Induction of NF-KB during monocyte differentiation by HIV type 1 infection

The production of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) progeny was followed in the U937 promonocytic cell line after stimulation either with retinoic acid or PMA, and in purified human monocytes and macrophages. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and Southwestern blotting experiments were used to detect the binding of cellular transactivation factor NF-KB to the double repeat-KB enhancer sequence located in the long terminal repeat. PMA treatment, and not retinoic acid treatment of the U937 cells acts in inducing NF-KB expression in the nuclei. In nuclear extracts from monocytes or macrophages, induction of NF-KB occurred only if the cells were previously infected with HIV-1. When U937 cells were infected with HIV-1, no induction of NF-KB factor was detected, whereas high level of progeny virions was produced, suggesting that this factor was not required for viral replication. These results indicate that in monocytic cell lineage, HIV-1 could mimic some differentiation/activation stimuli allowing nuclear NF-KB expression.     

Activity and interleukin 1 responsiveness of SV40 enhancer motifs in a rodent immature T cell line.

We have analysed the enhancer activity and the interleukin 1 (IL1) responsiveness of individual motifs of the SV40 enhancer in an immature rodent T cell line, PC60. Transient transfection assays showed that tetramers of GT-I plus GT-IIC motifs, the TC-II or the P motif have significant enhancer activity in PC60, while neither Octamer nor SphI+II motifs have a detectable effect on promoter strength. Two motifs, TC-II and P, strongly respond to stimulation by IL1. DNase I and methylation protection experiments with nuclear extracts show specific footprints in the TC-II region of the SV40 enhancer. Exposure of PC60 cells to IL1 increases their intensity. The TC-II sequence forms several complexes detected in band shift assays. The molecules involved all have similar sequence specificity as NF-kappa B. Surprisingly, band shifts with extracts from control or IL1 treated cells differ only slightly. However, if GTP is added to the binding reactions the intensity of bands formed by extracts from control cells is strongly reduced, whereas extracts from IL1 treated cells form a single retarded complex that co-migrates with NF-kappa B from a pre-B cell line. The results suggest that in PC60 IL1 induces NF-kappa B activity by activating molecules that are already in the nucleus.     

人淋巴毒素基因5′端上游NF－KB类因子特异性结合位点的研究

淋巴毒素（Ｌｙｍｐｈｏｔｏｘｉｎ,ＬＴ）是由活化的Ｔ淋巴细胞分泌的一种糖蛋白。ＬＴ基因的表达调控主要是在转录水平上。ＰＨＡ＋ＰＭＡ诱导的Ｊｕｒｋａｔ细胞总ＲＮＡ点渍杂交发现,Ｊｕｒｋａｔ细胞的内源性ＬＴｍＲＮＡ的数量随诱导时间的延长而增加。凝胶迟滞电泳分析发现,ＰＨＡ＋ＰＭＡ诱导４小时的Ｊｕｒｋａｔ细胞核抽提物形成多种复合物,且在诱导不同时间后有明显变化。系列缺失片段的竞争反应表明,这些复合物的形成与ＬＴ基因５＇端上游──１２８ｂｐ──９３ｂｐ左右的序列相关。ＤＮａｓｅｌ足迹法及其竞争实验发现,ＬＴ基因５＇端上游─—１０４ｂｐ──８３ｂｐ（共２２ｂｐ）序列具有明显的蛋白质保护足迹。同源性分析发现此２２ｂｐ的序列中存在一个ＫＢ样结合位点：─１００ｂｐ──９０ｂｐ（５’－ＧＧＧＧＧＣＴＴＣＣＣ－３’）。ＮＰ－ＫＢ类蛋白质因子参与了此序列的ＤＮＡ－蛋白质的特异性结合,可能存在多种类型的ＮＰ－ＫＢ类蛋白因子参与了ＬＴ基因的表达调控。     

Octamer-dependent regulation of the kFGF gene in embryonal carcinoma and embryonic stem cells.

Expression of kFGF, which belongs to the family of fibroblast growth factor genes, is restricted to undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma and embryonic stem cells. Stem cell specific expression of kFGF is controlled by a distally localized enhancer, conferring both positive and negative regulation to the kFGF and tk promoters. This enhancer contains a consensus octamer binding sequence that controls positive regulation in EC and ES cells. The octamer sequence binds Oct1 and Oct4 in nuclear extracts from undifferentiated EC cells, while only Oct1 is bound in nuclear extracts from RA differentiated cells. These results suggest that the kFGF gene is a target for positive regulation by Oct4 and implicate Oct4 as target for regulation by the retinoic acid receptors.