江西省蝙蝠新纪录——褐扁颅蝠及其核型报道

2013年8月在江西井冈山采集到1只体型很小的雌性蝙蝠,其主要特征为:体重仅为4.7 g,前臂长25.21 mm;大拇指基部和足掌具肉垫;头颅骨扁平,颅高约为颅宽的1/2。经鉴定为褐扁颅蝠Tylonycteris robustula,是江西省首次采集、记录到该种蝙蝠,属该省翼手目新纪录,并在国内首次报道其核型:2n=32,FN=52。     

扁颅蝠与褐扁颅蝠的集群结构

2001—2002年在广西宁明县和龙州县利用直接观察、捕捉测量(共捕到197群蝙蝠,全捕180群)和标记重捕法(标记了31群的101只扁颅蝠,重捕到36只)比较研究了扁颅蝠(tylonycteris pachypusa)与褐扁颅蝠(T．robustula)的集群结构。结果发现：扁颅蝠与褐扁颅蝠主要栖宿在刺竹(Bambusa stenostachya)的竹筒内,通过竹筒上的裂缝进出。扁颅蝠栖宿的竹筒长平均为27．7cm,外围直径平均为23．6cm;褐扁颅蝠的分别为28．3cm和23．8cm。扁颅蝠栖宿群大小为1—24只,褐扁颅蝠栖宿群大小为1—13只;2种蝙蝠的栖宿群中皆为独居所占比例最大(扁颅蝠为22．30％,褐扁颅蝠为40．63％),2只所占比例次之(分别为14．87％和18．75％),其它大小类型呈不规则变化。扁颅蝠栖宿群的性别组成,以雌雄混居最常见(占54．72％),其次为独居雄性(占20．95％),而褐扁颅蝠栖宿群雌雄混居群与独居雄性所占比例相当(均为40．63％)。2种蝙蝠的雄性趋向于独居,而雌性趋向于群居。扁颅蝠与褐扁颅蝠可以栖宿在同一片竹林内,并且可以在不同时间轮流使用同一个栖宿竹筒,但2种蝙蝠从未共栖于同一个竹筒内。另外,标记重捕扁颅蝠发现：扁颅蝠经常变换栖宿竹筒(栖宿竹筒不固定);同时栖宿群之间经常发生个体交换[动物学报50(3)：326—333．2004]。     

广西扁颅蝠与褐扁颅蝠的食物选择

2002年3～10日在广西南宁地区的宁明县和龙州县,用超声波监测和网捕法确定扁颅蝠与褐扁颅蝠的捕食区,在捕食区内用粘捕法调查潜在的食物量;用粪便分析法确定食物组成。在宁明县和龙州县扁颅蝠和褐扁颅蝠的潜在食物量都是以双翅目昆虫为主(45．93％以上),其次为鞘翅目(12．59％以上)和膜翅目(7．47％以上);但双翅目、膜翅目在两地差异显著。宁明县扁颅蝠的食物组成以双翅目(40．33％)和膜翅目(38．46％)为主,鞘翅目(16．07％)次之;龙州县扁颅蝠和褐扁颅蝠食物组成中以膜翅目(63．37％,62．34％)为主,其次为双翅目(21．57％,29．62％)、鞘翅目(11．59％,5．96％);对比两地扁颅蝠的食物组成发现,膜翅目和双翅目差异极显著。对比食物组成与潜在食物量发现,两种蝙蝠对膜翅目为正选择,对其他目负选择或无选择,均为选择性捕食者。     

扁颅蝠(Tylonycteris pachypus)和褐扁颅蝠(T.robustula)理毛行为比较及其与体表寄生虫的关系

理毛行为是动物防御寄生虫感染有效的行为策略之一。通过室内行为观察,对扁颅蝠(Tylonycteris pachypus)和褐扁颅蝠(T.robustula)的理毛行为进行了研究,分析理毛行为的种间差异,以及体表寄生虫负荷量对理毛行为的影响。结果发现,扁颅蝠和褐扁颅蝠理毛行为主要可分为舔拭及抓挠,两种蝙蝠舔拭行为的频次和持续时长均大于抓挠行为。舔拭和抓挠行为的频次具有种间差异,扁颅蝠舔拭行为的频次高于褐扁颅蝠,但是其抓挠行为频次则低于后者;而舔拭行为和抓挠行为的持续时长无种间差异。两种蝙蝠体表寄生虫负荷量与理毛行为的总时长和总频次均无相关性。这些结果表明,扁颅蝠和褐扁颅蝠的理毛行为可能受到中枢神经调控及外部刺激的共同作用。     

扁颅蝠和褐扁颅蝠体表寄生革螨的宿主选择

该文通过野外调查和室内行为实验,研究了扁颅蝠(Tylonycteris pachypus)和褐扁颅蝠(T.robustula)与其体表寄生革螨(雷氏巨刺螨(Macronyssus radovskyi)及拟雷氏巨刺螨(M.pararadovskyi))之间的关系.在野外自然条件下,雌性扁颅蝠的体表寄生革螨负荷量与宿主健康指数呈正相关(Spearman:rs=0.55,P＜0.01,n=24),而在雄性扁颅蝠以及雌、雄褐扁颅蝠中则无相关性(P＞0.05).室内原宿主感染实验发现,扁颅蝠和褐扁颅蝠体表寄生革螨均明显倾向于选择各自的雄性宿主,扁颅蝠雌、雄性感染率分别为(42±12)％和(58±12)％(t=-3.6,df=31,P＜0.01);褐扁颅蝠雌、雄性感染率分别为(37±11)％和(63±11)％(t=-6.1,df=26,P＜0.001).用扁颅蝠体表寄生革螨(拟雷氏巨刺螨)对扁颅蝠与褐扁颅蝠交叉感染后发现,寄生革螨明显选择其原宿主扁颅蝠,扁颅蝠与褐扁颅蝠感染率分别为(71±13)％和(29±13)％(t=9.1,df=29,P＜0.001).以上结果表明,扁颅蝠和褐扁颅蝠的体表寄生革螨负荷量与宿主身体状态无明显相关性,而对宿主性别表现不同偏好;扁颅蝠的体表寄生革螨对宿主表现明显的专一性.     

四川省翼手类一新纪录——棕果蝠

金砂江、雅各江干热河谷地带,气候温暖,干湿季节明显,具有特殊的气候特征和地理环纪,孕育了特殊的动植物类群。我们于lop年5－6月期间,参加了二滩特大型水电站库区生物多样性调查。调查过程中,多次获得果唤食水蜜桃等水果的信息,于6月2日在盐边县新坪乡国胜水泥厂附近山     

陕西省翼手类新纪录——大菊头蝠

2010年4月16日,在陕西省安康市镇坪县的一无名岩洞获得1号蝙蝠标本.该标本为雄性,体型较大.马蹄叶发达、覆盖上唇且两侧无小附叶.鞍状叶呈三角形,向两侧明显扩张成翼状.体毛细长柔软而稍卷曲.经鉴定为大菊头蝠(Rhinolophus luctus),属陕西省翼手类新纪录.标本保存于陕西省动物研究所标本室.本文报道了这种...     

陕西省翼手类新纪录——西南鼠耳蝠

2010年4月16日,在陕西省安康市镇坪县一岩洞内(31°44.888’N,109°22.736’E,海拔1290m)采获1号雄性蝙蝠标本,经鉴定为西南鼠耳蝠Myotis altarium,属陕西省翼手类新纪录,标本保存于陕西省动物研究所标本室。本文对西南鼠耳蝠的形态特征和相关测量数据进行了报道,并对其分布和保护现状进行了简要分析。     

扁颅蝠的栖息地及最北分布

扁颅蝠(Tylonycteris pachypus)被列入《中国濒危动物红皮书》,是我国最小的蝙蝠之一。因其栖息于竹子中的特殊习性而备受人们关注。研究显示,扁颅蝠选择有虫蚀的粉单竹(Lingnania chungin)竹林栖息(洞口平均为43.79 mm×11.94 mm)。1997年8月在四川南充市金城山(N30°40′,E106°18′)发现的扁颅蝠,为其地理上最北分布。     

扁颅蝠的扩散行为研究

我们于2002 ～ 2007 年在广西龙州县和宁明县采用标记重捕法对扁颅蝠的扩散行为进行研究, 共标记669 只(成体316 只,亚成体353 只;雌雄分别为293 只和376 只),重捕到139 只(重捕率20. 8% )。结果表明,大部分扁颅蝠雌雄后代在性成熟前发生扩散,其亚成体扩散率无性别差异(雄
性82.2% ,雌性66.7% ;P > 0.05)。对成年雌雄两性扩散率(雄性76.5% ,雌性58.5% )的分析亦未见性别差异(P > 0.05),但亚成体和成体合并结果显示雄蝠扩散率(80.7% )高于雌蝠(62.3% ,P < 0.01)。此外,我们还测量了扩散的距离,雄性后代的扩散距离(787. 5 ± 26.980 m,n = 37)比雌
性(517.4 ± 25.308 m,n = 24)远(P < 0. 01);在出现扩散的61 只后代中,仅有一只(0. 7% )雄性亚成体扩散到其它的竹林,其余个体均在出生竹林内的不同竹筒之间进行扩散。     

Morphology, echolocation and foraging behaviour in two sympatric sibling species of bat (Tylonycteris pachypus and Tylonycteris robustula) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

We studied the wing morphology, echolocation calls, foraging behaviour and flight speed of Tylonycteris pachypus and Tylonycteris robustula in Longzhou County, South China during the summer (June–August) of 2005. The wingspan, wing loading and aspect ratio of the two species were relatively low, and those of T. pachypus were lower compared with T. robustula . The echolocation calls of T. pachypus and T. robustula consist of a broadband frequency modulated (FM) sweep followed by a short narrowband FM sweep. The dominant frequency of calls of T. pachypus was 65.1 kHz, whereas that of T. robustula was 57.7 kHz. The call frequencies (including highest frequency of the call, lowest frequency of the call and frequency of the call that contained most energy) of T. pachypus were higher than those of T. robustula , and the pulse duration of the former was longer than that of the latter. The inter-pulse interval and bandwidth of the calls were not significantly different between the two species. Tylonycteris pachypus foraged in more complex environments than T. robustula , although the two species were both netted in edge habitats (around trees or houses), along pathways and in the tops of trees. Tylonycteris pachypus flew slower (straight level flight speed, 4.3 m s⁻¹) than T. robustula (straight level flight speed, 4.8 m s⁻¹). We discuss the relationship between wing morphology, echolocation calls, foraging behaviour and flight speed, and demonstrate resource partitioning between these two species in terms of morphological and behavioural factors.     

梵净山管鼻蝠在湖南省的分布新纪录

正管鼻蝠属(Murina)是一类鼻部呈短管状的林栖型食虫性蝙蝠,隶属于翼手目蝙蝠科(Chiroptera:Vespertilionidae),其种类记录已达34种,在我国分布有16种(王晓云等,2016)。2016年3月13日,在对武陵山地区洞栖型蝙蝠的调查过程中,于湖南省湘西土家族苗族自治州龙山县里耶镇八面山燕子洞(北纬28°51'56″,东经109°16'15″,海     

A new species of bamboo bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae: Tylonycteris) from southwestern China

Bamboo bats are a group of small bats with unique skull and morphology. They roost inside hollow bamboo stems in tropical and subtropical Asia and the Ambon Islands (Moluccas). We examined 53 specimens of Tylonycteris from southern and southwestern China. Comparisons of skull and external characteristics, pelage color, shapes of thumbpads and footpads, and statistical analysis of cranial measurements revealed that specimens from Damenglong, Jinghong County, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, are distinctly different from the other two species of Tylonycteris described so far. The Yunnan specimens are the smallest in size; have dark blackish brown pelage color; and have larger upper premolars, smaller first lower premolars, and longer C-M(3). They are sympatric with the previously described species. Here we review the genus Tylonycteri and describe a new species, Tylonycteris pygmaeus, from the Yunnan material.     

Roosting associations of flat-headed bats, Tylonycteris species (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in Malaysia

Roosting associations of Tylonycteris pachypus and T. robustula were studied in West Malaysia. Both species roosted within the internodes of one species of bamboo, but were only once found together at roost. Roosting groups, which formed before entry in the morning, were not limited in size by the dimensions of the roost site. In both species the sexes exhibited different roosting behaviour, the males tending to be solitary and the females gregarious. Seasonal variations in associations occurred correlated with the reproductive cycle. Banding demonstrated that the populations were highly mobile, that the bats frequently changed roost sites, and that the roosting associations were of an ephemeral nature.     

环颈蝠(Thainycteris aureocollaris)在中国分布的再发现

福建省位于我国东南沿海,亚热带气候和丰富植被为野生动物的生存和繁衍提供了良好的生态环境(丁晖等,2015).武夷山位于福建北部,地理位置独特,雨量充足,植被多样且茂密,是众多动物赖以生存的场所,丰富的生物多样性资源使其成为世界著名的动物模式标本产地(罗桂环等,2016;耿宝荣等,2020),其中翼手目中模式产地为武夷山...