不同刈牧强度对冷蒿生长与资源分配的影响

利用野外实验与盆栽实验,对不同刈牧强度下冷蒿生长与资源分配影响的研究结果表明,按比例刈割冷篙的再生生长大于留茬高度刈割,在生长季前期,不刈割冷蒿净生长高于刈割处理,而进入生长季中后期(8月中旬以后),轻度刈割净生长高于不刈割处理,冷篙种群生物量分配的总体格局是根>叶>茎,刈牧明显影响冷蒿生物量分配格局,尤其是叶和花的分配,3／4刈割或留茬4cm刈割叶生物量分配显著高于其它各处理,而花的生物量及其分配显著低于其它处理,根、茎生物量分配各处理间差异不显著．冷蒿有性生殖分配随刈牧强度的增加而降低,繁殖方式发生了改变,优先将光合产物分配给再生茎以及繁殖方式转向营养繁殖,通过克隆生长维持和扩大种群是冷蒿对强度放牧的生态适应对策。     

内蒙古科尔沁沙地两种沙生植物冷蒿和差不嘎蒿竞争策略的生理生态学依据(英文)

Gas exchange, water relations and leaf chemical characteristics were examined of twodominant psammophytes: Artemisia frigida Willd and A halodendron Turcz. ex Bess in Horqin sandy land, NeiMongol, China under different water regimes. The measurements were conducted by submitting the plantsto five different irrigation levels. A. fTigida was characterized by lower photosynthetic rate (Pn), lowertranspiration rate ( TR and lower shoot water potential (ψuw) relative to A. halodendron. Foliage of A frigdahad higher values of relative water deficit (RWD), bound water content (BWC), ratio of bound water contentto free water content (BWC/FWC) and integrated drought-resistant index (DI than that of A. halodendron.Water relations differed significantly between two species in response to soil water availability. ψw, BWCand BWC/FWC ratio of A halodendron exhibited large variation with gradual decrease of soil moisture.However, in terms of these parameters, A. fRIGIDA was characterized by higher capacity of water holding anddrought tolerance relative to A halodendron. Proline and total soluble sugar contents of A frigida and Ahalodendron tended to increase with decrease of soil moisture and the former had a larger increaseamplitude than the latter. This shows that A frigida has a higher osmotic regulation ability than A halodendron.Under the extreme drought conditions, ψw, RWD, BWC and BWC/FWC of two species were approximate,but soluble proteins degraded largely. A large amount of accumulation of organic matter, proline and totalsoluble sugars were observed in both A halodendron and A frigida. The increase in proline and total solublesugar contents and soluble protein degradation of A frigida far exceeded those of A. halodendron. Webelieve that the accumulated materials at this moment are mostly of nutrient substances available for therecovery of plants after the drought. This is one of the reasons why A halodendron plants died while Afrigida plants survived under extremely drought condition. Our results suggest that these ecophysiologicalfeatures of A frigida are favorable to its growth in the fixed sandy land compared with A halodendron, whichoften lost its dominance due to weak competition for water sources under lower soil water availability andare major factors resulting in replacement of A. halodendron by A. frigida in the later stage of sandyvegetation succession in Horqin.     

内蒙古科尔沁沙地两种沙生植物冷蒿和差不嘎蒿竞争策略的生理生态学依据

研究了中国内蒙古科尔沁沙地两种优势灌木冷蒿(Artemisiafrigida Willd)和差不嘎蒿(Artemisia halodendronTurcz.ex Bess)在不同土壤水分状况条件下的气体交换、水分关系和叶片的化学特性.测定设置了5个土壤水分梯度:土壤最大含水量(体积含水量,30%)、田间持水量(对照,20%)、轻度水分胁迫(10%)、极端干旱(＜4%)和旱后复水(20%).冷蒿的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(TR)和水势(ψw低于差不嘎蒿,相对水分亏缺(RWD)、束缚水含量(BWC)、束缚水与自由水的比值(BWC/FWC)和综合抗旱性指数(DI)高于差不嘎蒿.两种灌木对不同土壤含水量的响应不同,随着土壤含水量的逐渐下降,差不嘎蒿的ψw、BWC和BWC/FWC出现大幅度的波动,波动幅度远远的大于冷蒿,冷蒿则显示了一个较差不嘎蒿高的持水能力和抗旱能力.冷蒿和差不嘎蒿的脯氨酸和总可溶性糖含量随土壤含水量的降低均呈增加的趋势,冷蒿增加的幅度大于差不嘎蒿,说明冷蒿的渗透调节能力在干旱过程中有较大提高.在长期极端干旱条件下,两种灌木的ψw,RWD,BWC和BWC/FWC的终极值相近;有机物、脯氨酸和总可溶性糖含量大量累积;冷蒿的脯氨酸和总可溶性糖含量增加的幅度和可溶性蛋白质降解的幅度远远超过差不嘎蒿;我们认为此时累积的物质主要作为营养物质,以供植物的旱后恢复,此时冷蒿的恢复能力超过差不嘎蒿,这是极端干旱条件下差不嘎蒿死亡而冷蒿存活的主要原因之一.我们的研究结果显示,相对于差不嘎蒿而言,冷蒿在水分胁迫条件下的生理生态学特性更有利于其在固定沙地的生长,差不嘎蒿则由于对水资源微弱的竞争丧失了生存优势,是引起科尔沁沙地植被演替过程中冷蒿替代差不嘎蒿的主要原因.     

The influence of environmental conditions on the reproduction and distribution of epilithic lichens

Summary Humidity and solar radiation condition the distribution of lichen communities on the nuraghi of northwestern Sardinia.The growth of lichens withTrentepohlia algae is favored to the north under conditions of low light intensity and high humidity. Lichens with cyanobacteria prevail under dry conditions. Microclimatic conditions also generate selective pressures on the reproductive strategies of the species.Vegetative reproduction through soredia is maximum under extreme conditions: minimum light intensity and maximum humidity on one hand; maximum light intensity and minimum humidity on the other.For vegetative reproduction through isidia, no significant correlation was found with humidity and light: the maximum frequency of isidia was found in situations with a flow of rainwater.Gametic reproduction through spores has a very high frequency (> 80%) in intermediate microclimatic situations.     

冷蒿挥发性有机化合物主要成分分析及其地上部分结构研究

冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds, VOCs)具有特殊气味, 在植物受损伤时, 此气味会更加浓烈。该文通过对未损伤与损伤冷蒿VOCs成分分析、地上部分结构观察, 初步揭示了冷蒿VOCs释放与结构之间的关系。结果表明, 未损伤冷蒿VOCs主要含有22种化合物, 其主要成分是莰烯(14.27%)、(E)-乙酸-3-己烯酯(10.85%)、对-伞花烃(9.05%)、桉树脑(39.80%)、α-萜品醇(10.04%)、β-萜品醇(2.48%)、樟脑(5.66%)和(R)-(-)-对薄荷-1-烯-4-醇(3.84%)。损伤较未损伤冷蒿VOCs增加了12种物质, 其中相对含量大于1%的化合物分别为顺-3-己烯醛(1.15%)、2-己烯醛(1.34%)、顺-牻牛儿醇(2.66%)、冰片(4.47%)、(1R,4R)(+)-对-薄荷-2,8-二烯(9.15%)、乙酸冰片酯(1.37%)和4(14), 11-桉叶双烯(1.30%)。冷蒿叶片中栅栏组织发达, 叶柄内具有2-3处栅栏组织, 并且栅栏组织中都具有发达的气室, 同时气室与气孔相连。因此, 损伤较未损伤冷蒿VOCs种类和浓度增多的原因可能为: 冷蒿VOCs合成后大量储存于气室中, 当叶片损伤时, VOCs大量释放出来, 同时合成释放一些新的VOCs, 致使损伤冷蒿VOCs种类和浓度增加。     

Intraspecific molecular variation in the seaweed fly Coelopa frigida consistent with behavioural distinctness of British and Swedish populations

The major aim of this study was to compare the intraspecific variation and genetic structure of the behaviourally distinct British and Swedish populations of the seaweed fly Coelopa frigida. C. frigida has been the subject of intense study into the basis of female choice. The behaviour of British females is consistent with a 'good genes' model, whereas that of the Swedish flies suggests a Fisher process, in which the difference between the former and the latter is defined by female choice increasing offspring viability in 'good genes' models. Through a study of variability in the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene from more than 600 flies, we show that there is clear differentiation at the molecular level between the two countries' populations, with an FST of > 75% and no shared haplotypes. Tajima's test reveals an excess of rare variants relative to expectation, which, if not the result of selective sweep, indicates either a population expansion or purifying selection against weakly deleterious variants. Within the two populations, substantial subpopulation differentiation is observed in the UK, where there is also evidence of isolation by distance. Swedish populations exhibit lower variability, and no evidence of isolation by distance, with the latter result possibly being related to the continuous distribution of suitable habitat. The pattern of intraspecific variation is explainable by a combination of contemporary and also historical factors. British and Swedish populations may have been descended from at least two separate founding populations during the recolonization of these areas following Pleistocene glaciations.     

科尔沁草原主要牧草冷蒿和差不嘎蒿的生理生态学特性与竞争机制

一日内冷蒿和差不嘎蒿的光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（E）和水分利用效率（WUE）在早或晚出现了最高值,而其余时间则变化低缓,原因归结于沙地环境因子和植物内部因子的共同作用。冷蒿的Pn和WUE日均值高于差不嘎蒿,E的日均值却低于差不嘎蒿,说明冷蒿在干旱环境下具有较高的物质生产量和节约用水的能力。自然状态下冷蒿各生长季的水势（ψω）和充分膨胀时的渗透势（ψπ^100）远低于差不嘎蒿,水分相对亏缺（RWD）、束缚水含量（BWC)、缚水与自由水的比值（BWC／FWC）元高于差不嘎蒿,表明其具有更强的抗旱性;干旱和旱后复水条件下差不嘎蒿的RWD、BWC和BEW／FWC产生大幅度波动;长期极端干旱条件下两才RWD、EWC和ψω终极植相近;长期淹水对冷蒿生理过程的影响更大些。干旱使两种牧草蛋白质发生分解,脯氨酸和可溶性糖大量累,其中冷蒿的累积量远远超过差不嘎蒿,这种累积特征可能正是两种牧草竞争机制的本质所在。     

Lichen communities in the cathedral of Leon

In the cathedral of León, 36.36% of the sampled surface is covered by up to 39 lichen taxa. Two different communities were found, either on carbonate rocks or on highly nitrified environments. The first is composed of species with crustaceous biotypes, mainly belonging to the generaCaloplaca, Aspicilia andRinodina. The other community is composed of species with foliaceous or lobed crustaceous biotypes of the generaPhyscia, Physconia andPhaeophysica, this latter community being the one producing the higher degree of physical biodeterioration, because of its higher rate of foliaceous species. The species distribution depends directly on nitrophytism, hygrophytism, photophytism and pH index, and to a lesser extent on the variation of the inclination angle, orientation and substratum type.     

A Biochemical Approach for Assessment of the Diversity of Symbiotic Dinoflagellates

The fatty acid composition of polar lipids and triacetylglycerols was determined in different morphophysiological types of symbiotic dinoflagellates isolated from the hydrocoral Millepora intricata and the scleractinian corals Pocillopora damicornis, Seriatopora caliendrum, Seriatopora hystrix, and Stylophora pistillata. The distribution of fatty acids differed fairly markedly among the investigated morphophysiological types of symbiotic dinoflagellates. The differences were found both in polar lipids, which are the structural components of the cell membranes, and storage lipids—triacetylglycerols. It is shown that fatty acids are useful chemotaxonomic markers for symbiotic dinoflagellates. It is assumed that the biochemical differences among the morphophysiological types of symbiotic dinoflagellates can reflect the genetic diversity of these types.     

环境胁迫下内生菌与宿主代谢相互作用研究进展

植物体内成分是实时反映其生理状态的最直接指标,是其遭受生物或非生物胁迫应激状态的体现,微生物与植物的共生抗逆亦由代谢的重置与调控得以实现.内生菌可以自身细胞功能或代谢产物调控宿主代谢,其自身可产生独特的、显著区别于宿主的代谢成分参与抗逆;而宿主内环境的长期“驯化”亦可改变内生菌的表型和代谢.较全面地分析了植物与微生物共...     

Lichen diversity on dolmen and menhir in the Megalithic complex of Sa Coveccada (Mores,Sardinia)

This work describes the lichen diversity found on the megalithic Dolmen of Sa Coveccada (Mores, Sardinia) until 2010. After that year, a restoration with chemical removal of lichen crusts took place, which destroyed a great part of the lichen communities. These were studied again after removal and lichen communities occurring on rock outcrops in the surroundings of the Dolmen and on a contiguous menhir were investigated as well for comparison. Before the restoration, 33 species had been recorded on the Dolmen, most being crustose, followed by foliose and fruticose forms. Among these, eight species are regarded as rare in Sardinia and five rare at lower elevations. Most of the recorded species are typical for eutrophic substrates and for meso- to xerophytic conditions. Studies on lichen diversity on archaeological monuments in Sardinia are limited. This is the first report on the lichens of a Sardinian dolmen. This paper questions whether the lichen diversity of such monuments should be preserved as lichens have been an important part of the monument ecosystem and of the landscape for many centuries. This work also aims to improve collaboration among lichen and monument experts, in order to avoid hasty restoration decisions.     

Photobiont Selectivity and Interspecific Interactions in Lichen Communities. I. Culture Experiments with the Mycobiont Fulgensia bracteata

Abstract: Lichen communities are characterised by interspecific interactions that not only include interactions between different lichen species but also between the symbionts within a single lichen species. The community “Bunte Erdflechtengesellschaft”, growing on weathered calciferous rocks known as Gravel Alvar on Gotland (Baltic Sea, Sweden), shows a high complexity of inter‐ and intraspecific interactions, including Fulgensia bracteata, F. fulgens, Toninia sedifolia, Squamarina cartilaginea, Psora decipiens and Lecidea lurida. F. bracteata and F. fulgens are the dominant species of this community, showing a tendency to overgrow the other species involved and even parasitic behaviour. Culture experiments have been performed to investigate the selectivity of the mycobiont of F. bracteata towards a variety of potential photobionts. The results provide evidence for the selectivity of the mycobiont and varying compatibility of the respective symbionts that can be interpreted as a cascade of interdependent processes of specific and non‐specific reactions of the symbionts involved.     

Past,present, and future research in bipolar lichen‐forming fungi and their photobionts

Compared to other organisms, such as vascular plants or mosses, lichen‐forming fungi have a high number of species occurring in both northern and southern hemispheres but are largely absent from intermediate, tropical latitudes. For instance, ca. 160 Antarctic species also occur in polar areas or mountainous temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Early interpretations of this particular distribution pattern were made in terms of vicariance or long‐distance dispersal. However, it was not until the emergence of phylogenetics and the possibility of dating past diversification and colonization events that these initial hypotheses started to be evaluated. The premise of a relatively recent colonization of the southern hemisphere by boreal lichens through long‐distance dispersal has gained support in recent studies based on either the comparison of genetic affinities (i.e., tree topology) or more robust, statistical migratory models. Still, the scarcity of such studies and a concern that taxonomic concepts for bipolar lichens are often too broad preclude the generation of sound explanations on the mechanisms and origin of such fascinating disjunct distributions. This review provides an up‐to‐date overview of bipolar distributions in lichen‐forming fungi and their photobionts. Evidence provided by recent, molecular‐based studies as well as data on the type of lichen reproduction, dispersal ability, photobiont identity and availability, and habitat preferences are brought together to discuss how and when these distributions originated and their genetic footprints. Ideas for future prospects and research are also discussed.     

Screening of Optimal Cellulases from Symbiotic Protists of Termites through Expression in the Secretory Pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

For direct and efficient ethanol production from cellulosic materials, we screened optimal cellulases from symbiotic protists of termites through heterologous expression with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 11 cellulases, belonging to glycoside hydrolase families 5, 7, and 45 endoglucanases (EGs), were confirmed to produce with S. cerevisiae for the first time. A recombinant yeast expressing SM2042B24 EG I was more efficient at degrading carboxylmethyl cellulose than was Trichoderma reesei EG I, a major EG with high cellulolytic activity.     

Deferred Growth Inhibition Assay to Quantify the Effect of Bacteria-derived Antimicrobials on Competition

Competitive exclusion can occur in microbial communities when, for example, an inhibitor-producing strain outcompetes its competitor for an essential nutrient or produces antimicrobial compounds that its competitor is not resistant to. Here we describe a deferred growth inhibition assay, a method for assessing the ability of one bacterium to inhibit the growth of another through the production of antimicrobial compounds or through competition for nutrients. This technique has been used to investigate the correlation of nasal isolates with the exclusion of particular species from a community. This technique can also be used to screen for lantibiotic producers or potentially novel antimicrobials. The assay is performed by first culturing the test inhibitor-producing strain overnight on an agar plate, then spraying over the test competitor strain and incubating again. After incubation, the extent of inhibition can be measured quantitatively, through the size of the zone of clearing around the inhibitor-producing strain, and qualitatively, by assessing the clarity of the inhibition zone. Here we present the protocol for the deferred inhibition assay, describe ways to minimize variation between experiments, and define a clarity scale that can be used to qualitatively assess the degree of inhibition.     

损伤冷蒿挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)成分分析及其对牧草根系生长发育的影响

采用GC-MS测定损伤冷蒿VOCs的主要成分,并通过生物测定的方法研究损伤冷蒿VOCs对牧草幼苗根系生长发育的影响。结果表明:损伤冷蒿释放30种VOCs,包含萜烯类、醇类、酯类、醛类和酮类等5类化合物,其中相对含量高于1%的化合物共占VOCs总量的97.37%,桉树脑含量最高(22.43%)。损伤冷蒿释放的VOCs极显著(P0.01)的抑制草木樨、苏丹草、披碱草和冰草幼根的伸长,以及苏丹草侧根与冰草须根的发育,抑制率分别为51.55%、55.34%、37.57%、48.68%、93.04%和25.00%;同时也极显著抑制4种牧草幼根生物量的积累(P0.01)。损伤冷蒿VOCs影响牧草根部中柱组织结构的分化,使草木樨中柱内木质部、韧皮部与形成层不能正常分化;苏丹草、披碱草和冰草的凯氏带发育不完整。由此可见,损伤冷蒿VOCs对牧草根系生长发育具有明显的抑制作用。     

Positive and Negative Interactions among Individuals of a Root Hemiparasite

Abstract: I studied the effects of a wide range of densities on establishment, survival, growth and reproduction of the annual root hemiparasite Rhinanthus alectorolophus in a field experiment. Seeds of the parasite were sown with those of a mixture of grassland plants as potential hosts. In most plants, seedling survival is strongly reduced by self-thinning at high densities, but in R. alectorolophus the proportion of seeds producing a young plant increased linearly with sowing density, indicating positive interactions among seedlings. Because survival to maturity was not influenced by density, the number of flowering plants per seed sown also increased with density. In contrast, mean plant size and reproduction were strongly reduced at high densities. It is suggested that resource sharing among parasites connected by haustoria is the most likely mechanism responsible for the reduced mortality of seedlings at high densities. The results indicate that facilitation among cohorts of conspecific root hemiparasites can increase the recruitment of young plants. The number of seeds produced per seed sown (a multiplicative fitness measure) was, however, independent of density in Rhinanthus because the early positive effects of density on recruitment were compensated later by the negative effects of crowding on growth and reproduction. Increased survival of seedlings could, however, indirectly increase fitness because it will increase the genetic diversity of offspring and may thus, for instance, reduce the impact of pathogens.     

Homology Assessment of the Boundary Tissue in Fruiting Bodies of the Lichen Family Sphaerophoraceae (Lecanorales, Ascomycota)

Abstract: The ascoma ontogeny of the family Sphaerophoraceae is reviewed. The development of the boundary tissue in Leifidium tenerum is described and compared with similar structures in some other mazaediate representatives of the family ( Sphaerophorus globosus, Bunodophoron dodgei and B. diplotypum ), and with the non-mazaedia-producing genera Austropeltum and Neophyllis. The dominant structure in the base of mature ascomata in all genera is a boundary tissue forming the border between ascomatal ("generative") and thalline ("vegetative") tissue. In the mazaedia-forming genera, the boundary tissue is composed of two layers. The upper layer is a zone of ascogenous hyphae, homologous to similar zones in Neophyllis and Austropeltum. The lower layer is a pseudoparenchymatic and often strongly pigmented zone formed by generative tissue, homologous to a zone of generative tissue present in Neophyllis but lacking in Austropeltum.     

Seasonal and individual variation in gregarine parasite levels in the field crickets Gryllus veletis and G.pennsylvanicus

ABSTRACT. 1. Gregarines, debilitating protozoan gut parasites, were monitored in two species of field cricket, Gryllus veletis (Alexander and Bigelow) and G.pennsylvanicus Burmeister, in northern Michigan in 1983 and 1984.
2. Gregarines were found in 31–51% of G.veletis individuals and 50–70% of G.pennsylvanicus.
3. Males were more heavily infected than females in G. veleris , but G.pennsylvanicus males and females had nearly equal infection levels; this disparity resulted in an overall lower infection rate for G. veletis.
4. Both species had fewer gregarines in 1983 than in 1984, possibly due to the adverse effect of drier conditions in 1983 on development of parasite cysts in the soil.
5. Levels of infection were not constant throughout the breeding season for either cricket species.
6. Body size was not correlated with parasite load in either G. veletis or G.pennsylvanicus.
7. Adult age was unrelated to gregarine level in G. veferis , whereas G.pennsylvanicus showed a positive correlation between adult age and parasite load during two non-consecutive weeks of the breeding season.     

Application of Laser Microdissection to plant pathogenic and symbiotic interactions

Abstract

Laser Microdissection (LM) is a technology that allows the rapid procurement of selected cell populations from a section of heterogeneous tissues in a manner conducive to the extraction of DNA, RNA, proteins and even metabolites. In the past few years, it has also been applied to plant biology in order to study gene expression in plant-nematode and plant-microbe interactions. LM represents a powerful tool since cells associated with a particular infection stage can be visualized under the microscope and harvested. Therefore, verification of the response of the plant during the progression of the colonization can be performed in different cell types. Applications of LM to study the interaction between the plant and both pathogenic and symbiotic organisms (i.e. nematode and fungi, respectively) are explored in this review.