliant on the ability of seminal roots to penetrate the wax layer. Eight entries had superior root penetration ability in both well-watered and drought stressed conditions. Roots of three other entries, which failed to penetrate the wax layers, died under drought stress conditions. In field trials, there was a significant interaction between site and entry for maximum root depth. Our results from the pot studies and field trials indicate that there exists genotypic variation in root traits that are required to penetrate uniformly hard soil, dry soil or soil containing a hardpan. As four of the eight superior entries also showed superior root penetration ability at both sites in the field, there was an overall consistency, but there were exceptions at individual field sites. Factors likely to result in such exceptions were discussed, and topics for further research identified.     

Gravitropic response growth angle and vertical distribution of roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Recent work on root distribution, growth angles and gravitropic responses in Japanese cultivars of winter wheat are reviewed. Vertical distribution of roots, which influences the environmental stress tolerance of plants, was observed in the 12 Japanese cultivars in the field. The root depth index (RDI: the depth at which 50% of the root length has been reached) differed among the cultivars at the stem elongation stage. Since the RDI was closely related to the growth angle of seminal roots obtained in a pot experiment, it was assumed that growth angle is useful for predicting vertical root distribution among wheat genotypes. Gravitropic responses of the primary seminal root of 133 Japanese wheat cultivars assessed by measuring the growth angle in agar medium, were larger in the northern Japanese cultivars and smaller in the southern ones. It was also found that the geographical variation resulted from the wheat breeding process, i.e. genotypes with limited gravitropic responses of roots had been selected in the southern part of Japan where excessive soil moisture is one of the most serious problems.     

Effects of the Inoculation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Burkholderia vietnamensis</Emphasis> and Related Endophytic Diazotrophic Bacteria on Grain Yield of Rice

During a survey of endophytic diazotrophic bacteria associated with different rice varieties in Tamilnadu, some “endophytes” were obtained. Thirteen bacterial isolates from surface-sterilized roots and shoots were obtained in pure culture, which produced indole acetic acid (IAA) and reduced acetylene to ethylene. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification confirmed the presence of nif-H gene in all the isolates. Morphological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics indicated that all of them belonged to the genus Burkholderia One of them, MGK3, was consistently more active in reducing acetylene, and 16S rDNA sequences of isolate MGK3 confirmed its identification as Burkholderia vietnamiensis. Colonization of rice root was confirmed by strain MGK3 marked with gusA gene. The inoculated roots showed a blue color, which was most intense at the points of lateral root emergence and at the root tip. Transverse sections of roots, 15 days after inoculation, revealed beta-glucuronidase (GUS) activity within many of the cortical intercellular spaces next to the stele and within the aerenchyma. Nitrogen fixation was quantified by using ¹⁵N isotope dilution method with two different cultivars grown in pot and field experiments. Higher nitrogen fixation was observed in variety Ponni than in ADT-43, where nearly 42% (field) and 40% (pot) of the nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (% Ndfa). Isolate MGK3 was used to inoculate rice seedlings in a comparison with four other diazotrophs, viz., Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus LMG7603, Herbaspirillum seropedicae LMG6513, Azospirillum lipoferum 4B LMG4348, and B. vietnamiensis LMG10929. They were used to conduct two pot and four field inoculation experiments. MGK3 alone, and combined with other diazotrophs, performed best under both pot and field conditions: combined inoculation produced yield increases between 9.5 and 23.6%, while MGK3 alone increased yield by 5.6 to 12.16% over the uninoculated control treatment.     

利用发光酶基因标记技术跟踪棉花根圈中的绿针假单胞菌PL9L

采用细菌转化和杂交的方法,成功地将全套发光酶基因标记系统Tn7luxCDABE引入绿针假单胞菌(Pseudomonas chlororaphis)PL9,得到稳定的发光标记菌PL9L。采用发光菌落平板计数法和X射线胶片自显影法,通过盆栽试验和盒裁试验,研究了发光标记菌PL9L在棉花根圈的定殖动态和分布规律。盆栽试验结果表明,在灭菌土盆栽中,播种后6d左右PL9L在棉花根圈的定殖水平达最高(31×109cfu/g根土),播种后56d左右趋向稳定,PL9L数量为17×102cfu/g根土;未灭菌土盆载中,播种后8d左右PL9L的定殖水平达最高(11×109cfu/g根土),46d左右趋向稳定,菌数为14×102cfu/g根土。盒栽试验结果表明,PL9L可从种子向根尖方向扩散,但并不与根的伸长生长同步,播种后36d,灭菌土盒栽中PL9L可扩散至种子下方120cm以内,而未灭菌土盒栽中PL9L扩散至110cm以内。在棉花根尖区域均未检测到PL9L。     

Rooting patterns in near-isogenic lines of spring wheat for dwarfism

The effects of Rht alleles on root growth and distribution in isogenic lines of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are described under different environmental conditions. Above-ground biomass, root length, root dry-weight and their distribution along the soil profile were measured by destructive sampling for growth of aerial biomass and extraction of soil cores containing roots. Field experiments were conducted under non-limiting water and nutritional conditions during two consecutive years, using an early and a late sowing date each year.Dwarfing genes significantly reduced plant height and above-ground biomass at anthesis. In addition, stem mass ratio also was reduced with increases in the allelic dosage. Conversely, total root length and root dry-weight per unit area at anthesis were increased with decreased plant height, therefore, root mass ratio tended to be negatively correlated with plant height. Differences in distribution of root length and root dry-weight through the soil profile among lines were largely confined to the upper soil layers (i.e. the top 30 cm).Differences in root dry-weight were more important than in root length, so that the dwarf line had the highest root mass per unit root length. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation between the root mass ratio and stem mass per unit stem length was found. It is suggested that increases in root mass per unit root length associated with Rht alleles are evidencing a surplus of photoassimilates during stem elongation which are used for thickening the roots due to the lack of alternative sinks. Agronomic implications of this effect are discussed.     

Production of ROL gene transformed plants of Rosa hybrida L. and characterization of their rooting ability

Transgenic plants of the rootstock Rosa hybrida L. cv. Moneyway were produced via a two-step procedure. First, kanamycin-resistant roots were generated on stem slices from micropropagated shoots, which were cocultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing the neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) gene for conferring kanamycin resistance, together with individual ROL genes from A. rhizogenes. Root formation was quite efficient and up to two kanamycin-resistant roots per stem slice were produced. In the second step, these roots were used to regenerate transgenic plants via somatic embryogenesis. Although regeneration lasted up to 12 months, production of several transformants was successfully accomplished. Untransformed escapes were not found, indicating that the initial selection on kanamycin resistance was reliable.The presence of a combination of ROLA, B and C genes enhanced adventitious root formation on micropropagated shoots and explants of stems and leaves. It appears that the auxin sensitivity was increased to such a degree that cells were able to respond even to endogenous auxins present in shoots and leaves. Rooting experiments in greenhouse demonstrated that adventitious root formation on cuttings was improved threefold upon introduction of these ROL genes. It is concluded that a method was developed for the production of ROL gene transformed roses with improved rooting characteristics.     

Molecular Cloning, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Genes Encoding Gibberellin 20-Oxidase in Dasypyrum villosum Dwarf Mutant

Thirty-six gene sequences encoding the gibberellin (GA) 20-oxidase were obtained from Dasypyrum villosum and its dwarf mutant. Sequence alignment showed that there were 21 SNPs and 4 InDels among these sequences which could be divided into three haplotypes??haplotype I, II, and III with 1,293, 1,297, and 1,294?bp in length, respectively. They contained a CDS with 1,080?bp in length encoding a putative polypeptide of 359 amino acids. Two haplotypes were found in wild type (I and II) and dwarf mutant (II and III), respectively. Q-PCR analysis showed that in the whole growing stages, the majority expression levels of haplotypes from wild types were higher than that of dwarf mutant, suggesting that wild types could synthesize more active GA substrates than dwarf mutant. The expression level in stem nodes and internodes between wild type and dwarf mutant were not significantly different, whereas their expression levels in roots were distinctly distinguished from each other in seedling, stem elongation, and heading stages, implying that most active GAs were synthesized in the root, and some were consumed by the root itself, and the others might be transported to other organs.     

Does hydraulic lift exist in shallow-rooted species? A quantitative examination with a half-shrub Gutierrezia sarothrae

Hydraulic lift occurs in some deep-rooted shrub and herbaceous species. In this process, water taken up by deep roots from the moist subsoil is delivered to the drier topsoil where it is later reabsorbed by shallow roots. However, little is known about the existence of hydraulic lift in shallow-rooted xeric species. The objectives of this study were 1) to ascertain whether hydraulic lift exists in Gutierrezia sarothrae (broom snakeweed), a widespread North American desert species with a shallow root system, grown in pot and field conditions and 2) if it does, how much water can be transferred from the subsoil to the 30 cm topsoil during the night. Snakeweed seedlings were transplanted in buried pots allowing the deeper roots to grow into the subsoil 30 cm below the surface. Soil water content inside and outside of the pot was measured seasonally and diurnally with time domain reflectometry technique (TDR). An increase in water content was detected in the pot after the plant was covered for 3 h by an opaque plastic bag during the day, suggesting hydraulic lift from deeper depths and exudation of water into the drier topsoil. Root exudation was also observed on native range sites dominated by snakeweed. Water efflux in the pot was 271 g per plant per night. which was equivalent to 15.3% of the extrapolated, porometer-derived whole-plant daily transpiration. Hydraulic lift observed in Gutierrezia improved water uptake during the day when evaporative demand is high and less water is available in the topsoil. We concluded that hydraulic lift might help snakeweed to alleviate the effect of water stress.     

Model Trials for Phytoremediation of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Sites by the Use of Different Plant Species

In order to further the development of plant-based remediation of sites contaminated by carbo-chemical and petro-chemical industries, the penetration of the roots of Phragmites australis in contaminated soil substrate was studied in model trials. The series of experiments contained model substrate with firm bitumen and tar. In terms of the level of root penetration, the roots and rhizomes penetrated equally through the middle of the pot and at the edges as well as coming up through the bottom. There were differences between the density of the root systems in the topsoil of the two variations, with the roots in the sample with a 3.5 -cm bitumen layer being more dense. The experiment also showed that shallow rooting plants can penetrate thick barriers and are suitable for planting in contaminated areas. In the subsoil zone, which contained many roots, a reduction of up to 85% in the MOH content was observed. In a second series of long-term pot experiments, the stimulation of hydrocarbon remediation by Phragmites australis, Alnus glutinosa, and Robinia pseudoacacia was studied. In the subsoil zone, which contained many roots, a reduction of up to 64% in the hydrocarbon content was determined. In the comparison between the cropped and noncropped treatments, the decontamination ratio was up to 40% higher in the cropped pots than in the pots without plants. For a determination of microbial activity, two enzymes (catalase, ß-glucosidase) and microbial biomass were measured. Variants with plants showed higher microbial activities than uncropped pots. By increasing “biostimulation,” pollution and also the leaching of pollutants can be reduced.     

Laboratory acetylene reduction assay for relative measurement of N2-fixing activities associated with field-grown wetland rice plants

Summary A short-term laboratory acetylene reduction assay using cut plant-soil samples incubated in the dark was developed for measuring relative N₂-fixing activities associated with field-grown rice plants. The assay sample consists of rhizosphere soil, root, and cut stem and leaf sheath. The cut plant-soil assay is relatively simple, rapid, and convenient; it reduces, if not eliminates, the problems encountered in whole-plant (field, pot, and water culture) and excised roots assays. Varietal differences in N₂-fixing activity were detected with the new assay technique.     

Reproductive efficiency and growth of Emex australis in relation to stress

The reaction of Emex australis to different degrees of stress was examined in a pot experiment by varying pot size and in a field experiment by varying density. In pots, the proportion of energy in seeds was more stable to the imposition of stress than in roots and stems; that in roots increasing with increasing stress and that in stems declining. Similarly in the field, there was little difference between densities of 1–32 plants m^?2 in the proportion of seeds in biomass. There were no significant differences in mean individual seed weights in either experiment and all plants set seed. Again in both experiments, high stress plants were more precocious than low stress ones. In pots, this took the form of earlier attainment of maxima in calorific values, ‘reproductive effort’, root, stem and seed weights and in the field, a shorter life cycle and earlier senescence. In pots, estimates of the overall mean reproductive effort were 62% for the low and medium stress plants and 36% for the high stress plants. The results are discussed in terms of the high values for reproductive effort, the plasticity and precocity of E. australis under stress and the implications for weed control.     

Root-soil contact of maize,as measured by a thin-section technique

In models of oxygen, water and nutrient uptake by plant roots, the degree of root-soil contact is an important parameter. An observation technique is required to evaluate to what extent root-soil contact depends on plant species, soil texture and structure. Thin sections for studying soil structure may be used for this purpose, provided that roots do not shrink during section preparation, and that all root cross sections are recognized.Maize was grown in pots with soil aggregates obtained by sieving and compacting to three bulk densities. Thin sections were made by freeze-drying samples before impregnating the soil with resin. Two checks were made on the validity of the method. Firstly, visual appearance of roots with intact epidermis, cortex and other tissues did not show signs of shrinkage. Secondly, the agreement was checked between root lengths obtained by washing duplicate soil samples and the number of root cross sections counted on horizonal and vertical thin sections. For the latter, the angle at which roots intersected the thin-section plane was determined from the shape of the cross sections. The frequency distribution of calculated angles was in agreement with the frequency distribution expected for a randomly oriented set of cylinders when an error term was included in the simulated measurements.Some results are presented for a field test of the thin-section method with barley on a calcareous marine sandy loam. Root hairs, apparently undamaged by sample preparation, are important for bridging the gap between roots and soil in this situation. According to the experience presented, the thin-section technique is suitable to derive the degree of root-soil contact, as influenced by species, soil texture and structure, in samples obtained from pot or field experiments.Communication No. 43 of the Dutch Programme on Soil Ecology of Arable Farming Systems.Communication No. 43 of the Dutch Programme on Soil Ecology of Arable Farming Systems.     

Engineering a root-specific, repressor-operator gene complex

Strong, tissue-specific and genetically regulated expression systems are essential tools in plant biotechnology. An expression system tool called a 'repressor-operator gene complex' (ROC) has diverse applications in plant biotechnology fields including phytoremediation, disease resistance, plant nutrition, food safety, and hybrid seed production. To test this concept, we assembled a root-specific ROC using a strategy that could be used to construct almost any gene expression pattern. When a modified E. coli lac repressor with a nuclear localization signal was expressed from a rubisco small subunit expression vector, S1pt::lacIn, LacIn protein was localized to the nuclei of leaf and stem cells, but not to root cells. A LacIn repressible Arabidopsis actin expression vector A2pot was assembled containing upstream bacterial lacO operator sequences, and it was tested for organ and tissue specificity using beta-glucuronidase (GUS) and mercuric ion reductase (merA) gene reporters. Strong GUS enzyme expression was restricted to root tissues of A2pot::GUS/S1pt::lacIn ROC plants, while GUS activity was high in all vegetative tissues of plants lacking the repressor. Repression of shoot GUS expression exceeded 99.9% with no evidence of root repression, among a large percentage of doubly transformed plants. Similarly, MerA was strongly expressed in the roots, but not the shoots of A2pot::merA/S1pt::lacIn plants, while MerA levels remained high in both shoots and roots of plants lacking repressor. Plants with MerA expression restricted to roots were approximately as tolerant to ionic mercury as plants constitutively expressing MerA in roots and shoots. The superiority of this ROC over the previously described root-specific tobacco RB7 promoter is demonstrated.     

Interactive effects of soil nutrient heterogeneity and belowground herbivory on the growth of plants with different root foraging traits

Aims

Plants with precise root foraging patterns can proliferate roots preferentially in nutrient-rich soil patches. When nutrients are distributed heterogeneously, this trait is often competitively advantageous in pot experiments but not field experiments. We hypothesized that this difference is due to belowground herbivory under field conditions.

Methods

We performed pot experiments using seedlings of Lolium perenne (a more precise root foraging species) and Plantago lanceolata (a less precise root foraging species). The experiment had a two-way factorial randomized block design, with nutrient distribution pattern (homogeneous or heterogeneous) and belowground herbivore (present or absent) as the two factors. Each pot contained one seedling of each species.

Results

With no herbivore present, plant biomass was smaller in the heterogeneous nutrient treatment than in the homogeneous treatment in P. lanceolata, but not in L. perenne. Under homogeneous nutrient distribution, plant biomass was lower in both species with a herbivore present than with no herbivore. Under heterogeneous nutrient distribution, biomass reduction due to herbivory occurred only in L. perenne.

Conclusions

Roots of the precise root foraging species were grazed more under the heterogeneous nutrient distribution, suggesting that the herbivore more efficiently foraged for roots in nutrient-rich soil patches.     

松嫩平原不同株型玉米品种根系分布特征比较研究

采用土柱模拟栽培法与大田试验相结合的方法,对松嫩平原不同株型玉米的根系分布特征进行了比较。结果表明,平展型玉米和紧凑型玉米根干重最大值出现的时期不同,二者根干重分别在抽丝后15d和抽丝后30d时达到最大值,成熟时紧凑型玉米根干重比平展型高12．2％,二者根系垂直分布有明显的差异,在20cm以下的根干重比率,平展型玉米在19％以下,而紧凑型玉米高于23％,紧凑型玉米的深层根量较多,在深40～100cm土层内根干重比率比平展型高42．3％,二者的根系水平分布也不同,紧凑型玉米根系水平分布较集中,在距植株0～10cm水平范围内,根系分布比率比平展型玉米高9．6％,紧凑型玉米深层根量较多,水平分布集中,耐密植,是易获得高产的重要原因之一。     

The effect of tryptophan of plant root metabolites on the phyto stimulating activity of rhizobacteria

Aseptic tomato and radish roots were found to exude 2.8-5.3 and 290-390 ng tryptophan per seedling per day. The inoculation of radish plants with rhizosphere pseudomonads increased the root biomass by 1.4 times. The inoculation of tomato plants with the same pseudomonads was ineffective. The beneficial effect of bacterial inoculation on the radish plants can be explained by the fact that the introduced rhizobacteria produce the plant growth-stimulating hormone indole-3-acetic acid. In pot experiments, the addition of this phytohormone to the soil increased the mass of radish roots by 36%. The phytohormonal action of the rhizosphere microflora was found to be efficient provided that the concentration of tryptophan in the rhizosphere is sufficiently high.     

Dependence of the root suction force on the soil water content

The suction force of active roots ofFraxinus excelsior L. was estimated by the refractometric compensation method (compensation in a sucrose solution) and its dependence on the water content of soil was determined. Where differences in the soil humidity were excluded within the root system, the dependence could be expressed by a curve resembling the dependence of the suction force of soil on its water content. This dependence was valid both for the minimal gradients of suction forces between the over-and underground parts of the plant (pot experiments), as well as when transpiration and hence gradients were present (under field conditions). Where differences in soil humidity were formed within the root system, the dependence did not correspond to this basic curve, due to the compensation of root suction forces within the root system.     

牡丹不定根形成相关基因PsARRO-1的克隆及表达分析

不定根发生相关加氧酶基因（adventitious rooting related oxygenase,ARRO—1）被认为是木本植物不定根形成的分子标记之一,属不定根发生起始阶段的特异表达基因。本实验以牡丹‘乌龙捧盛’为材料,运用RT-PCR和RACE相结合的方法克隆得到一个ARRO-1的全长cDNA序列,命名为PsARRO-J（GenBank登录号KJ620008）。PsARRO-1cDNA序列的开放阅读框长度为900bp,编码299个氨基酸。氨基酸序列同源性分析结果显示与拟南芥、毛果杨、苹果、梅花等植物有较高的相似性。利用实时荧光定量PCR对该基因在牡丹‘凤丹白’试管苗及实生苗的表达情况分析表明,PsARRO-1在试管苗及实生苗的根、茎、叶、花中均有不同程度的表达,根中的平均表达量大于其他部位,且实生苗中的整体表达量一般高于试管苗中的表达量。试管苗中,PsARRO-1在根中的表达量变化趋势明显,生根诱导初期表达量平稳且微弱,第10天开始上调表达,第15天和第40天分别出现两次峰值;实生苗中,PsARRO-1在根中的表达量在取样初期就开始快速上升,第10天达到峰值,之后迅速回落。这与牡丹不定根的发生过程基本一致,说明PsARRO-1与牡丹不定根的形成密切相关。     

Root proliferation characteristics of seven perennial arid-land grasses in nutrient-enriched microsites

We compared root proliferation in fertilized microsites among seven cultivars of five commonly planted cool-desert perennial grass species that differ in productivity and competitive ability. In a greenhouse experiment on nutrient-limited plants, one soil microsite in each pot received distilled water (control) and a second microsite received a rich, complete nutrient solution (fertilized). Roots in and adjacent to the microsites were mapped on Mylar windows for 22 days after the injections to determine the magnitude and timing of response in root length relative growth rates (RGRs). Because we provided adequate water, used a high level of fertilization in the treatment microsites, and conducted the experiments during rapid vegetative growth, the results provide a measure of the relative capacities and maximal rates of the grasses responses to enriched microsites. Root samples were harvested from control and fertilized microsites at the end of the experiment to determine the morphological basis of the proliferation response. In all seven grasses fine roots proliferated in the fertilized microsites faster than in the control microsites. The grasses did not differ in the timing of their response which showed a peak 7–8 days after injection. Although one species, Pseudoroegneria spicata cv. Goldar, had higher maximum root length RGR and higher RGR ratio (RGR in fertilized to RGR in control microsites) 7–8 days after injection, the seven grasses did not differ significantly in the magnitude of root length RGR response to fertilizer integrated over the 22 day experiment. The grasses also did not differ significantly in root morphological changes in fertilized mocrosites. Compared to roots in control microsites, roots in fertilized microsites had greater specific root length, length of secondary roots per length of main axis, number of lateral and sublateral roots per length of main axis, and mean lateral root length. Root proliferation was mainly the result of increased lateral branching and lateral root growth in all seven grasses. The consistency of root proliferation responses among these seven cultivars suggests that differences in the capacity for, maximum rate, or morphological basis of root proliferation are not directly related to ecological characteristics such as productivity and competitive ability. Other aspects of root response to nutrient enrichment, such as differential responses as a function of microsite nutrient concentration, plant phenology, plant nutrient status, or specific nutrient element(s), may still be important, but further experiments are required to determine whether different responses to enriched soil microsites among species correspond with know species differences in ecological characteristics.     

可降解螯合剂对镉胁迫下籽粒苋根系形态及生理生化特征的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了可降解螯合剂EDDS和NTA对镉胁迫下籽粒苋(Amaranthus hybridus L.)根系形态及生理生化特征的影响。结果表明:当螯合剂施入10 mg/kg的镉污染土壤后,籽粒苋根系生物量和总长等根系形态指标与对照无显著差异,过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和可溶性蛋白含量显著上升。当螯合剂施入100 mg/kg的镉污染土壤后,籽粒苋根系生物量、总长、表面积、体积及侧根数比对照显著减少了12.30%—23.98%、17.01%—24.90%、41.87%—57.93%、16.46%—32.94%和23.48%—53.35%;EDDS的施入使籽粒苋根系POD、CAT活性、GSH和可溶性蛋白含量显著升高;而NTA施入后,根系中的POD活性比对照降低了4.12%—35.95%,并且CAT活性和可溶性蛋白含量在2 mmol/kg NTA处理下分别显著降低了14.66%—15.79%和26.81%—30.48%;EDDS和NTA施入后,GSH含量比对照显著升高了14.73%—65.65%和28.05%—84.10%。当镉处理浓度分别为10 mg/kg和100 mg/kg时,螯合剂的施入显著增强了籽粒苋根系对镉的吸收,比对照分别增加了40.76%—103.10%和15.03%—49.49%。因此,EDDS和NTA施入镉污染土壤后,通过影响籽粒苋根系形态和生理生化过程以响应重金属镉的胁迫。