Foliar anatomy and micromorphology of southern South American Alstroemeriaceae: Alstroemerieae,and its systematic implications in Alstroemeria

Alstroemerieae is an exclusively Central and South American tribe belonging to Alstroemeriaceae, which comprises two large genera, Alstroemeria and Bomarea. Alstroemeria has two areas of distribution, mediterranean Chile and central southeastern Brazil. Most Bomarea species grow in forests and hedges in moist areas, however, some species are adapted to dry Andean valleys and high altitudes. Previous leaf anatomical data were obtained from a limited group of species. To assess the value of the anatomical characters for the systematics and their importance as adaptations to different environments, we compared representative species from different geographical areas and habitats. Data regarding leaf anatomy and micromorphology were obtained from light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy and were combined with macromorphology for 27 Alstroemerieae species. In accordance with earlier studies, our results show variation in relation to several leaf morpho‐anatomical characters. Based on these we define seven types. We furthermore analyzed the morpho‐anatomical characters in a phylogenetic context. Morpho‐anatomical characters are highly homoplastic within the family. Leaf anatomy may support monophyly of Baker's informal grouping of Alstroemeria Brazilian species with rigid leaves, however, a more thorough study of Brazilian Alstroemeria species are needed to confirm this.     

浙江天童常绿阔叶林藤本植物的适应生态学：Ⅰ、叶片解剖特征的比较

利用解剖学方法对浙江天童森林公园常绿阔叶林的１０属１１种木质藤本叶片的解剖特征进行了比较和因子分析,结果表明：藤本植物叶片结构在不同种类子之间具有明显的差异,同种藤本的不同植物的叶片也存在一定的差异;这些差异除受遗传因子控制外,环境因子（主要为光照和水分）也有重要作用;攀援方式对藤本叶片特征有一定影响,但未表现出规律性。尽管叶片的基本结构仍属中生类型,但也表现出一定的趋异适应,根据叶片适应特征的差异,１１种藤本植物可分为３种类型,即偏旱生或阳生叶类型（包括薜荔（Ｆicus pumila)、珍珠莲（Ficus sarmentosa var.henry)和藤构（Ｂroussonetia kaempferi)),偏阴生叶类型（羊角藤（Morinda umbellata)和昆明鸡血藤（Millettia reticulata）中和生叶类型（广东蛇葡萄（Ａmpelopsis cantoniensis)、中华常春藤（Hedera nepalensis var.sinensis)、短梗南蛇藤（Celastrus rosthoniauns)、暗色菝葜（Smilax lanceiofolia var.opaca）、薯莨（Ｄioscorea cirrhosa)和香港黄檀（Ｄalbergia millettii)。藤本叶片的各部分结构特征对生境条件的适应并未表现出一致的同步变化,存在着一定的差异或可塑性,这可能由藤本生长环境经常发生变动所致。     

浙江天童常绿阔叶林藤本植物的适应生态学I. 叶片解剖特征的比较

利用解剖学方法对浙江天童森林公园常绿阔叶林的 10属 11种木质藤本叶片的解剖特征进行了比较和因子分析 ,结果表明 :藤本植物叶片结构在不同种类之间具有明显的差异 ,同种藤本的不同植物体的叶片也存在一定的差异 ;这些差异除受遗传因子控制外 ,环境因子 (主要为光照和水分 )也有重要作用 ;攀援方式对藤本叶片特征有一定影响 ,但未表现出规律性。尽管叶片的基本结构仍属中生类型 ,但也表现出一定的趋异适应 ,根据叶片适应特征的差异 ,11种藤本植物可分为 3种类型 ,即偏旱生或阳生叶类型 (包括薜荔 (Ficus pumila)、珍珠莲 (Ficussarmentosa var. henry)和藤构 (Broussonetia kaempferi) ) ,偏阴生叶类型 (羊角藤 (Morinda umbellata)和昆明鸡血藤(Millettia reticulata) )和中生叶类型 (广东蛇葡萄 (Ampelopsis cantoniensis)、中华常春藤 (H edera nepalensis var.sinensis)、短梗南蛇藤 (Celastrus rosthonianus)、暗色菝葜 (Smilax lanceiofolia var.opaca)、薯莨 (Dioscorea cirrhosa)和香港黄檀 (Dalbergia millettii) )。藤本叶片的各部分结构特征对生境条件的适应并未表现出一致的同步变化 ,存在着一定的差异或可塑性 ,这可能由于藤本生长环境经常发生变动所至     

Taxonomic, evolutionary and ecological implications of the leaf anatomy of rhizomatous Iris species

The leaf anatomy of the rhizomatous Iris species with ensiform leaves and the related genera Pardanthopsis and Belamcanda is described. Their isobilateral leaves may or may not have a pseudo-dorsiventral structure. Variable characters of their leaf blades include: outline in transverse section, height and shape of papillae, form and structure of stomata, transverse section outline of marginal fibre strands and sclerenchy matous inner bundle sheath at phloem and xylem poles, forms of mesophyll arrangement, mesophyll structure and air canals, vascular bundle arrangement and the detailed structure of the larger vascular bundles, distribution of tannin, size and distribution of crystals. The taxonomic and ecological significance of these characters has been evaluated.
The anatomical characteristics of 25 supraspecific taxa in three genera are presented and compared in tables. The relationships and evolutionary position of these taxa are discussed. Each of the three subgroups within Iris appears to be correlated with a syndrome of anatomical characters. Some species currently of uncertain taxonomic position are discussed, and their classification based on anatomical data is suggested.
Some characters related to xeromorphy or helomorphy are mentioned.     

Leaf anatomical studies of Eugenia L. (Myrtaceae) species from the Malay Peninsula

KHATIJAH, H. H., CUTLER, D. F. & MOORE, D. M., 1992. Leaf anatomical studies of Eugenia L. species from the Malay Peninsula. The leaf and petiole anatomy of 25 Malaysian species of Eugenia L. sensu lato was investigated to determine the value of vegetative anatomy for the identification of non-flowering material. Twelve characters proved useful for the identification of species: type of stomata; shape of leaves in T.S.; shape of midrib bundle; sclerenchyma sheath; cutinization of outer epidermal wall; presence or absence of sclereids, idioblasts, hypodermis, columnar epidermal cells, solitary crystals; number of palisade layers and the shape of vascular strand, sclerenchyma sheath and sclereids in the parenchyma of the petiole. Using these characters an anatomical key was constructed to assist identification of the species. Only the closely related species E. stapfiana and E. nilidula could not be separated on anatomical characters.
The anatomical data support the treatment of Henderson (1949) of section Acmena but not of sections Cleistocalyx and Fissicalyx , which fit better in section Syzygium.     

Leaf anatomy of Raoulia Hook.f. (Compositae, Gnaphalieae)

Leaf anatomy is compared for all species of Raoulia. The species are tabulated according to their lamina structure. Noteworthy anatomical features are lamina type and grade of differentiation, stomatal position, epidermal and cuticle thickness, shape of mesophyll cells, presence or absence of central clear cells, sclerenchyma caps, abaxial collenchyma and protruding midrib. It is shown that leaf anatomy data provide characters which are taxonomically useful in Raoulia. The main subgenera are supported except that the leaf anatomy of R. haastii is anomalous and that of R. youngii is typical of R. subg. Raoulia rather than R. subg. Psychrophyton. The leaf anatomy of R. petriensis is unique in the genus.     

Comparative vegetative anatomy and classification of Diseae (Orchidaceae)

The leaf, stem, root, tuber and dropper anatomy of the orchid tribe Diseae (including the subtribes Satyriinae, Disinae, Brownlecinac, Huttonaeinae and Coryciinae) is reviewed. The study is largely based on investigations of 123 species, and data from several previous publications have also been incorporated. Two characters were identified as being taxonomically valuable: (1) the presence of sclerenchyma caps associated with leaf vascular bundles, and (2) the degree of dissection of the siphonostele of the tuber ('polystelic' or 'monostelic'). The phylogenetic analysis shows that anatomical characters do not change the basic structure of a cladogram that is based on morphological characters. The taxa of Diseae are discussed on the basis of anatomical data. Subtribes Satyriinae (excluding the anatomically unusual genus Pachites), Brownleeinae, Huttonaeinae, and Coryciinae are uniform in. critical anatomical characters. However, subtribe Disinae is rather diverse in vegetative anatomy. Disa sect. Micranthae differs from the rest of the genus in its leaf anatomy. The occurrence of foliar sclerenchyma bundle caps and 'polystelic' tubers supports the incorporation of Herschelianthe in Disa sect. Stenocarpa.     

Inheritance of foliar and nodal anatomical characters in some Ilex hybrids

The diverse relationships of the main differential leaf and nodal anatomical characters of a number ot artificial Ilex hybrids and their parents are compared. The marginal sclerenchyma strands character is not transferred to hybrids when differential. The lignification of the unspecialized abaxial epidermal cells is dominantly inherited, except in one hybrid. The development of a distinctive adaxial hypodermis is usually suppressed in hybrids when one of its parents is lacking in this character. New characters are reported for hybrids of Ilex aquifolium × opaca , where the vasculation of petiole and midrib and the presence of periclinal subdivisions in the adaxial epidermis constitute features not known from either parent species.
The possible significance of the four different ways of expression of parental characters in the hybrid offspring is discussed with reference to: genetic control of anatomical characters; the identification of hybrid material; the evolution of leaf anatomical diversity in Ilex , and the systematic value of leaf anatomical characters.     

凹唇姜属(Boesenbergia O.Kuntze)和山柰属(Kaempferia L.)(姜科)叶的解剖学

通过凹唇姜属（Boesenbergia curtisii,B.Prainana,B.rotunda和B.plicata)和山柰属（Kaempferia pulchra,D.galanga.K.gilbertii,K.rotunda,K.parviflora和K.angustifolia)种间叶解剖学变化的研究,寻找能用于鉴别种的解剖学特征,结果显示变化表现在气孔的类型,中脉的结构,叶缘和叶柄横切面轮廓,叶片的远 轴面或近轴面下皮层和毛状体的出现或缺如,研究表明这些特征的联合对已研究的种的鉴别是有用的。     

Leaf Anatomy of Fourteen Species in Carex Subgenus Indocarex (Cyperaceae)

Among the subgenera of the genus Carex, the subgenus Indocarex has been seldom studied in any respects, Its systematic position and its subdivision are still disputable. Leaf anatomy of 14 species in the subgenus lndocarex from China was studied. The anatomical characters are proved to be systematically valuable. (1) Characters of lamina transverse section: All leaves of these 14 species are dorsiventral. The outline mostly V-shaped, occasionally flat or nearly flat, with adaxial lateral rib in each half of lamina and some of them flanged. The cells of adaxial surface larger than those of abaxial surface, and the epidermal cells over veins usually smaller than others. Air-cavities between vascular bundles are well developed, and bulliform cells also well developed in most taxa. The vascular bundles are collaterai, bundle sheaths double-layered, and the outer sheath parenchymatous and the inner sheath fibrous. (2) Characters of lamina epidermis: The shape of the cell on both surfaces is generally rectangular, and the anticlinal wall of epidermal cell sinuous; stomata is paracytic, elliptic to oblong, rarely sub-circular; prickles occur on adaxial surfaces of certain species; papillae are only obvious on abaxial surface of C. moupinensis Franch. The characters of transverse section and epidermis of leaf blades of these 14 species differ from each other to certain degree, and closely related species are similar in anatomical characters. The anatomical characters of lamina are of value for classification at specific and sectional level of the subgenus Indocarex. Despite of the variation of these characters among species, a certain num ber of characters appears to be shared by the members of the subgenus, and some of the common characters are primitive. In addition, some gross morphological characters are common and primitive also. Therefore, the subgenus Indocarex may be primitive in the genus Carex. The anatomical and morphological characters of C. scaposa C. B. Clakre and C. densifimbriata Tang et Wang ex S. Y. Liang are distinct. The two species and their allies should be treated as section instead of subsection. The three species in the sectionPolystachyae share some anatomical characters and comprise a coherent group.     

Vegetative anatomy and systematics of subtribe Dendrobiinae (Orchidaceae)

Anatomy of leaf, stem, and root of more than 100 species in subtribe Dendrobiinae (Orchidaceae) was studied with the light microscope to provide a comparative anatomical treatment of these organs, to serve as an independent source of evidence that might be taxonomically important, and to recommend such reinterpretations of existing classifications as are suggested by a phylogenetic assessment of data. We based our classification on that of Rudolf Schlechter as the most complete and widely accepted today. We found that the anatomy of plants in subtribe Dendrobiinae reflects a high degree of morphological diversity, and many of the anatomical characters appear to be homoplasous. When these anatomical data are used to interpret the systematic relationships among the genera, they indicate that Dendrobium is not monophyletic and that Cadetia and Pseuderia are apparently nested within the structure of Dendrobium when section Grastidium is chosen as a functional outgroup. Lack of resolution in the strict consensus tree illustrates the difficulty of determining the phylogenetic relationships of many of Schlechter's sections using anatomical characters. Nevertheless, we recommend that his sectional classification, with appropriate modifications based on available data, be retained for the present, pending a more detailed understanding of the phylogeny of Dendrobiinae based on morphology, micromorphology, anatomy, and DNA studies.     

苔草属复序苔草亚属十四种植物叶片的解剖学研究

选择中国复序苔草亚属6组4亚组的代表植物14种,进行了叶片解剖学研究,观察了其横切面 和表皮特征,证明上述特征在各类群之间存在差异,具有一定的系统学意义。这14种植物叶片的横切 面和表皮都具有一些原始的性状,表明复序苔草亚属中的植物可能在苔草属中是较原始的。在所观察 的植物中,Sect．Polystachyae植物叶片解剖学特征比较一致,说明此组的建立比较合理;而Sect．Indicae 组已有明显分化,尤其是Carex scaposa C．B．Clarke和C．densifimbriata Tang et S．Y．Liang 与其它植物明显不同,而且其外部形态特征在复序苔草亚属中也比较独特,因此赞成将它们及其近缘类群做为一个组而非亚组。     

Assessment of available anatomical characters for linking living mammals to fossil taxa in phylogenetic analyses

Analyses of living and fossil taxa are crucial for understanding biodiversity through time. The total evidence method allows living and fossil taxa to be combined in phylogenies, using molecular data for living taxa and morphological data for living and fossil taxa. With this method, substantial overlap of coded anatomical characters among living and fossil taxa is vital for accurately inferring topology. However, although molecular data for living species are widely available, scientists generating morphological data mainly focus on fossils. Therefore, there are fewer coded anatomical characters in living taxa, even in well-studied groups such as mammals. We investigated the number of coded anatomical characters available in phylogenetic matrices for living mammals and how these were phylogenetically distributed across orders. Eleven of 28 mammalian orders have less than 25% species with available characters; this has implications for the accurate placement of fossils, although the issue is less pronounced at higher taxonomic levels. In most orders, species with available characters are randomly distributed across the phylogeny, which may reduce the impact of the problem. We suggest that increased morphological data collection efforts for living taxa are needed to produce accurate total evidence phylogenies.     

Leaf anatomy of Ficus subsection Urostigma (Moraceae)

Species of Ficus subsection Urostigma show much overlapping variation in vegetative morphology, which often precludes correct identification of the species. The aim of this study was to describe the leaf anatomical characters and their variation and to check their suitability for identification. Included were 41 samples belonging to 25 species of subsection Urostigma, four samples belonging to two species of section Leucogyne and one specimen of Ficus glaberrima subsp. siamensis of subsection Conosycea. Transverse sections of lamina, midrib and petiole and cuticular macerations were used, and the observed anatomical characters are described for each species. On the basis of a limited number of studied samples, leaf anatomy shows little variation within each species and each species has a unique combination of character states, facilitating identification. Ficus arnottiana shows some leaf anatomical characters that are quite different from those of other members of subsection Urostigma, including a multiple epidermis and enlarged lithocysts on both sides of the leaf. Both characters are generally considered as typical for Ficus subsection Conosycea. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 175 , 259–281.     

国产嵩草属(莎草科)植物秆的解剖学研究

对嵩草属27种(亚种)植物秆的解剖学研究证明,嵩草属植物秆的解剖学性状具有系统学意义.在该属中,秆的横切面外形为三角形、圆三角形、圆形或扁圆形.在横切面上分为2个区域;外部区域包括绿色组织、外韧维管束和气腔,内部区域为薄壁组织或其碎裂形成空腔.秆表皮的横切面观和表面观均与叶的下表皮相似.以上特征与莎草科其它类群植物秆的解剖特征一致,不支持将嵩草属和其近缘属另立为嵩草科.同时,秆的解剖学特征可以做为某些在外部形态上难于区分的种之间的分类依据.     

Comparative vegetative anatomy and classification of Diseae (Orchidaceae)

The leaf, stem, root, tuber and dropper anatomy of the orchid tribe Diseae (including the subtribes Satyriinae, Disinae, Brownlecinac, Huttonaeinae and Coryciinae) is reviewed. The study is largely based on investigations of 123 species, and data from several previous publications have also been incorporated. Two characters were identified as being taxonomically valuable: (1) the presence of sclerenchyma caps associated with leaf vascular bundles, and (2) the degree of dissection of the siphonostele of the tuber (‘polystelic’ or ‘monostelic’). The phylogenetic analysis shows that anatomical characters do not change the basic structure of a cladogram that is based on morphological characters. The taxa of Diseae are discussed on the basis of anatomical data. Subtribes Satyriinae (excluding the anatomically unusual genus Pachites), Brownleeinae, Huttonaeinae, and Coryciinae are uniform in. critical anatomical characters. However, subtribe Disinae is rather diverse in vegetative anatomy. Disa sect. Micranthae differs from the rest of the genus in its leaf anatomy. The occurrence of foliar sclerenchyma bundle caps and ‘polystelic’ tubers supports the incorporation of Herschelianthe in Disa sect. Stenocarpa.     

中国东部亚热带青冈种群叶片的生态解剖

运用生态解剖学的方法对我国亚热带东部分布的１０个青冈种群叶片的解剖特征进行了比较分析,结果如下：①青冈叶片结构在种群间存在着广泛的差异,这种差异是青冈适应不同环境条件的结构基础。青冈叶片各部分结构特征在种群间的变化不晃同步的,变异系数（ＣＶ）在６．０％～２０．５％之间;变异幅度最大的是栅栏组织和上角质膜厚度,最小的是下表皮厚度。②相关分析表明,温度和降雨是影响青冈叶片地理变异的主导因子,其中温度、