尼罗罗非鱼Crtam基因的克隆鉴定与mRNA表达分析

Crtam作为NK细胞和CD8+T细胞的活化标志物,已被证实在哺乳动物中参与多种免疫途径,但在罗非鱼中的作用未知.本研究克隆鉴定了尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus) Crtam cDNA全长(命名为On-Cr-tam),对该基因进行生物信息学分析,并运用荧光定量PCR对无乳链球菌刺激后On-Crt...     

尼罗罗非鱼Ikaros基因的克隆及表达分析

为揭示尼罗罗非鱼Ikaros基因结构特征及其在抗病原感染中的免疫调控机制, 实验采用RT-PCR和RACE方法克隆了尼罗罗非鱼Ikaros的cDNA序列以及利用PCR和染色体步移技术克隆了Ikaros的基因组DNA序列, 通过荧光定量PCR分析了Ikaros mRNA的组织分布及其对无乳链球菌感染的响应。结果表明, 克隆的尼罗罗非鱼Ikaros基因组DNA为20454 bp, 包括7个内含子和8个外显子, 经可变剪接可形成6种不同的mRNA剪接异构体, 其编码的氨基酸序列均具有Ikaros家族典型的锌指结构域且与硬骨鱼类Ikaros氨基酸序列同源性较高(70.6%—93.7%)。Ikaros基因在尼罗罗非鱼各组织中均有表达, 在血液中的表达量最高, 其次为胸腺、脾脏和头肾。人工感染无乳链球菌后, 血液、胸腺、脾脏、头肾中Ikaros基因的相对表达量均显著上调, 并在48h达到峰值, 这表明Ikaros基因参与调控尼罗罗非鱼抵御无乳链球菌的免疫应答反应。研究可为进一步探索Ikaros基因在罗非鱼抗病原感染中的作用机制奠定理论基础。     

尼罗罗非鱼PKCθ蛋白和Spartin蛋白的原核表达、抗体制备及其组织表达

为了研究尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)蛋白激酶C theta(PKCθ)和Spartin的蛋白表达情况,本实验在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中表达和提纯了尼罗罗非鱼PKCθ和Spartin的重组蛋白,并利用日本大耳兔(Oryctolagus cuniculus)制备了相应的多克隆抗体。用间接ELISA技术检测抗体效价,Western Blot鉴定抗体的特异性,并检测其在罗非鱼肝、脾、肠和肌肉组织中的表达情况。结果表明,实验成功构建了原核表达载体p ET-B2m-PKCθ和pET-B2m-Spartin,实现了重组蛋白的原核表达和纯化。PKCθ重组蛋白主要存在于包涵体中,分子量约为56 ku;Spartin重组蛋白分子量约为30 ku,以包涵体蛋白的形式存在。获得的多克隆抗体效价均高达1︰512 000,Western Blot检测结果表明,制备的抗体能特异性识别尼罗罗非鱼PKCθ和Spartin多种异构体;PKCθ蛋白在罗非鱼肝、脾、肠与肌肉组织中均有表达;Spartin蛋白在罗非鱼的肝、脾和肠组织中不表达,在肌肉组织中表达。研究表明,尼罗罗非...     

赤子爱胜蚓对尼罗罗非鱼摄食引诱作用的实验观察

用机械一电换能器和记录仪记录鱼对食物球啄咬次数的方法,观察食物球巾含有赤子爱胜蚓麋时对鱼摄食的引诱作用。实验结果表明赤子爱胜蚓麋对尼罗罗非鱼是很有效的摄食引诱物。和对照组相比,含蚓靡2％组已有显著差异(P<0.05),含4％组则有非常显著差异(P<0.01),但含4％组和6％组并无显著差异(P>0.05),可见含4％组所用蚓糜量较少而引诱效果相对较大,可认为是最佳配方。本文为配制罗非鱼颗粒饲料用赤子爱胜蚓糜作为促摄物添加剂提供了资料。     

吉富罗非鱼leptin基因的克隆及其表达

Leptin为肥胖基因编码产物,是脂肪细胞分泌的蛋白质类激素,在能量平衡、摄食行为调节方面起着重要作用。采用RT-PCR法分离出了吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)leptin基因的部分序列,其cDNA长度为364 bp,编码96个氨基酸。同源性分析显示:鱼类leptin保守性较低。吉富罗非鱼leptin氨基酸序列与斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)的相似性较高,为80.6%,但与虹鳟(Oncorhynchusmykiss)、青鳉(Oryzias latipes)、斑马鱼(Danio rerio)等其他鱼的相似性非常低,均在40%以下。使用realtime PCR法检测leptin在各种组织中的表达量,结果发现,leptin在肝中相对表达量最为丰富,是肌肉中相对表达量的3 000倍,其次为性腺和脑,分别是肌肉中相对表达量的1 250倍和450倍,而肾、肠和肌肉中表达量较少。     

尼罗罗非鱼生长激素及其受体的cDNA克隆与mRNA表达的雌雄差异

尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)雌雄鱼生长差异明显,为了探讨其原因,本文采用RT-PCR方法克隆了尼罗罗非鱼生长激素(Growthhormone,GH)及其受体(Growth hormone receptor,GHR)的cDNA序列,并应用半定量RT-PCR方法比较了雌、雄尼罗罗非鱼垂体GHmRNA、肝脏GHRmRNA、肌肉GHRmRNA的表达差异。序列分析表明:GH开放阅读框为615bp,共编码204个氨基酸;GHR开放阅读框为1908bp,共编码635个氨基酸。以RT-PCR方法研究了GH、GHR在各组织的分布情况,结果表明:GH仅在垂体中检测到有表达,而GHR在所检测的18种组织中均有表达,其中以肝脏、肌肉、性腺、下丘脑、胸腺表达量较高。以半定量RT-PCR方法进一步比较了雌、雄尼罗罗非鱼垂体GHmRNA、肝脏GHRmRNA、肌肉GHRmRNA的表达量,结果表明:雄鱼垂体GHmRNA和肝脏GHRmRNA的表达量均显著高于雌鱼,肌肉GHRmRNA的表达量则无显著差异,推测垂体GHmRNA和肝脏GHRmRNA表达的雌雄差异是尼罗罗非鱼雌雄生长差异的主要原因之一。     

CAT1基因在尼罗罗非鱼肌肉和肝的节律性表达研究

为了探究碱性氨基酸转运载体(CAT1)基因在尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)饥饿0、7 d肌肉和肝的昼夜表达规律,实验分别在尼罗罗非鱼饥饿0,7 d 06:00、09:00、12:00、15:00、18:00、21:00和24:00、第2天03:00、06:00,分别对应区时(Zone time, ZT) ZT0、ZT3、ZT6、ZT9、ZT12、ZT15、ZT18、ZT21、ZT24采样,采样在一昼夜内完成。每组随机取3尾鱼进行解剖,取其肌肉和肝样品分析。结果表明:CAT1基因在正常投喂的尼罗罗非鱼肌肉表达具有显著性时间差异(p0.05),呈现昼低夜高的节律性振荡(p0.3),达到峰值的时间为ZT 0.72。饥饿7 d后,虽然在各时间点上CAT1基因表达有显著性差异(p0.05),但无昼夜节律性(p0.3);CAT1基因表达为在光周期先升后降,在暗周期先降后升,峰值相位在光照阶段,为ZT 7.44。在尼罗罗非鱼肝中,CAT1基因在正常投喂时表达具有显著性时间差异(p.05),呈现节律性振荡(p0.3),CAT1基因表达为在光周期先降后升,在暗周期则先升后降,峰值相位在黑暗阶段,达到峰值的时间为ZT 16.56。饥饿7 d后,在各时间点上CAT1基因表达无显著性时间差异(p0.05),且表达无昼夜节律性(p0.3);CAT1基因表达为在光周期先降后升,在暗周期则先升后降,峰值相位在黑暗阶段,为ZT 21.60。以上结果说明CAT1基因在尼罗罗非鱼肌肉和肝表达的昼夜节律不同。     

尼罗罗非鱼核糖体蛋白S6基因克隆及组织表达分析

核糖体蛋白S6(ribosomal protein S6, RPS6)是构成40S小亚基核糖体的关键蛋白之一,在蛋白质合成、调控细胞周期和凋亡、调节肿瘤细胞增殖和转移等方面具有重要作用。为探究RPS6在尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)中的分子结构、表达特性和生物学功能,本研究从尼罗罗非鱼中克隆获得RPS6基因的编码区序列(GenBank登录号：XM＿003454192.4;命名为On-RPS6),并采用qPCR法分析该基因在健康鱼体各组织的分布特征以及无乳链球菌刺激后该基因在鱼体肝脏、脾脏、脑和头肾中的表达模式。结果显示：On-RPS6的开放阅读框长度为750 bp,编码249个氨基酸,理论分子量为28.70 kDa,等电点为10.90。氨基酸序列分析显示,On-RPS6具有一个高度保守的核糖体蛋白S6e结构域,且与其他物种具有较高同源性。系统进化树分析表明,尼罗罗非鱼RPS6与斑马拟丽鱼(Maylandia zebra)RPS6聚为一支,表明二者具有较近的亲缘关系。qPCR结果显示,尼罗罗非鱼各组织均能检测到On-RPS6基因mRNA的表达,且在血液中的表达量...     

尼罗罗非鱼ZAP-70蛋白的原核表达、纯化及其多抗制备

[目的]构建尼罗罗非鱼ZAP-70原核表达载体,纯化其重组蛋白并制备多克隆抗体。[方法]采用无缝克隆技术构建尼罗罗非鱼ZAP-70重组表达载体,并转入大肠杆菌B21中诱导表达,将表达的ZAP-70蛋白免疫日本大耳兔得到多克隆抗体,采用Western Blotting和ELISA技术鉴定抗体的特异性和效价。[结果]成功构建原核表达重组质粒p ET-B2m-ZAP-70,诱导表达的重组蛋白分子量约为39 k Da,主要以包涵体的形式表达;获得效价为1∶512 000的多克隆抗血清,WB检测显示该抗体能够特异性的识别所表达的ZAP-70重组蛋白。[结论]尼罗罗非鱼ZAP-70重组质粒在大肠杆菌B21中高效表达,分子量约为39 k Da,该蛋白具有良好的免疫原性,为进一步探索ZAP-70在尼罗罗非鱼免疫系统中的功能奠定了基础。     

尼罗罗非鱼spo11基因的克隆表达及RU486处理对其表达的影响

正Spol1[SPOl1 meiotic protein covalently bound to DSB homolog(S.cerevisiae)]是减数分裂染色体重组过程中的重要蛋白,参与DNA双链断裂复合物(Double-Strand breaks,DSBs)的形成。目前已经从几种脊椎动物中克隆出了spol1基因,表明Spol1可能在所有真核生物减数分裂过程中都具有保守的功能[1,2]。最新研究表明,日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)spol1基因仅在精子发生过程前期的精母细胞有表达,而在卵黄发生早期却没有检测到spol1的表达[2]。尽管研究者们普遍认为spol1是检测减数分裂的分子标记,但该基因在硬骨鱼类的表达模式并非完全保守,也未见关于spol1在硬骨鱼类个体发生过程     

Duplication of neuropeptide Y and peptide YY in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and their roles in food intake regulation

In vertebrates, the neuropeptide Y (NPY) family peptides have been recognized as key players in food intake regulation. NPY centrally promotes feeding, while peptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) mediate satiety. The teleost tetraploidization is well-known to generate duplicates of both NPY and PYY; however, the functional diversification between the duplicate genes, especially in the regulation of food intake, remains unknown. In this study, we identified the two duplicates of NPY and PYY in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Both NPYa and NPYb were primarily expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), but the mRNA levels of NPYb were markedly lower than those of NPYa. Hypothalamic mRNA expression of NPYa, but not NPYb, decreased after feeding and increased after 7-days of fasting. However, both NPYa and NPYb caused a significant increase in food intake after an intracranial injection of 50 ng/g body weight dose. PYYb, one of the duplicates of PYY, had an extremely high expression in the foregut and midgut, whereas another form of duplicate PYYa showed only moderate expression in the CNS. Both hypothalamic PYYa and foregut PYYb mRNA expression increased after feeding and decreased after 7-days of fasting. Furthermore, the intracranial injection of PYYb decreased food intake, but PYYa had no significant effect. Our results suggested that although the mature peptides of NPYa and NPYb can both stimulate food intake, NPYa is the main endogenous functional NPY for feeding regulation. A functional division has been identified in the duplicates of PYY, which deems PYYb as a gut-derived anorexigenic peptide and PYYa as a CNS-specific PYY in Nile tilapia.     

Bone development in the jaw of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Pisces: Cichlidae)

East African cichlids have evolved feeding apparatus morphologies adapted to their diverse feeding behaviors. The evolution of the oral jaw morphologies is accomplished by the diversity of bone formation during development. To further understand this evolutionary process, we examined the skeletal elements of the jaw and their temporal and sequential emergence, categorized by developmental stages, using the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus as a model cichlid. We found that chondrogenesis started in Stage 17. The deposition of osteoid for the dermal bones commenced in Stage 18. The uptake of calcium dramatically shifted from the surface of larvae to the gills in Stage 20. The bone mineralization of the skeleton began in Stage 25. These data provide important information regarding the sequential events of craniofacial development in East African cichlids and lay the groundwork for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying adaptation of jaw structure to feeding behavior.     

Development of the embryo, larva and early juvenile of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Pisces: Cichlidae). Developmental staging system

We described the developmental stages for the embryonic, larval and early juvenile periods of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus to elucidate sequential events of craniofacial development. Craniofacial development of cichlids, especially differentiation and morphogenesis of the pharyngeal skeleton, progresses until about 30 days postfertilization (dpf). Because there is no comprehensive report describing the sequential processes of craniofacial development up to 30 dpf, we newly defined 32 stages using a numbered staging system. For embryonic development, we defined 18 stages (stages 1-18), which were grouped into seven periods named the zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, pharyngula and hatching periods. For larval development, we defined seven stages (stages 19-25), which were grouped into two periods, early larval and late larval. For juvenile development until 30 dpf, we defined seven stages (stages 26-32) in the early juvenile period. This developmental staging system for Nile tilapia O. niloticus will benefit researchers investigating skeletogenesis throughout tilapia ontogeny and will also facilitate comparative evolutionary developmental biology studies of haplochromine cichlids, which comprise the species flocks of Lakes Malawi and Victoria.     

Homogeneously sized groups increase aggressive interaction and affect social stress in Thai strain Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Social fish raised in farms are usually kept in groups of similar-sized individuals. However, social animals of similar size typically have similar fighting ability, which increases aggressive interaction for social rank establishment, as well as social stress. We compared Thai strain Nile tilapia fish, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), held under two treatments: (1) The Homogeneous one, with five adult male fish of similar size and (2) the Heterogeneous treatment with five adult males of different sizes. We recorded the frequency of aggressive interactions and checked social stability and stress levels (cortisol) after five days in the groups. Grouping similar sized Thai Nile tilapia increased the aggressive interactions and delayed rank stability with increased body injuries as a consequence. Homogeneous-sized individuals showed a similar level of stress while heterogeneous-sized individuals showed different stress levels with dominants being more stressed than subordinates. The data indicate that the practice of selecting fish of similar size in aquaculture management could reduce the welfare of social fish and that the effect is observed in different lineages.     

Genetic characterization of four strains of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) using microsatellite markers

Four domesticated strains of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) were genetically characterized using 14 microsatellite markers and 64 animals per strain. Two strains, Chitralada (AIT) and International Development Research Centers (IDRC) were obtained from the AIT institute, Bangkok, Thailand. The GIFT strain (5th generation) came from NAGRI, Thailand, and the GÖTT strain was supplied by the University of Göttingen, Germany. The average numbers of alleles per marker were 5.0 (GÖTT), 5.4 (AIT), 5.6 (IDRC) and 7.5 (GIFT). Private alleles were found at all markers with the exception of two. No fixation of alleles was found at any marker. Population differentiation, F_ST, was 0.178 (great genetic differentiation) and confirmed grouping of the animals in strains. The expected level of heterozygosity ranged from 0.624 to 0.711, but the observed level of heterozygosity significantly deviated from the expected level in three strains. This was probably because of small population size. Moderate to great genetic differentiation was found between strains. A phylogenetic tree reflected the strains known histories. Application of the Weitzman approach showed that all strains have added value for the total genetic diversity and thus should be retained.     

Metabolic and molecular responses in Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus during short and prolonged hypoxia

The strictly aquatic breathing Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus is an extremely hypoxia-tolerant fish. To augment our understanding of the effects of hypoxia on anaerobic glycolysis in the Nile tilapia, we studied the effect of short-term for 1 day (trial 1) and long-term for 30 days (trial 2) hypoxia on a selected glycolytic enzymes activity and mRNA expression in liver and white muscle. The hypoxic oxygen concentrations used in the two trials were 2, 1, and 0.5 mg O₂ L^?1 for comparison with a control normoxic group 8 mg O₂ L^?1. The activity of phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase (PK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in liver and white muscle except liver LDH decreased in trial 1 and increased in trial 2. Assessments of mRNA levels in trial 1 revealed that PFK was downregulated and LDH was upregulated in liver and white muscle, while PK fluctuated between upregulation in liver and downregulation in white muscle. Meanwhile, PK and LDH were upregulated while PFK was similar to control values in both tissues in trial 2. Comet assay results demonstrated an increase in DNA damage that was directly proportional to increasing hypoxic concentrations. This damage was more pronounced in trial 1. This suggests that the Nile tilapia cope better with long-term hypoxic conditions, possibly as an adaptive response.     

Molecular cloning and gene expression of Foxl2 in the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

A Foxl2 cDNA was cloned from the Nile tilapia ovary by RT-PCR and subsequent RACE. Alignment of known Foxl2 sequences from vertebrates confirmed the conservation of the Foxl2 open reading frame and protein sequences, especially the forkhead domain and C-terminal region, while some homopolymeric runs of amino acids are found only in mammals but not in non-mammalian vertebrates. RT-PCR revealed that Foxl2 is expressed in the tilapia brain (B), pituitary (P), gill, and gonads (G), with the highest level of expression in the ovary, reflecting the involvement of Foxl2 in B-P-G axis. Northern blotting and in situ hybridization also revealed an evident sexual dimorphic expression pattern in the gonads. Foxl2 mRNA was mainly detected in the granulosa cells surrounding the oocytes. The ovarian expression of Foxl2 in tilapia begins early during the differentiation of the gonads and persists until adulthood, implying the involvement of Foxl2 in fish gonad differentiation and the maintenance of ovarian function.     

The protective influence of ascorbic acid against the genotoxicity of waterborne lead exposure in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

The present study investigated the effects of lead (Pb) and ascorbic acid (AA) on Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus using the micronucleus (MN) and nuclear abnormality (NA) tests for periods of 7, 14 and 21 days. The MN frequencies in the erythrocytes, gill, liver and fin cells were analysed comparatively to evaluate the sensitivity and suitability of these different cell types. The NA shapes in erythrocytes were scored into blebbed nuclei (BL), lobed nuclei (LB), notched nuclei (NT) and binuclei (BN). It was observed that fish showed significant sensitivity to the different treatments. In general, the highest value of both MN and NA cells were significantly increased in the Pb-treated group followed by the combination of the Pb and AA-treated group. On the other hand, the MN and NA frequencies in erythrocytes were the most sensitive to the treatment and could provide more valuable information than those in gill, liver and fin cells. The frequencies of each NA shape in erythrocytes of all treatments were observed in the following ranked order NT > LB > BN > BL. The results demonstrated the efficacy of AA in reducing genotoxicity in fish induced by Pb. They showed the sensitivity and suitability of MN and NA frequencies in erythrocytes as pollution biomarkers.