发状念珠藻对盐胁迫的响应

探讨了发状念珠藻(NostocflagelliformeBornetFlah)对盐胁迫的耐受适应机制,采用含不同浓度NaCl(0、01、02、04、06、08、10mol/L)的BG110培养液处理具有正常生理活性的丝状体,25±05℃,40μmol/m2/s下照光培养12h,测定藻体光合作用、呼吸作用等生理活性以及体内一些物质的含量,结果表明:随培养液中NaCl浓度的升高藻体光合作用、呼吸作用以及PSⅡ活性(Fv/Fm)降低;质膜透性不断增大,丙二醛含量升高,自由水含量、自由水/束缚水比值下降,类胡萝卜素、可溶性糖含量增加,脯氨酸含量变化不大。由此可知,盐胁迫下发状念珠藻正常生理活性受到抑制而表现出一定的抗逆能力;该藻对盐胁迫具有一定的耐受能力,类胡萝卜素的增加有助于清除藻体内的氧自由基,可溶性糖可能是其主要渗透调节物质之一,脯氨酸在盐胁迫中的渗透调节作用不大。       

发状念珠藻藻殖段的分化及其光合特性的研究

发状念珠藻 (NostocflagelliformeBorn .etFlah .)存在着两个重要而明显的个体发育阶段 ,即营养藻丝体和藻殖段。采用弱光 (铺垫砂粒遮光 ) ,红光或在白光下向培养基中加入DCMU (3,4_dichlorophenyl_1,1_dimethylurea)等方法 ,可促进营养藻丝体转变成藻殖段。用可见光吸收光谱、低温荧光发射光谱和光合放氧活性表示发状念珠藻藻丝体与藻殖段的光合特性 ,表明营养藻丝体和藻殖段的可见光吸收光谱和色素含量差别不大。而两者在不同光强范围 (110～ 12 0 0 μmol·m-2 ·s-1)和不同温度 (15～ 45℃ )下的光合放氧活性 ,表明发状念珠藻的藻殖段比营养藻丝体可能更适合在低光强下和较高的温度下生长。从荧光发射光谱可以看出 ,在光合能量传递中营养藻丝体比藻殖段在两个光系统之间的光能分配上更加均衡 ;但是藻殖段中藻胆体吸收光能向两个光系统的传递比营养藻丝体的更加有效。可以认为藻殖段的形成对光合作用的结构与功能产生影响。     

发菜固氮基因nifD和nifK克隆及其失水条件下的差异表达

nifD和nifK编码钼铁固氮酶中的钼铁蛋白。为了解发菜nifD和nifK分子信息及对水分胁迫的响应机制,该研究设计了简并性引物克隆发菜nifD和nifK全长,进行原核表达和生物信息学分析,并对不同失水状态下发菜nifD和nifK在转录水平的差异表达和固氮酶活性的变化进行分析。结果表明,发菜nifD和nifK全长分别为1 443 bp和1 536 bp (登陆号为分别为KU886164和KU886165);将nifD和nifK在大肠杆菌中表达,分别获得一个约57 kD和58 kD的外源蛋白;生物信息学分析表明,nifD和nifK核苷酸序列和推译的氨基酸序列均与点形念珠藻(Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102)高度一致性;nifD和nifK的二级结构主要有α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角和随机卷曲。此外,随着藻体含水量的逐渐降低,发菜nifD和nifK在转录水平上的表达量逐渐增加,但固氮酶活性呈现先增加后下降的趋势。研究结果为深入全面研究发菜固氮酶基因结构及其响应水分胁迫的固氮机理及氮代谢途径提供了基础。     

发状含珠藻藻殖段的分化及其光合特性的研究

发状念球藻（Ｎｏｓｔｏｃ ｆｌａｇｅｌｌｉｆｏｒｍｅ Ｂｏｒｎ．ｅｔ Ｆｌａｈ．）存在着两个重要而明显的个体发育阶段,即营养藻丝体和藻殖段。采用弱光（铺垫闰遮光）,红光或在白光下向培养基中加入ＤＣＭＵ（３,４－ｄｉｃｈｌｏｒｏｐｈｅｎｙｌ－１,１－ｄｉｍｅｔｈｙｌｕｒｅａ）等藻丝体与藻殖段的光合特性,表明营养营丝体和藻殖段的可见光吸收光变和光合放氧活性表示发状念珠藻藻丝体与藻殖段的光合特性,表明营     

悬浮培养发状念珠蓝细菌对盐碱胁迫的生理应答研究

天然发状念珠蓝细菌是荒漠化土壤中的"先锋生物",具有极强的耐旱、耐碱、耐高温等能力。本研究旨在揭示悬浮培养发状念珠蓝细菌的抗盐碱能力,为发状念珠蓝细菌的人工培养提供基础。25℃,80μmol/(m2·s)光照下,BG-11培养液培养发状念珠蓝细菌,利用不同浓度(0、60、120、180、240 mmol/L)混合的Na2SO4和Na2CO3胁迫发状念珠蓝细菌细胞,处理时间分别为24 h和72 h,测定其质膜透性、超氧化物歧化酶活性、丙二醛、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白以及可溶性多糖含量,分析发状念珠蓝细菌细胞对盐碱胁迫的响应。盐碱胁迫下,随着胁迫程度的加重,发状念珠蓝细菌细胞的质膜相对透性增加,丙二醛含量上升;超氧化物歧化酶活性和脯氨酸含量先上升后下降;可溶性蛋白含量逐渐下降;可溶性多糖含量不断升高。悬浮培养的发状念珠蓝细菌细胞对盐碱胁迫产生结构和生理的应激响应,增强了发状念珠蓝细菌抗盐碱能力。     

悬浮培养发状念珠蓝细菌对盐碱胁迫的生理应答研究北大核心CSCD

天然发状念珠蓝细菌是荒漠化土壤中的"先锋生物",具有极强的耐旱、耐碱、耐高温等能力。本研究旨在揭示悬浮培养发状念珠蓝细菌的抗盐碱能力,为发状念珠蓝细菌的人工培养提供基础。25℃,80μmol/(m2·s)光照下,BG-11培养液培养发状念珠蓝细菌,利用不同浓度(0、60、120、180、240 mmol/L)混合的Na2SO4和Na2CO3胁迫发状念珠蓝细菌细胞,处理时间分别为24 h和72 h,测定其质膜透性、超氧化物歧化酶活性、丙二醛、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白以及可溶性多糖含量,分析发状念珠蓝细菌细胞对盐碱胁迫的响应。盐碱胁迫下,随着胁迫程度的加重,发状念珠蓝细菌细胞的质膜相对透性增加,丙二醛含量上升;超氧化物歧化酶活性和脯氨酸含量先上升后下降;可溶性蛋白含量逐渐下降;可溶性多糖含量不断升高。悬浮培养的发状念珠蓝细菌细胞对盐碱胁迫产生结构和生理的应激响应,增强了发状念珠蓝细菌抗盐碱能力。     

阳光紫外辐射对室内水培发状念珠藻生理特性的影响

发状念珠藻（Nostoc flagelliforme Bornet & Flahault）是一种重要的陆生经济蓝藻,室内培育出的原植体如何适应阳光辐射的问题尚需探讨。为此,作者将室内水培发菜置于阳光下培养,测定了其生长、有效光化学效率（F/Fm΄）和色素的变化。结果表明,较高的可见光（PAR,395－700 nm）和紫外辐射（UVR,280－395 nm）均导致水培发菜的F/Fm΄下降。第1天中午,PAR和UVR分别使F/Fm΄下降了54％和13％;傍晚,F/Fm΄有部分恢复。UVR对发菜适应阳光2d后的生长无负面作用。发菜在适应全阳光辐射期间,紫外吸收物质（Scytonemin和Mycosporine-like amino acids）含量不断增加,9d后,分别增加了124倍和9倍。这些紫外吸收物质的增加对发菜细胞降低光抑制,适应阳光辐射,起到了重要作用。本研究的结果可为水培发菜室外培养方法的建立提供一定的理论依据。     

发状念珠藻NfwspA3基因的克隆及其耐旱能力分析北大核心CSCD

水分胁迫蛋白(WSP,Water stress protein,)在植物耐干旱过程中起着重要作用。发状念珠藻具有极强的耐旱、耐盐和抗辐射等能力。本研究以发状念珠藻基因组DNA为模板,利用PCR技术克隆到一个发状念珠藻水分胁迫蛋白基因的开放阅读框(ORF)序列,命名为NfwspA3,其序列全长1017 bp。生物信息学预测表明,该基因可编码338个氨基酸残基,预测等电点为4.85,分子量为37.48 kD,为亲水性稳定蛋白,分布在细胞质中。构建了NfwspA3基因的重组表达菌株pET32aNfwspA3,以聚乙二醇-6000(PEG-6000)对其模拟干旱胁迫,发现重组菌株最高可忍耐60%浓度的PEG-6000,表现出较强的耐旱性,且具有较高的半乳糖苷酶活性。研究结果为探知发状念珠藻WSP蛋白逆境响应机制及其遗传改良提供了理论依据和基因元件。     

发状念珠藻(Nostoc flagelliforme Born.et Flah.)色素的初步分析

发状念珠藻(Nostoc flagelliforme Bornet Flah.)俗名发菜,是一种具有异形胞的蓝绿藻。它分布在很多国家。我国新疆、内蒙、宁夏、青海和甘肃等省、区的草原和荒漠上都有发菜生长。它对固沙和增加牧区土壤肥力起一定的作用。据分析,发菜富含蛋白质和钙、磷、铁、碘等元素。我国自春秋时代开始就以发菜为食用藻,现更远销国外。由于过量耧采,严重地破坏了发菜生长地区的生态,使固沙和畜牧业受到影响。因此近     

发状念珠藻NfwspA3基因的克隆及其耐旱能力分析

水分胁迫蛋白(WSP,Water stress protein,)在植物耐干旱过程中起着重要作用。发状念珠藻具有极强的耐旱、耐盐和抗辐射等能力。本研究以发状念珠藻基因组DNA为模板,利用PCR技术克隆到一个发状念珠藻水分胁迫蛋白基因的开放阅读框(ORF)序列,命名为NfwspA3,其序列全长1017 bp。生物信息学预测表明,该基因可编码338个氨基酸残基,预测等电点为4.85,分子量为37.48 kD,为亲水性稳定蛋白,分布在细胞质中。构建了NfwspA3基因的重组表达菌株pET32aNfwspA3,以聚乙二醇-6000(PEG-6000)对其模拟干旱胁迫,发现重组菌株最高可忍耐60%浓度的PEG-6000,表现出较强的耐旱性,且具有较高的半乳糖苷酶活性。研究结果为探知发状念珠藻WSP蛋白逆境响应机制及其遗传改良提供了理论依据和基因元件。     

Studies on Photosynthesis,Respiration and Morphology of Nostoc flagelliforme

Nostoc flagelliforme Born. et Flah. is one of the terrestrial cyanobacteria naturally distributed in arid and semi-arid areas in the Northern and the North-western parts of China. The cyanobacterium is an edible delicacy with special medical value. However, commercial N. flagelliforme has nov been collected from the field only. For cultivation of this valuable cyanobacterium, it is necessary to understand how it grows and how it adapts to the environment.The experimental material was collected in Siziwangqi of Nei Monggol. The effects of light intensity, temperature, pH, salinity, length of thallus and rewetting on photosynthesis and respiration of N. fiagelli[orme were measured using an oxygen electrode. The results were as follows: The photosynthetic light compensation point was around 40–90μmol photons·m-2·s-1, the light saturation point was 1200μmol photons·m-2·s-1, and no photoinhibition appeared when the light intensity was increased to 1800μmol photons· m-2·s-1. N. fiagelliforme exhibited its photosynthetic and respiratory activities in the temperature range of 5–45℃. The optimum temperature for its photosynthesis was 25℃ and that for respiration was 35--40℃. Between pH range of 4.5–9.5 N. flagelliforme had photosynthetic activity and respiratory activity at pH range of 4-10, with optimum pH for photosynthesis at 7.5 and for respiration at 7.5–8.0. N. flagelliforme exhibited maximum net photosynthesis in 0.15mol/L of NaC1 in BG-11 medium. When the salinity was increased to 0.9 mol/L the net photosynthesis dropped down to zero. Respiration decreased concordantly with the increasing salinity as well. Maxima photosynthesis and respiration was also detected when the thallus of N. flagelliforme reached a length of 0.5cm and aftewords the more the length the less the activities. The recovery time attaining to the maximum photosynthesis and respiration activities after rewetting was dependent on storage time in dryness. The cyanobacterial mats after being reserved for 3 months, attained its maximum photosynthesis by 0.5h after rewetting, and that being reserved for 18 months needed 3.5h after rewetting. For respiration, the mats reserved for 3 months and 18 months required 5 minutes and lh after rewetting, respectively to attain its maximum. Under scanning electron microscope, cells of N. flagelliforme were wrapped up within a gluey sheath, and usually attached closely to each other in pairs and the filaments were uni-trichome with branches in some cases. The surface of thallus tip was rougher than other parts which meant that the tip portion had greater surface area beneficial to water absorption and cell growth.     

Rewetting of drought-resistant blue-green algae: Time course of water uptake and reappearance of respiration,photosynthesis, and nitrogen fixation

Summary The response of the terrestrial blue-green algae Nostoc flagelliforme, Nostoc commune, and Nostoc spec. to water uptake has been investigated after a drought period of approximately 2 years. Rapid half-times of rewetting (0.6, 3.3, and 15.5 min, respectively) are found. The surfaceto-mass ratio of the three species is inversely correlated to the speed of water uptake and loss. The ecological relevance of these different time courses is discussed.Respiration starts immediately after a 30-min rewetting period, whereas photosynthetic oxygen evolution reaches its maximum activity after 6 and 8 h with N. commune and N. flagelliforme, respectively. In the dark, recovery of oxygen uptake by N. commune is somewhat impaired, while slightly stimulated with N. flagelliforme. With both species, recovery of photosynthesis is inhibited by darkness.Using colonies kept dry for two years, nitrogenase activity of N. commune attains its maximum 120 to 150 h after rewetting, while only 50 h were needed with algal mats kept dry for two days.Thus, after a 2-year drought period, the physiological sequence of reactivation is respiration—photosynthesis—nitrogen fixation. Respiration and photosynthesis precede growth and are exhibited by existing vegetative cells, whereas recovery of nitrogen fixation is dependent on newly differentiated heterocysts.     

Effect of Temperature Water Content and Light Intensity on Nitrogenase Activity of Nostoc flagelliforme

The optimal temperature for the nitrogenase activity in the terrestrial cyanobacterium N. flagelliforme was 21–28℃; the optimal water content in thallus was 1000--1500%; the light saturation was between 150–200 J·m-2·s-1. The thallus of N. flagelliforme is extremely sensitive to higher temperature in wet. Long-term exposure of wetted thallus to high temperature at 45℃ causes rapid declination of its nitr0genase activity to zero. Under dry condition, N. flagelliforme is extremely resistant to extensive desiccation and heat exposure. Dry thalli exposed to 55℃, 5 hours daily for 21 days, show no marked change in its nitrogenase activity. The thalli preincubated in wet condition for 4–5 days, are highly sensitive against desication. However, repeated drying/wetting cycles induce a slow and gradual increase of its nitrogenase activity and improve the resistance of its nitrogenase activity against desiccation. High concentrated NaC1 salt solution (0.17–0.43 mol/L) depletes nitrogenase activity of the thalli quickly. Above result shows that N. flagelliforme is not able to resist against salt. The physiological characteristics of nitrogen fixation of cyanobacterium N. flagelliforme may be eonsidered as a result of drought adaptation of the terrestrial ecological condition aad the drying westting cycle is perhaps a necessary factor to maintain its growth.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.     

古尔班通古特沙漠白梭梭枝干光合及其影响因素

植物枝干光合（P_g）固定其自身呼吸所释放的CO₂,有效减少植物向大气的CO₂排放量。以古尔班通古特沙漠优势木本植物白梭梭（Haloxylon persicum）为研究对象,利用LI-COR 6400便携式光合仪与特制光合叶室（P-Chamber）相结合,观测白梭梭叶片、不同径级枝干的光响应及光合日变化特征;同时监测环境因子（大气温湿度、光合有效辐射、土壤温度及含水量等）与叶片/枝干性状指标（叶绿素含量、含水量、干物质含量、碳/氮含量等）,揭示叶片/枝干光合的主要影响因子;采用破坏性取样,量化个体水平上叶片与枝干的总表面积,阐明枝干光合对植株个体碳平衡的贡献。研究结果显示：（1）白梭梭叶片叶绿素含量是枝干叶绿素含量的12-16倍,各径级枝干叶绿素含量差异不显著;（2）枝干光饱和点低于叶片,枝干不同径级（由粗至细）,暗呼吸速率和枝干光合逐渐减小;（3）光合有效辐射、土壤含水量和空气温湿度是影响叶片光合的主要因子,对枝干光合无显著影响;（4）枝干光合可以固定其自身呼吸产生CO₂的73%,最高可达90%,枝干光合固定CO₂约占个体水平固碳量的15.4%。研究结果表明,忽视枝干光合的贡献来预测未来气候变化背景下荒漠生态系统碳过程,可能存在根本性缺陷,并且在估算枝干呼吸时,需要考虑枝干是否存在光合作用,以提高枝干呼吸的准确性。     

Effect of desiccation on the photosynthesis of seaweeds from the intertidal zone in Honshu, Japan

Intertidal seaweeds are periodically exposed during low tide and thus experience extreme levels of desiccation. The physiological activity of seaweeds changes during this water loss process. This study examined how desiccation affects the photosynthesis and respiration of seaweeds from different intertidal levels, and whether the ability to retain photosynthesis and respiration rates during desiccation varies among these species. Photosynthesis and respiration rates of 12 species of seaweeds were measured under various levels of desiccation, using an infrared CO₂ gas analyzer. High levels of drought negatively affected photosynthesis, while most species showed initial rises in photosynthetic rates. The ability to retain photosynthesis and respiration activities under desiccation conditions varied among species. These physiological responses were not related to the intertidal level at which these species occur, but to their ability to prevent water loss. The species with lower rates of water loss had slower declines in the rate of photosynthesis and respiration.     

Regulation of respiration and the oxygen diffusion barrier in soybean protect symbiotic nitrogen fixation from chilling-induced inhibition and shoots from premature senescence

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is sensitive to dark chilling (7 degrees C-15 degrees C)-induced inhibition in soybean (Glycine max). To characterize the mechanisms that cause the stress-induced loss of nodule function, we examined nodule structure, carbon-nitrogen interactions, and respiration in two soybean genotypes that differ in chilling sensitivity: PAN809 (PAN), which is chilling sensitive, and Highveld Top (HT), which is more chilling resistant. Nodule numbers were unaffected by dark chilling, as was the abundance of the nitrogenase and leghemoglobin proteins. However, dark chilling decreased nodule respiration rates, nitrogenase activities, and NifH and NifK mRNAs and increased nodule starch, sucrose, and glucose in both genotypes. Ureide and fructose contents decreased only in PAN nodules. While the chilling-induced decreases in nodule respiration persisted in PAN even after return to optimal temperatures, respiration started to recover in HT by the end of the chilling period. The area of the intercellular spaces in the nodule cortex and infected zone was greatly decreased in HT after three nights of chilling, an acclimatory response that was absent from PAN. These data show that HT nodules are able to regulate both respiration and the area of the intercellular spaces during chilling and in this way control the oxygen diffusion barrier, which is a key component of the nodule stress response. We conclude that chilling-induced loss of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in PAN is caused by the inhibition of respiration coupled to the failure to regulate the oxygen diffusion barrier effectively. The resultant limitations on nitrogen availability contribute to the greater chilling-induced inhibition of photosynthesis in PAN than in HT.     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and increased nitrogen deposition: effects on C and N metabolism and growth of the peat moss Sphagnum recurvum P. Beauv. var. mucronatum (Russ.) Warnst

Sphagnum bogs play an important role when considering the impacts of global change on global carbon and nitrogen cycles. Sphagnum recurvum P. Beauv. var. mucronatum (Russ.) was grown at 360 (ambient) and 700 μL L^?1 (elevated) atmospheric [CO₂] in combination with different nitrogen deposition rates (6, 15, 23 g N m^?2 y^?1), in a short‐ and long‐term growth chamber experiment. After 6 months, elevated atmospheric [CO₂] in combination with the lowest nitrogen deposition rate, increased plant dry mass by 17%. In combination with a high nitrogen deposition rate, biomass production was not significantly stimulated. At the start of the experiment, photosynthesis was stimulated by elevated atmospheric [CO₂], but it was downregulated to control levels after three days of exposure. Elevated [CO₂] substantially reduced dark respiration, which resulted in a continuous increase in soluble sugar content in capitula. Differences in growth response among different nitrogen and CO₂ treatments could not be related to measured carbon exchange rates, which was mainly due to interference of microbial respiration. Doubling atmospheric [CO₂] reduced total nitrogen content in capitula but not in stems at all nitrogen deposition rates. Reduction in total nitrogen content coincided with a decrease in amino acids, but soluble protein levels remained unaffected. Thus, elevated [CO₂] induced a substantial shift in the partitioning of nitrogen compounds in capitula. Soluble sugar concentration was negatively correlated with total nitrogen content, which implies that the reduction in amino acid content in capitula, exposed to elevated [CO₂], might be caused by the accumulation of soluble sugars. Growth was not stimulated by increased nitrogen deposition. High nitrogen deposition, resulting in a capitulum nitrogen content in excess of 15 mg g^?1 dw, was detrimental to photosynthesis, reduced water content and induced necrosis. We propose a capitulum nitrogen content of 15 mg g^?1 dw as a possible bioindicator for the detection of nitrogen pollution stress in oligo‐mesotrophic peat bog ecosystems. At the lowest nitrogen deposition level, nitrogen recovery was higher than 100%, which indicates substantial dry deposition and/or gaseous nitrogen fixation by bacteria, associated with Sphagnum. Increasing nitrogen deposition rates decreased nitrogen recovery percentages, which indicates reduced efficiency of nitrogen fixation.