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热量限制(caloric restriction, CR)可以引起细胞、生物体寿命延长和降低衰老相关疾病的发生,其中Sirtuin起着关键作用.Sirtuin将机体能量代谢和基因表达调控相偶联,通过赖氨酸去乙酰化改变蛋白质的活性和稳定性,从而调节衰老进程.酵母中度CR影响其复制寿命和时序寿命,主要依赖于激活Sir2,增加细胞内NAD+/NADH的比例和调节尼克酰胺浓度来实现.类似的机制也存在于秀丽线虫和果蝇中.哺乳动物在CR条件下SIRT1蛋白表达应答性上升,细胞中NAM磷酸基转移酶能够直接影响NAM和NAD+浓度,并影响SIRT1活性.NO表达增加能导致SIRT1上调和线粒体合成增加.SIRT1可能通过改变组蛋白、p53、NES1、FOXO等底物蛋白的乙酰化影响到细胞和个体的衰老.表明不同生物体中的Sirtuin及其同源类似物在CR条件下对衰老进程和寿命都起着非常重要的作用.  相似文献   

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Huang J  Yang Z 《遗传》2011,33(11):1153-1158
饮食限制(Dietary restriction,DR)有效延长了哺乳动物的寿命,也使许多年龄依赖性疾病的发病率降低且延缓其进展。理解饮食限制引起长寿的遗传机制,会对将来处理衰老相关的医疗问题产生深远影响。然而直到最近人们对后生动物的这些机制几乎仍一无所知。通过理解能量感知和寿命控制遗传基础的最新进展,在酵母、无脊椎动物和哺乳动物中,已开始解决这个难题。越来越多的证据表明,后生动物大脑在感应饮食限制和促进寿命延长中起关键作用,因此文章综述了近来后生动物DR长寿的调解因子与DR长寿的基因和神经调节机制及有关理论的进展。  相似文献   

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热量限制(CR)可延长酵母及哺乳动物等多种生物的寿命.尽管CR延寿被认为与呼吸活动增强有关,但营养摄取不足反而加大能量消耗显然不符合逻辑.在解决食物供应减少与代谢消耗增加这对矛盾的过程中,本研究揭示了1种基于CR的\"双期响应\"模式,它包括1个\"线粒体增强期\"(ME)与1个\"后线粒体增强期\"(PME),两者可依据线粒体标志蛋白的表达模式及活性动态加以区分.ME以整体抗氧化活化为特征,PME则以系统代谢调整为标志.抗疟药青蒿素的半合成衍生物青蒿琥酯通过烷化血红素蛋白可重现CR的衰老延缓效果,提示青蒿琥酯-血红素结合可以在功能上模拟一氧化氮-血红素相互作用,据此已建立青蒿琥酯-血红素结合物形成与细胞色素c氧化酶活性升高之间的相关性.外源过氧化氢也能模拟CR诱导抗氧化基因,改变代谢节律,延长酵母寿命,暗示过氧化氢与延寿有关.青蒿琥酯可模拟CR激发的一氧化氮及过氧化氢诱导的抗氧化反应,清除活性氧,降低氧化应激,指导机体由合成代谢向分解代谢转变,维持必要的代谢功能,延长酵母的期望寿命.  相似文献   

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热量限制(caloric restriction, CR)是在保证机体不产生营养不良的前提下限制机体的热量摄入。CR能够影响体内各种代谢产物水平,如脂类、游离脂肪酸、酮体、胆汁酸和氨基酸等,被认为可延长生物寿命,推迟和降低多种与老龄相关疾病(如2型糖尿病、肿瘤、心血管疾病)的发病。CR所产生的功效与其对机体能量代谢的调节效应密不可分,其作用机制与生物钟、激素、胃肠道菌群及炎症都密切相关。本文简要总结CR对能量代谢的影响及其作用机制。  相似文献   

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热量限制是一种有效的延缓衰老的方法,它不仅能延长实验动物的寿命,还能推迟和减少多种老龄相关疾病的发生,但长期严格的热量限制对人类较难实施,因此类似的人体试验相对较少。基于对热量限制抗衰老作用机制的研究促使了热量限制模拟物的出现,使得热量限制这种延衰策略在人类施行成为可能。本文介绍了热量限制延衰机制的最新研究进展,并根据热量限制模拟物作用机制的不同,分别对下游型热量限制模拟物AMPK激活剂、m TOR抑制剂和Sirtuins激活剂,及上游型热量限制模拟物2-脱氧葡萄糖、D-葡糖胺和壳聚糖进行综述。  相似文献   

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肾脏纤维化是慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)进展过程中共同的病理改变,其特征是间质间隙的细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)过度沉积,这是CKD最突出的标志。既往研究证实,肾纤维化与线粒体、炎症、脂质代谢及自噬有紧密联系。热量限制能通过改善线粒体功能、抑制炎症因子分泌、减少脂质生成、增加脂质分解和增强自噬来减缓肾脏纤维化进程。鉴于肾脏纤维化的潜在患病率和不良预后,目前在临床上对肾脏纤维化的治疗手段相当有限,了解肾脏纤维化的机制和延缓肾脏纤维化的进展具有重要的临床意义。本文就热量限制在肾脏纤维化中的作用原理及研究现状进行综述,以期为临床治疗提供理论指导。  相似文献   

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热量限制(caloric restriction,CR)是指在不减少必需营养素摄入的情况下减少20%~40%的热量摄入. CR可通过由各种分子介导的氧化应激、炎症、程序性死亡、端粒体等机制,通过调节人及其他动物心血管老化的危险因素,进而减缓生理和病理状态下心血管老化进程.本文通过对CR与心血管老化研究进展的系统阐述,探寻人类预防心血管老化的解决之道.  相似文献   

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热量限制(caloric restriction,CR)在很多物种中能够改善健康和延缓衰老,近年来的许多研究发现,热量限制可以减少多种与年龄相关性疾病的发生,但至今热量限制延缓衰老的机制尚未十分清楚.最近有研究表明,热量限制延缓衰老的机制可能与营养调控、生殖滞育等过程有密切的关系,SIRT1、PGC-1α、AMPK、TOR等信号因子也因其在热量限制和营养调控延缓衰老的机制研究中的重要作用而受到极大的关注.  相似文献   

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非人类灵长类恒河猴是研究人类衰老和热量限制抗衰老的理想模型。与人类衰老一样,恒河猴由于增龄性神经内分泌、免疫、神经系统、心血管系统等衰老,出现相应的老年病。热量限制能有效地延缓恒河猴原发性衰老和继发性衰老。其机制可能是调节代谢相关的信号通路,抑制氧化应激-炎性衰老-DNA损伤;同时激活DNA损伤修复。然而,不同的实验设计、饲养环境、饮食组成和遗传背景等可能对热量限制抗长生命周期恒河猴原发性衰老和继发性衰老作用存在不同的影响。优化实验设计,控制这些变量,缩短实验周期将更有利于明确CR抗衰老的作用及其机制。  相似文献   

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Sir2基因家族的功能和作用机制   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
Sir2(silenceinformationregulator)基因家族是一种保守的从古细菌到哺乳动物都存在的NAD 依赖的组蛋白/非组蛋白去乙酰化酶。在酵母中,Sir2连同与它相互作用的几个蛋白质在基因沉默、基因组稳定性、细胞寿命以及代谢调节上起着不可缺少的作用。其主要的作用机制是:热量限制降低了抑制物烟酰胺的浓度,从而激活了Sir2的组蛋白去乙酰化功能。在哺乳动物中,有7个Sir2同源基因,分别命名为SIRT1到SIRT7。其中SIRT1研究的最多,它在DNA损伤修复、细胞周期控制、抑制细胞凋亡、抵抗氧化逆境和延长细胞寿命方面起着重要作用。它的这些功能是通过和p53、FOXO3、Ku70和PGC-1α等蛋白质之间的相互作用而实现的。  相似文献   

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  总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
Evidence is accumulating that aging is hormonally regulated by an evolutionarily conserved insulin/IGF-1 signalling (IIS) pathway. Mutations in IIS components affect lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and mice. Most long-lived IIS mutants also show increased resistance to oxidative stress. In D. melanogaster and mice, the long-lived phenotype of several IIS mutants is restricted to females. Here, we analysed the relationship between IIS signalling, body height and longevity in humans in a prospective follow-up study. Based on the expected effects (increased or decreased signalling) of the selected variants in IIS pathway components (GHRHR, GH1, IGF1, INS, IRS1), we calculated composite IIS scores to estimate IIS pathway activity. In addition, we analysed the relative impact on lifespan and body size of the separate variants in multivariate models. In women, lower IIS scores are significantly associated with lower body height and improved old age survival. Multivariate analyses showed that these results were most pronounced for the GH1 SNP, IGF1 CA repeat and IRS1 SNP. In females, for variant allele carriers of the GH1 SNP, body height was 2 cm lower (P = 0.007) and mortality 0.80-fold reduced (P = 0.019) when compared with wild-type allele carriers. Thus, in females, genetic variation causing reduced IIS activation is beneficial for old age survival. This effect was stronger for the GH1 SNP than for variation in the conserved IIS genes that were found to affect longevity in model organisms.  相似文献   

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Over a century ago, the zoologist Emile Maupas first identified the nematode, Rhabditis elegans, in the soil in Algiers. Subsequent work and phylogenic studies renamed the species Caenorhabditis elegans or more commonly referred to as C. elegans; (Caeno meaning recent; rhabditis meaning rod; elegans meaning nice). However, it was not until 1963, when Sydney Brenner, already successful from his work on DNA, RNA, and the genetic code, suggested the future of biological research lay in model organisms. Brenner believed that biological research required a model system that could grow in vast quantities in the lab, were cheap to maintain and had a simple body plan, and he chose the nematode C. elegans to fulfill such a role. Since that time, C. elegans has emerged as one of the premiere model systems for aging research. This paper reviews some initial identification of mutants with altered lifespan with a focus on genetics and then discusses advantages and disadvantages for using C. elegans as a model system to understand human aging. This review focuses on molecular genetics aspects of this model organism.  相似文献   

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Chronic dietary restriction (DR) is considered among the most robust life-extending interventions, but several reports indicate that DR does not always extend and may even shorten lifespan in some genotypes. An unbiased genetic screen of the lifespan response to DR has been lacking. Here, we measured the effect of one commonly used level of DR (40% reduction in food intake) on mean lifespan of virgin males and females in 41 recombinant inbred strains of mice. Mean strain-specific lifespan varied two to threefold under ad libitum (AL) feeding and 6- to 10-fold under DR, in males and females respectively. Notably, DR shortened lifespan in more strains than those in which it lengthened life. Food intake and female fertility varied markedly among strains under AL feeding, but neither predicted DR survival: therefore, strains in which DR shortened lifespan did not have low food intake or poor reproductive potential. Finally, strain-specific lifespans under DR and AL feeding were not correlated, indicating that the genetic determinants of lifespan under these two conditions differ. These results demonstrate that the lifespan response to a single level of DR exhibits wide variation amenable to genetic analysis. They also show that DR can shorten lifespan in inbred mice. Although strains with shortened lifespan under 40% DR may not respond negatively under less stringent DR, the results raise the possibility that life extension by DR may not be universal.  相似文献   

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The experimental material accumulated for two decades allows concluding that regulation of lifespan has hormonal control based on the evolutionary conservative insulin/IGF-1 receptor signaling pathway. Data obtained on the commonly accepted models of longevity — nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and rodents — demonstrate that reduction of the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway results in an increase of the lifespan. There is shown involvement in the longevity mechanism of a large group of genes whose products perform control of metabolism, feeding behavior, reproduction, and resistance to oxidative stress. Discussed in this review are current concepts of the insulin/IGF-1 signaling system as a regulatory “longevity module” and of its possible role in prolongation of life in the higher vertebrates, including human.  相似文献   

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Bartke A 《Aging cell》2008,7(3):285-290
Growth hormone deficiency or resistance resulting from spontaneous or experimentally produced mutations in laboratory mice delay aging and increase lifespan. Alterations in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin signaling emerged as likely mechanisms linking growth hormone and aging, and increased longevity was reported in mice with selective deletion of IGF-1 receptor in all tissues or insulin receptor in fat. Recent studies in mice with reduced IGF-1 levels or deletion of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A, a protease that cleaves one of the IGF-1 binding proteins, strongly support the role of IGF-1 in the control of longevity. Reports of increased lifespan in mice with deletion of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) 1, reduced expression of IRS2, or selective deletion of IRS2 in the brain specifically implicate the IRS-PI3K-Akt-Foxo signaling pathway (which is shared by IGF-1 and insulin) in the control of aging. These important novel findings also strengthen the evidence for evolutionary conservation of mechanisms regulating lifespan in worms, insects and mammals.  相似文献   

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