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1.
《Journal of Asia》2007,10(2):157-163
The fumigant toxicity of 66 plant essential oils to Plutella xylostella (L.) larvae and Cotesia glomerata (L.) adults was examined using a vapor-phase toxicity bioassay and compared with that of dichlorvos. Responses varied according to oil and insect species used. Based on 24 h LD50 values, pennyroyal oil [10.77 mg/filter paper (4.25 cm diameter)] was the most toxic fumigant, followed by rosemary and sage (Dalmatin) oils (15.15 mg/paper). Potent fumigant toxicity was also produced from armoise, buchu leaf, cedarleaf, coriander, eucalyptus, howood, lavender, myrtle, niaouli, peppermint, and rosewood oils (LD50, 21.29–27.31 mg/paper). All essential oils were less effective than dichlorvos (LD50, 0.52 mg/paper). Against adult C. glomerata, dichlorvos (LD50, 0.03 mg/paper) was the most toxic fumigant, whereas the LD50 values of the 14 essential oils ranged from 1.59 to 8.51 mg/paper. Based on selective toxicity ratio (STR, P. xylostella LD50/C. glomerata LD50), the 14 essential oils (STR, 2.5–14.5) are more selective than dichlorvos (STR, 17.3). The essential oils tested merit further study as potential fumigants for the control of P. xylostella in greenhouses because of their selective toxicity to adult C. glomerata and their much greater activity as a fumigant. 相似文献
2.
《Journal of Asia》2006,9(1):61-66
Atremisia sieberi Besser is a widely distributed plant that grows in many areas of Iran and has strong insecticidal activity against stored product pests, so an experiment was conducted to investigate fumigant toxicity of the A. sieberi oil collected from Karaj region of Iran. The oil was applied against one to seven day old adults of three major stored product insects including: Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and Tribollium castaneum (Herbst). The potency of fumigant toxicity of A. sieberi on C. maculatus was higher (LC50: 1.64 μL per L) than S. oryzae (LC50: 4.41 μL per L) and T. castaneum (LC50: 20.31 μ.L per L). The relationships between the time exposure and oil concentration on mortality show that the mortality was increased as oil concentration and exposure time was increased. The concentration of 185 μL per L and exposure time of 24h was enough to obtain 100% kill of the insects. It was also found that the regions where A. sieberi grows affect essential oil components of the plant and can play an important role in properties of fumigant toxicity. 相似文献
3.
House flies are global pests and notoriously difficult to control. Essential oils of vetiver, cinnamon, and lavender and their blends were tested for toxic and repellent effects against larval and adult flies. All of the oils had moderate toxicity for eggs. Mortality of 2nd instar larvae was 57–78% in dipping assays, 38–100% in contact assays, and 94–100% in treated media. Lavender was less effective (38% mortality) than the others (91–100%) in contact bioassays. Oil blends were not more effective against larvae than individual oils. Vetiver and cinnamon oils were strongly repellent (84 and 78%, respectively) for larvae in treated media. None of the oils were repellent for adult house flies in olfactometer assays, but testing of additional products demonstrated significant repellency for neem oil, p‐menthane‐3,8‐diol (PMD), and vanillin. Contact/fumigant toxicity of vetiver, cinnamon, and lavender oils was 100%, significantly higher than mortality from sunflower oil (67%). Blends of oils were not more effective against adults than the individual oils, but blends diluted with sunflower oil were as effective as the individual oils. Essentials oils of vetiver and cinnamon may have potential for fly management in situations where conventional insecticides cannot be used. 相似文献
4.
《Journal of Asia》2021,24(4):1235-1238
Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a worldwide omnivorous pest. It is the primary insect pest in many economically important stored crops. The insecticidal activity of essential oils (EOs) extracted from Ajania potaninii and Ajania fruticulosa were evaluated against Plodia interpunctella. EOs obtained by hydro-distillation were analyzed by GC–MS. Fumigant toxicity testing indicated that both EOs and their main components were toxic to P. interpunctella adults. 1,8-Cineole exhibited the strongest activity, having an LC50 of 0.86 mg/L air and being twice as active as camphor. Myrtenol was also strongly toxic to P. interpunctella adults (LC50 0.99 mg/L air), while camphor, verbenol, borneol, and the two complete EOs exhibited lower toxicity. None of the EOs or main components exhibited significant toxicity against the larvae of P. interpunctella. This study provides evidence of the individual active substances accounting for the insecticidal activity of EOs from A. potaninii and A. fruticulosa. These EOs have potential as biological insecticides for controlling insect pest damage in stored crops. 相似文献
5.
Changmann Yoon Sang-Rae Moon Jin-Won Jeong Youn-Ho Shin Sun-Ran Cho Ki-Su Ahn Jeong-Oh Yang Gil-Hah Kim 《Journal of Asia》2011,14(4):411-416
This study was performed to investigate the repellent effect of 5 μl doses of ten essential oils (bergamot, chamomile, clary sage, fennel, lavender, lemongrass, majoram, peanut, pennyroyal, and peppermint) against Lycorma delicatula 4th nymphs using an olfactometer. Only lavender oil exhibited significant repellency. We then tested 10, 5, 2.5, and 1 μl doses of lavender oil against the nymphs and females of L. delicatula. The oil showed significant repellency at 10 and 5 μl, although the latter is less potent to 1st instar nymphs. At the lavender oil dose of 2.5 μl, only 3rd and 4th instar nymphs and females were significantly affected. None of the stages tested were affected by 1 μl. Chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses of lavender oil detected linalool (42.2%), linalyl acetate (49.4%), terpinen-4-ol (5.0%), and caryophyllene oxide (3.4%). Among the four main components, only linalool showed repellency to all instar nymphs and females. No synergism was detected. Antennae of all instar nymphs and females showed electrophysiological responses only to linalool. In field studies using linalool, 4th nymphs and adults were highly repelled at a dose of 30 μl of lavender oil. The effect differed according to test plot and treatment dose. 相似文献
6.
Nineteen plant essential oils (EOs) extracted from the family Myrtaceae growing in Australia were screened for their acaricidal and repellent activities against two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), in the laboratory by dipping method and choice- and no-choice tests. Acaricidal bioassays showed that five EOs of Callistemon viminalis, Eucalyptus bicostata, Eucalyptus maidenii, Eucalyptus sideroxylm and Eucalyptus approximans significantly increased the mortality of female adult mites and decreased the total number of eggs. In a choice test, Callistemon sieberi, E. bicostata, Eucalyptus ovata, E. sideroxylm, Eucalyptus mannifera, Eucalyptus dives, Eucalyptus elata, Eucalyptus condonocarpa, Kunzea ericoides, Melaleuca armillaris and Melaleuca fulgens demonstrated good repellency to the mite. In another test, C. sieberi, E. bicostata, E. mannifera, E. condonocarpa, K. ericoides, M. armillaris, and M. fulgens EOs decreased the egg production of the females significantly. In the acaricidal and repellent tests, E. bicostata and E. sideroxylon EOs showed both acaricidal and repellent effects (choice test) and decreased the number of eggs on treated bean leaves. The gas chromatograph/mass spectroscopy analyses revealed that the major components of E. bicostata and E. sideroxylon were 1,8-cineole, limonene, and α-pinene. The 1,8-cineole and limonene showed significant repellent effects on the mites, resulting in reduced numbers of eggs in the choice test. Hence, EOs of E. bicostata and E. sideroxylon and limonene and 1,8-cineole may be potential agents to be used in the sustainable management of T. urticae. 相似文献
7.
Effects of a juvenile hormone analogue, pyriproxyfen, on the apterous form of soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsamura, is an eastern Asian soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] pest which can reduce soybean yield. We determined the effects of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone analogue, on development, mortality, longevity and fecundity of A. glycines under laboratory conditions. Distance Insect Growth Regulator, containing ∼11.2% pyriproxyfen, was applied at two concentrations, 50 and 150 mg/l, to first and fourth instar nymphs. When first or fourth instar A. glycines were treated with pyriproxyfen, some nymphs became supernumerary‐molted nymphs with 1–3 extra molts or were sterilized. Mortality of treated first instar nymphs was >68% greater than the control group and longevity was reduced by >40%. The higher concentration of pyriproxyfen reduced fecundity of first instar nymphs when they reached adulthood by ∼79%. Pyriproxyfen similarly affected fourth instar nymphs. Mortality of treated fourth instar nymphs was ≥15% greater than the control group and longevity was reduced by >24%. Both concentrations of pyriproxyfen lowered the fecundity of fourth instar nymphs by >27%. Pyriproxyfen also had other sublethal effects on fourth instar nymphs which became apparent when they molted to adulthood. In a few instances they developed wing pads and many produced dead, deformed or abnormal neonates that lacked appendages. 相似文献
8.
《Journal of Asia》2022,25(2):101881
The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.), is a globally destructive pest of cruciferous vegetables. Excessive use of synthetic pesticides to control this species results in negative effects on the environment, human health, and nontargeted organisms. The essential oils (EOs) derived from plants may be developed as effective alternatives to conventional pesticides. In this study, thirteen EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation, respectively. Their chemical compositions were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Furthermore, the biological activities of EOs such as toxicity, antifeedant activity, and growth inhibition effect, toward DBM larvae were investigated. Against DBM second-instar larvae, the most toxic EO was Pelargonium graveolens (LC50 = 0.36 μg/μl) after 72 hr of exposure, followed by Polygonum hydropiper (LC50 = 0.53 μg/μl). The Ocimum basilicum EO exhibited the highest antifeedant effect to third-instar larvae at at all set concentrations. At 15 μg/μl, the EOs of Acorus calamus, O. basilicum, and P. graveolens completely inhibited the feeding activities of larvae (100%). The Ruta graveolens EO showed the lowest relative growth rate and the highest growth inhibition rate towards third-instar larvae at diverse concentrations. And the EOs of P. hydropiper, A. calamus, and O. basilicum showed promising growth inhibition activities. Overall, the five EOs (P. graveolens, O. basilicum, R. graveolens, P. hydropiper, and A. calamus) showed moderate to high bioactivity, whereas eight EOs were found to be less active against DBM larvae. These results indicate that the five tested EOs are promising to be developed as novel botanical insecticides to control DBM population. 相似文献
9.
Z. L. Jiang Y. Akhtar X. Zhang R. Bradbury M. B. Isman 《Journal of Applied Entomology》2012,136(3):191-202
Ten essential oils were tested against the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni larvae for contact, residual and fumigant toxicities and feeding deterrent effects. Against third instar T. ni, Syzygium aromaticum (LD50 = 47.8 μg/larva), Thymus vulgaris (LD50 = 52.0 μg/larva) (the two positive controls) and Cinnamomum glanduliferum (LD50 = 76.0 μg/larva) were the most toxic via topical application. Litsea pungens (LD50 = 87.1 μg/larva), Ilex purpurea (LD50 = 94.0 μg/larva), Cinnamomum cassia (LD50 = 101.5 μg/larva) and Litsea cubeba (LD50 = 112.4 μg/larva) oils were equitoxic. Thymus vulgaris (LC50 = 4.8 mg/ml) and S. aromaticum (LC50 = 6.0 mg/ml) oils were the most toxic in residual bioassays. Cymbopogon citratus (LC50 = 7.7 mg/ml) and C. cassia (LC50 = 8.5 mg/ml) oils were equitoxic followed by Cymbopogon nardus (LC50 = 10.1 mg/ml) in this bioassay. The remaining five oils showed little or no residual effects. In a fumigation bioassay, L. cubeba (LC50 = 16.5 μl/l) and I. purpurea (LC50 = 22.2 μl/l) oils were the most toxic. Cinnamomum glanduliferum (LC50 = 29.7 μl/l) and Sabina vulgaris (LC50 = 31.2 μl/l) oils were equitoxic. Interestingly, S. aromaticum did not exhibit any fumigant toxicity. Cymbopogon citratus, C. nardus and C. cassia strongly deterred feeding by third instar T. ni (DC50s = 26.9, 33.8 and 39.6 μg/cm2, respectively) in a leaf disc choice bioassay. The different responses of T. ni larvae to the oils in different bioassays suggest that these essential oils exhibit different modes of action. Based on their comparable efficacy with essential oils already used as active ingredients in many commercial insecticides (i.e. clove oil and thyme oil), some of these essential oils may have potential as botanical insecticides against T. ni. 相似文献
10.
《Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences》2022,29(4):2582-2590
Despite the wide range of available antibiotics, food borne bacteria demonstrate a huge spectrum of resistance. The current study aims to use natural components such as essential oils (EOs), chitosan, and nano-chitosan that have very influential antibacterial properties with novel technologies like chitosan solution/film loaded with EOs against multi-drug resistant bacteria. Two strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and three strains of Listeria monocytogenes were used to estimate antibiotics resistance. Ten EOs and their mixture, chitosan, nano-chitosan, chitosan plus EO solutions, and biodegradable chitosan film enriched with EOs were tested as antibacterial agents against pathogenic bacterial strains. Results showed that E. coli O157:H7 51,659 and L. monocytogenes 19,116 relatively exhibited considerable resistance to more than one single antibiotic. Turmeric, cumin, pepper black, and marjoram did not show any inhibition zone against L. monocytogenes; Whereas, clove, thyme, cinnamon, and garlic EOs exhibited high antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 250–400 μl 100?1 ml and against E. coli O157:H7 with an MIC of 350–500 μl 100?1 ml, respectively. Among combinations, clove, and thyme EOs showed the highest antibacterial activity against E. coli O157:H7 with MIC of 170 μl 100?1 ml, and the combination of cinnamon and clove EOs showed the strongest antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes with an MIC of 120 μl 100?1 ml. Both chitosan and nano-chitosan showed a promising potential as an antibacterial agent against pathogenic bacteria as their MICs were relatively lower against L. monocytogenes than for E. coli O157:H7. Chitosan combined with each of cinnamon, clove, and thyme oil have a more effective antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 than the mixture of oils alone. Furthermore, the use of either chitosan solution or biodegradable chitosan film loaded with a combination of clove and thyme EOs had the strongest antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7. However, chitosan film without EOs did not exhibit an inhibition zone against the tested bacterial strains. 相似文献
11.
We evaluated the insecticidal and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition activities of the essential oils and their constituents of 10 Apiaceae on the adult rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae. Of the 10 species tested, dill (Anethum graveolens), caraway (Carum carvi), and cumin (Cuminum cyminum) essential oils showed strong fumigant toxicity against adult S. oryzae. LC50 values of caraway, dill, and cumin essential oils were 2.45, 3.29, and 4.75 mg/L air, respectively. Among the test compounds, (+)-carvone, (?)-carvone, cuminaldehyde, dihydrocarvone, linalool oxide, carveol, trans-anethole, and neral demonstrated strong fumigant toxicity against adult S. oryzae with LC50 values of 0.61, 0.84, 1.12, 2.92, 3.76, 4.29, 5.02, and 6.60 mg/L air, respectively. α-Pinene showed the strongest AChE inhibition activity followed by β-pinene and limonene. The measured toxicity of the artificial blends of the constituents identified in dill and cumin oils indicated that (+)-carvone and cuminaldehyde were major contributors to the fumigant toxicity of the artificial blend. 相似文献
12.
Steven M. Valles Charles A. Strong Philip G. Koehler 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1996,79(2):171-178
Food consumption was measured in an insecticide-susceptible (Orlando) and-resistant (Village Green) strain of German cockroach, Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae), throughout each stadium. All instars exhibited a similar pattern of consumption over the course of the instar; consumption was low to moderate at the beginning of each instar, climbed steadily to a maximum near the middle, declined progressively from the mid-instar maximum, and ceased or was minimal several days before the next molt. Consumption ceased or was minimal during the final two to four days of each instar. Cumulative consumption for the six instars was significantly greater in the Village Green strain as compared with the Orlando strain. Village Green nymphs consumed 79.6±0.7 mg of rat chow while Orlando nymphs consumed 63.7±3.4 mg. Total consumption by instar increased significantly with each successive instar in the Village Green strain. In addition, Village Green sixth instar females consumed significantly more food than sixth instar males. A similar trend was observed for the Orlando strain; consumption tended to increase in each successive instar. Relative consumption rate (food consumed/cockroach/instar divided by the mean weight of the instar) was highest in the first two instars and decreased in subsequent instars. 相似文献
13.
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the fumigant activity of the essential oils from 11 species of the genus Eucalyptus and two of their hybrids on first instar of Blattella germanica L. The fumigant activity and repellence of the four major monoterpene components of these essential oils also were tested. Fumigant activity was evaluated by exposing nymphs to the vapors emitted by 50 microl of essential oil or monoterpene in a closed container. The lowest knockdown time 50% (KT50) values, expressed in minutes, were elicited by the essential oils of the Eucalyptus grandis X Eucalyptus tereticornis (57.9) hybrid, Eucalyptus sideroxylon A. Cunn (62.0), E. grandis X Eucalyptus camaldulensis (63.8) hybrid, Eucalyptus viminalis Labill (64.1), Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden (64.5), and Eucalyptus grandis (Hill) ex Maiden (68.7). The KT50 values for the remaining essential oils ranged between 74.5 (E. saligna Smith) and 161.4 min (E. tereticornis Smith). The essential oil from the hybrid E. grandis X E. tereticornis was 3.7 times less toxic than dichlorvos (positive control). The KT50 values of monoterpenes were 38.8 for alpha-pinene, 55.3 for 1,8-cineole, 175.6 for p-cymene, and 178.3 for gamma-terpinene. Alpha-pinene was 2.5 times less toxic than dichlorvos. There was a strong positive correlation between the fumigant activity of essential oils and their corresponding 1,8-cineole and alpha-pinene concentration. Repellency was quantified using a video tracking system. Two concentrations of monoterpenes were studied (7 and 70 microg/cm2). All compounds produced a light repellent effect but only when applied at 70 microg/cm2. In all cases, the repellent effect was less than that produced by the broad-spectrum insect repellent N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (positive control). 相似文献
14.
《Environmental Pollution (1970)》1976,10(1):9-18
The toxicity of water-soluble fractions of two refined and two crude oils to two species of laboratory-reared polychaetes was determined. The two refined oils (No. 2 fuel oil and bunker ‘C’ residual oil) proved most toxic to both species. South Louisiana crude oil was less toxic than either of the refined oils, yet more toxic than Kuwait crude oil.The higher concentrations of toxic diaromatic compounds (naphthalenes) found in refined oils probably accounted for major differences between the toxicity of refined versus crude oils. Capitella capitata was slightly more sensitive to three of the four oils than was Neanthes arenaceodentata. Both species appear to be quite similar to fish and crustaceans in their sensitivity to these four oils. 相似文献
15.
The fumigant toxicity of 92 plant essential oils to adult Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Orius strigicollis Poppius (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) was examined by using a vapor phase toxicity bioassay and compared with those of dichlorvos, emamectin benzoate, spinosad, and thiamethoxam, four commonly used insecticides. Responses varied according to oil type and insect species. As judged by 24-h LC50 values, pennyroyal oil (2.63 mg/liter air) was the most toxic fumigant and was 23.6-fold more toxic than dichlorvos (62.09 mg/liter air) against adult T. palmi. Potent fumigant toxicity (LC50, 11.03-19.21 mg/liter air) was observed in armoise, basil, cedarleaf, coriander, cypress, howood, hyssop, marjoram, myrtle, niaouli, rosemary, and sage (Dalmatia) oils. Neither emamectin benzoate, spinosad, nor thiamethoxam exhibited fumigant action. Against adult O. strigicollis, dichlorvos (LC50, 6.3 x 10(-6) mg/liter air) was the most toxic fumigant, whereas the LC50 values of the 13 essential oils ranged from 17.29 to 158.22 mg/liter air. O. strigicollis was 1.4-22.1 times less susceptible than T. palmi to the essential oils. The essential oils described merit further study as potential fumigants for the control of T. palmi in greenhouses. 相似文献
16.
《Journal of Asia》2014,17(1):13-17
Two commercialized essential oils and their constituent compounds were investigated for fumigant and contact activities against two grain storage insects, adults of the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) and the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). The two commercialized basil and orange oils showed strong fumigant and contact activities against S. zeamais and T. castaneum. The constituents of the basil oil were linalool (21.83%), estragole (74.29%), and α-humulene (2.17%), and those of the orange oil were α-pinene (0.54%), sabinene (0.38%), β-myrcene (1.98%), limonene (96.5%), and linalool (0.6%). As a toxic fumigant, the basil oil was more effective (24-h LC50 = 0.014 and 0.020 mg cm− 3) than the orange oil (24-h LC50 = 0.106 and 0.130 mg cm− 3) against S. zeamais and T. castaneum adults, respectively. Among the constituents of the two essential oils, the toxicity of estragole was the highest (0.004 and 0.013), followed by linalool (0.016 and 0.023), limonene (0.122 and 0.171), α-pinene (0.264 and 0.273), and β-myrcene (0.274 and 0.275) based on 24-h LC50 values (mg cm− 3). Similar results were obtained in a contact toxicity test. The contact activity of basil oil was more toxic than orange oil, and estragole and linalool showed pronounced contact toxicity against S. zeamais and T. castaneum adults. Alpha-humulene had no activity as a fumigant at the tested doses, but it did have an effect as a contact poison, having 24-h LD50 values of 0.040 and 0.045 mg adult− 1 to S. zeamais and T. castaneum, respectively. Although basil oil, orange oil, and their components displayed both contact and fumigant toxicities, their effects were mainly exerted by fumigant action via the vapor phase. Thus, basil oil, orange oil, and their components could be potential candidates as new fumigants for the control of S. zeamais and T. castaneum adults. 相似文献
17.
Nematicidal activity of essential oils: a review 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Maria Fe Andrés Azucena González-Coloma Jesus Sanz Jesus Burillo Paula Sainz 《Phytochemistry Reviews》2012,11(4):371-390
Plant parasitic nematodes are the most destructive group of plant pathogens worldwide and their control is extremely challenging. Plant Essential oils (EOs) and their constituents have a great potential in nematode control since they can be developed for use as nematicides themselves or can serve as model compounds for the development of derivatives with enhanced activity. This study reviews the plant EOs evaluated as potential nematicides and their toxic effects against pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Additionally, the nematicidal activity to M. javanica of several EOs from Spanish aromatic plants and their components is described. 相似文献
18.
Raúl A. Alzogaray María I. Picollo Eduardo N. Zerba 《Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology》1998,37(3):225-230
The toxicity of pure cis- and trans-permethrin or mixtures of the two isomers topically applied to first, third, and fifth instar nymphs of Triatoma infestans (Klug) at 26°C was determined. The cis-isomer was more active than the trans-isomer in the three stages evaluated. When the two isomers were simultaneously applied to first instar nymphs, an additive effect was observed. Similar treatments of third and fifth instar nymphs resulted in an antagonistic effect. In third instar nymphs, the cis-isomer was more active than trans-isomer at all the three temperatures assayed (16°, 26°, and 36°C). The toxicity of the cis-isomer was lower at 36°C than at either 16° or 26°C. Temperature had no significant effect on the toxicity of the trans-isomer within the temperature range assayed. The toxicity of either isomer to third instar nymphs was not affected by pretreatment of nymphs with PBO (an inhibitor of mixed-function oxidases activity) or TPP (an inhibitor of esterase activity), suggesting that these detoxification pathways are not relevant in the metabolism of cis- or trans-isomers. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 37:225–230, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
19.
Blattella germanica (L.) that were fed hydramethylnon bait produced residues that were toxic to exposed conspecifics. Insecticidal activity was traced to the feces of treated insects by feeding radiolabeled material, where approximately 50% of the recovered radioactivity was unmetabolized parent compound. Ingestion of toxicant-laden feces by all life stages was evident, but the effect of this behavior was greatest on early instar nymphs. Baits containing toxicants with delayed activity, such as hydramethylnon, probably affect cockroach field populations indirectly through coprophagy. 相似文献
20.
《Insect Biochemistry》1987,17(7):1109-1113
By injection of azadirachtin (AZA) to 5th instar hoppers of Locusta migratoria migratorioides, “over-aged” nymphs were produced, some of which survived for long periods without moulting to adults. Such over-aged male nymphs exhibited mating behaviour belatedly, though at a lower intensity than normal adults. Juvenile hormone (JH) markedly intensifies male sexual behaviour in crowded adult (6th instar) Locusta; thus, the lower intensity of sexual behaviour of the over-aged nymphs might have been caused by a low endogenous JH titre, or by a weaker response to the hormone. To clarify this point, chemically allatectomized over-aged 5th instar nymphs were produced by combined treatment with precocene and AZA. These exhibited a very low intensity of mating behaviour. Injections of exogenous JH III intensified the mating behaviour of the chemically allatectomized over-aged 5th instar male nymphs in a dose-dependent way, but the effect was weaker than in chemically allatectomized adult males. AZA-induced over-aged 4th instar male Locusta hoppers also exhibited mating behaviour. By injection of AZA, 5th instar over-aged hoppers of Schistocerca gregaria were also produced. Males showed mating behaviour belatedly, despite the fact that JH completely controls male sexual behaviour in this species. The intensity of this behaviour was again lower than in adults. Interrelations between integumental morphogenesis, “ethogenesis” of male sexual behaviour, and endocrine factors in locusts are discussed. 相似文献