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1.
Rational design and preparation of SnO2‐based materials with superior electrochemical performance for lithium‐ion batteries are highly desirable. In this work, the synthesis of SnO2/nitrogen‐doped carbon (SnO2/NC) submicroboxes with excellent lithium storage properties is reported. The as‐synthesized SnO2/NC submicroboxes are highly porous with a high specific surface area of 125 m2 g?1, well‐defined hollow structure (around 400 nm in size) with a shell thickness of 40 nm, and ultrasmall SnO2 nanoparticles uniformly coated with nitrogen‐doped carbon layer. As a result, the SnO2/NC submicroboxes show outstanding electrochemical performance as an anode material for lithium‐ion batteries. A high reversible capacity of 491 mAh g?1 can be retained after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.5 A g?1.  相似文献   

2.
A simple ball‐milling method is used to synthesize a tin oxide‐silicon carbide/few‐layer graphene core‐shell structure in which nanometer‐sized SnO2 particles are uniformly dispersed on a supporting SiC core and encapsulated with few‐layer graphene coatings by in situ mechanical peeling. The SnO2‐SiC/G nanocomposite material delivers a high reversible capacity of 810 mA h g?1 and 83% capacity retention over 150 charge/discharge cycles between 1.5 and 0.01 V at a rate of 0.1 A g?1. A high reversible capacity of 425 mA h g?1 also can be obtained at a rate of 2 A g?1. When discharged (Li extraction) to a higher potential at 3.0 V (vs. Li/Li+), the SnO2‐SiC/G nanocomposite material delivers a reversible capacity of 1451 mA h g?1 (based on the SnO2 mass), which corresponds to 97% of the expected theoretical capacity (1494 mA h g?1, 8.4 equivalent of lithium per SnO2), and exhibits good cyclability. This result suggests that the core‐shell nanostructure can achieve a completely reversible transformation from Li4.4Sn to SnO2 during discharging (i.e., Li extraction by dealloying and a reversible conversion reaction, generating 8.4 electrons). This suggests that simple mechanical milling can be a powerful approach to improve the stability of high‐performance electrode materials involving structural conversion and transformation.  相似文献   

3.
Self‐supporting Sn foil is a promising high‐volumetric‐capacity anode for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), but it suffers from low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE). Here, mechanical prelithiation is adopted to improve ICE, and it is found that Sn foils with coarser grains are prone to cause electrode damage. To mitigate damage and prepare thinner lithiated electrodes, 3Ag0.5Cu96.5Sn foil is used that has more refined grains (5–10 µm) instead of Sn (50–100 µm), where the abundant grain boundaries (GBs) offer more sliding systems to release stress and reduce deep fractures. Thus, the thickness of Lix3Ag0.5Cu96.5Sn can be reduced to 50 µm, compared to 100 µm LixSn. When the foils contact open air, the Sn‐Li‐O(H) products are more stable than Li‐O(H), thus Lix3Ag0.5Cu96.5Sn shows outstanding air stability. The as‐prepared 50 µm foil anode achieves stable 200 cycles in LiFePO4//Lix3Ag0.5Cu96.5Sn full cell (≈2.65 mAh cm?2) and the capacity retention is 95%. Even at 5C, the capacity of Lix3Ag0.5Cu96.5Sn is still up to ≈1.8 mAh cm?2. The cycle life of NCM523//Lix3Ag0.5Cu96.5Sn full cell exceeds that of NCM523//Li. Furthermore, 70 µm Lix3Ag0.5Cu96.5Sn is used as double‐sided anode for a 3 cm × 2.8 cm pouch cell and its actual volumetric capacity density is 674 mAh cm?3 after 50 cycles.  相似文献   

4.
The exploration of sodium ion batteries (SIBs) is a profound challenge due to the rich sodium abundance and limited supply of lithium on earth. Here, amorphous SnO2/graphene aerogel (a‐SnO2/GA) nanocomposites have been successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal method for use as anode materials in SIBs. The designed annealing process produces crystalline SnO2/graphene aerogel (c‐SnO2/GA) nanocomposites. For the first time, the significant effects of SnO2 crystallinity on sodium storage performance are studied in detail. Notably, a‐SnO2/GA is more effective than c‐SnO2/GA in overcoming electrode degradation from large volume changes associated with charge–discharge processes. Surprisingly, the amorphous SnO2 delivers a high specific capacity of 380.2 mAh g?1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 50 mA g?1, which is almost three times as much as for crystalline SnO2 (138.6 mAh g?1). The impressive electrochemical performance of amorphous SnO2 can be attributed to the intrinsic isotropic nature, the enhanced Na+ diffusion coefficient, and the strong interaction between amorphous SnO2 and GA. In addition, amorphous SnO2 particles with the smaller size better function to relieve the volume expansion/shrinkage. This study provides a significant research direction aiming to increase the electrochemical performance of the anode materials used in SIBs.  相似文献   

5.
Metal oxides synthesized by the solvothermal approach have widespread applications, while their nanostructure control remains challenging because their reaction mechanism is still not fully understood. Herein, it is demonstrated how the competitive relation between Ostwald ripening and surface charging during solvothermal synthesis is crucial to engineering high‐quality metal (oxide)–carbon nanomaterials. Using SnO2 as a case study, a new type of hollow SnO2–C hybrid nanoparticles is synthesized consisting of core–shell structured SnO2@C nanodots (which has not been previously reported). This new anode material exhibits extremely high lithium storage capacity of 1225 and 955 mAh g?1 at 200 and 500 mA g?1, respectively, and excellent cycling stability. In addition, full‐battery cells are constructed combining SnO2–C anode with Ni‐rich cathode, which can be charged to a higher voltage compared to commercial graphite anode and still demonstrate extraordinary rate performance. This study provides significant insight into the largely unexplored reaction mechanism during solvothermal synthesis, and demonstrates how such understanding can be used to achieve high‐performance metal (oxide)–C anodes for rechargeable batteries.  相似文献   

6.
Li2S is one of the most promising cathode materials for Li‐ion batteries because of its high theoretical capacity and compatibility with Li‐metal‐free anode materials. However, the poor conductivity and electrochemical reactivity lead to low initial capacity and severe capacity decay. In this communication, a nitrogen and phosphorus codoped carbon (N,P–C) framework derived from phytic acid doped polyaniline hydrogel is designed to support Li2S nanoparticles as a binder‐free cathode for Li–S battery. The porous 3D architecture of N and P codoped carbon provides continuous electron pathways and hierarchically porous channels for Li ion transport. Phosphorus doping can also suppress the shuttle effect through strong interaction between sulfur and the carbon framework, resulting in high Coulombic efficiency. Meanwhile, P doping in the carbon framework plays an important role in improving the reaction kinetics, as it may help catalyze the redox reactions of sulfur species to reduce electrochemical polarization, and enhance the ionic conductivity of Li2S. As a result, the Li2S/N,P–C composite electrode delivers a stable capacity of 700 mA h g?1 with average Coulombic efficiency of 99.4% over 100 cycles at 0.1C and an areal capacity as high as 2 mA h cm?2 at 0.5C.  相似文献   

7.
All‐solid‐state batteries with an alkali metal anode have the potential to achieve high energy density. However, the onset of dendrite formation limits the maximum plating current density across the solid electrolyte and prevents fast charging. It is shown that the maximum plating current density is related to the interfacial resistance between the solid electrolyte and the metal anode. Due to their high ionic conductivity, low electronic conductivity, and stability against sodium metal, Na‐β″‐alumina ceramics are excellent candidates as electrolytes for room‐temperature all‐solid‐state batteries. Here, it is demonstrated that a heat treatment of Na‐β″‐alumina ceramics in argon atmosphere enables an interfacial resistance <10 Ω cm2 and current densities up to 12 mA cm?2 at room temperature. The current density obtained for Na‐β″‐alumina is ten times higher than that measured on a garnet‐type Li7La3Zr2O12 electrolyte under equivalent conditions. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that eliminating hydroxyl groups and carbon contaminations at the interface between Na‐β″‐alumina and sodium metal is key to reach such values. By comparing the temperature‐dependent stripping/plating behavior of Na‐β″‐alumina and Li7La3Zr2O12, the role of the alkali metal in governing interface kinetics is discussed. This study provides new insights into dendrite formation and paves the way for fast‐charging all‐solid‐state batteries.  相似文献   

8.
This work introduces an effective, inexpensive, and large‐scale production approach to the synthesis of a carbon coated, high grain boundary density, dual phase Li4Ti5O12‐TiO2 nanocomposite anode material for use in rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries. The microstructure and morphology of the Li4Ti5O12‐TiO2‐C product were characterized systematically. The Li4Ti5O12‐TiO2‐C nanocomposite electrode yielded good electrochemical performance in terms of high capacity (166 mAh g?1 at a current density of 0.5 C), good cycling stability, and excellent rate capability (110 mAh g?1 at a current density of 10 C up to 100 cycles). The likely contributing factors to the excellent electrochemical performance of the Li4Ti5O12‐TiO2‐C nanocomposite could be related to the improved morphology, including the presence of high grain boundary density among the nanoparticles, carbon layering on each nanocrystal, and grain boundary interface areas embedded in a carbon matrix, where electronic transport properties were tuned by interfacial design and by varying the spacing of interfaces down to the nanoscale regime, in which the grain boundary interface embedded carbon matrix can store electrolyte and allows more channels for the Li+ ion insertion/extraction reaction. This research suggests that carbon‐coated dual phase Li4Ti5O12‐TiO2 nanocomposites could be suitable for use as a high rate performance anode material for lithium‐ion batteries.  相似文献   

9.
Ultrathin Li4Ti5O12 nanosheet based hierarchical microspheres are synthesized through a three‐step hydrothermal procedure. The average thickness of the Li4Ti5O12 sheets is only ≈(6.6 ± 0.25) nm and the specific surface area of the sample is 178 m2 g?1. When applied into lithium ion batteries as anode materials, the hierarchical Li4Ti5O12 microspheres exhibit high specific capacities at high rates (156 mA h g?1 at 20 C, 150 mA h g?1 at 50 C) and maintain a capacity of 126 mA h g?1 after 3000 cycles at 20 C. The results clearly suggest that the utility of hierarchical structures based on ultrathin nanosheets can promote the lithium insertion/extraction reactions in Li4Ti5O12. The obtained hierarchical Li4Ti5O12 with ultrathin nanosheets and large specific surface area can be perfect anode materials for the lithium ion batteries applied in high power facilities, such as electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles.  相似文献   

10.
Niobates with shear ReO3 crystal structures are remarkably promising anode materials for Li+ batteries due to their large capacities, inherent safety, and high cycling stability. However, they generally suffer from limited rate capabilities rooted in their insufficient electronic and Li+ conductivities. Here, micrometer‐sized copper niobate (Cu2Nb34O87) bulk as a new anode material having a high electronic conductivity of 2.1 × 10?5 S cm?1 and an impressive average Li+ diffusion coefficient of ≈3.5 × 10?13 cm2 s?1 is exploited, which synergistically leads to an excellent rate capability (184 mAh g?1 at 10 C) while remaining a large reversible capacity and superior cycling stability. Moreover, the fast Li+ transport pathways of grain boundary (micrometer scale) → lattice deformation area (nanometer scale) → (010) crystallographic plane (angstrom scale) are demonstrated in Cu2Nb34O87. Therefore, these results could pave the way for practical application of Cu2Nb34O87 in high‐performance Li+ batteries.  相似文献   

11.
The structural evolution of electrochemically prelithiated Fe2O3 nanoparticles confined in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) during lithium insertion/extraction is studied by in situ transmission electron microscopy. It is found that the aggregation and coarsening of Fe core‐containing Li2O (Fe@Li2O) nanograins formed during the charge process are prevented by the spatial restriction of the CNTs. A high reversible capacity of 2071 mA h g?1 for the encapsulated Fe2O3 nanoparticles in CNTs is demonstrated when the material is used as the anode of lithium ion batteries. This is the highest reversible capacity ever reported for an Fe2O3 electrode. The significantly improved lithium storage capacity of the Fe2O3 nanoparticles is attributed to the extra lithium storage due to the enhanced interfacial lithium storage and reversible reaction of LiOH to form LiH and solid‐electrolyte‐interphase conversion originating from the nanoconfinement of CNTs as well as the very small particle size of the Fe@Li2O nanograins and their good electrical contact with CNTs.  相似文献   

12.
Two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are widely recognized as an important class of functional materials possessing superior electrochemical reaction kinetics. Herein, an L‐aspartic acid (AA)‐modified graphene oxide (GO) templating strategy is developed to in situ yield ultrathin (i.e., ≈5 nm) cobalt carbonate hydroxide (Co2(OH)2CO3) nanosheets as advanced anode materials of lithium ion batteries. Notably, the covalent tethering of AA on the GO surface renders a high density of carboxyl groups that impart effective loading of Co‐containing precursors and subsequent growth into Co2(OH)2CO3 nanosheets bridging adjacent GO layers. The lasagna‐like Co2(OH)2CO3‐GO nanocomposites exhibit an ultrahigh lithium storage capacity of 1770 mAh g?1 after 500 cycles at 100 mA g?1. It is noteworthy that the cycled Co2(OH)2CO3 phase separates into homogeneously dispersed Co(OH)2 and CoCO3 phases with two different charge plateaus at ≈1.2 and 2.0 V, respectively, which effectively inhibit large‐scale homophase coarsening of Co, Li2CO3, and LiOH. The much shortened Li+/e? transfer distance enabled by individual ultrathin Co2(OH)2CO3 nanosheet together with robust layer‐by‐layer assembled nanostructure of Co2(OH)2CO3‐GO confers the superior electrochemical reactivity and mechanical stability. As such, the amino acid‐modified GO templating strategy may represent a simple yet robust means of crafting a variety of 2D nanostructured composites of interest for energy storage applications.  相似文献   

13.
Current battery technologies are known to suffer from kinetic problems associated with the solid‐state diffusion of Li+ in intercalation electrodes materials. Not only the use of nanostructure materials but also the design of electrode architectures can lead to more advanced properties. Here, advanced electrode architectures consisting of carbon textiles conformally covered by Li4Ti5O12 nanocrystal are rationally designed and synthesized for lithium ion batteries. The efficient two‐step synthesis involves the growth of ultrathin TiO2 nanosheets on carbon textiles, and subsequent conversion into spinel Li4Ti5O12 through chemical lithiation. Importantly, this novel approach is simple and general, and it is used to successfully produce LiMn2O4/carbon composites textiles, one of the leading cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. The resulting 3D textile electrode, with various advantages including the direct electronic pathway to current collector, the easy access of electrolyte ions, the reduced Li+/e? diffusion length, delivers excellent rate capability and good cyclic stability over the Li‐ion batteries of conventional configurations.  相似文献   

14.
Rechargeable aqueous Zn‐based batteries are attractive candidates as energy storage technology, but the uncontrollable Zn dendrites, low stripping/plating coulombic efficiency, and inefficient utilization of Zn metal limit the battery reliability and energy density. Herein, for the first time, a novel presodiated TiS2 (Na0.14TiS2) is proposed and investigated as an intercalated anode for aqueous Zn‐ion batteries, showing a capacity of 140 mAh g?1 with a suitable potential of 0.3 V (vs Zn2+/Zn) at 0.05 A g?1 and superior cyclability of 77% retention over 5000 cycles at 0.5 A g?1. The remarkable performance originates from the buffer phase formation of Na0.14TiS2 after chemically presodiating TiS2, which not only improves the structural reversibility and stability but also enhances the diffusion coefficient and electronic conductivity, and lowers cation migration barrier, as evidenced by a series of experimental and theoretical studies. Moreover, an aqueous “rocking‐chair” Zn‐ion full battery is successfully demonstrated by this Na0.14TiS2 anode and ZnMn2O4 cathode, which delivers a capacity of 105 mAh g?1 (for anode) with an average voltage of 0.95 V at 0.05 A g?1 and preserves 74% retention after 100 cycles at 0.2 A g?1, demonstrating the feasibility of Zn‐ion full batteries for energy storage applications.  相似文献   

15.
Three‐dimensional mesoporous TiO2‐Sn/C core‐shell nanowire arrays are prepared on Ti foil as anodes for lithium‐ion batteries. Sn formed by a reduction of SnO2 is encapsulated into TiO2 nanowires and the carbon layer is coated onto it. For additive‐free, self‐supported anodes in Li‐ion batteries, this unique core‐shell composite structure can effectively buffer the volume change, suppress cracking, and improve the conductivity of the electrode during the discharge‐charge process, thus resulting in superior rate capability and excellent long‐term cycling stability. Specifically, the TiO2‐Sn/C nanowire arrays display rechargeable discharge capacities of 769, 663, 365, 193, and 90 mA h g?1 at 0.1C, 0.5C, 2C 10C, and 30C, respectively (1C = 335 mA g?1). Furthermore, the TiO2‐Sn/C nanowire arrays exhibit a capacity retention rate of 84.8% with a discharge capacity of over 160 mA h g?1, even after 100 cycles at a high current rate of 10C.  相似文献   

16.
Phosphorus and tin phosphide based materials that are extensively researched as the anode for Na‐ion batteries mostly involve complexly synthesized and sophisticated nanocomposites limiting their commercial viability. This work reports a Sn4P3‐P (Sn:P = 1:3) @graphene nanocomposite synthesized with a novel and facile mechanochemical method, which exhibits unrivalled high‐rate capacity retentions of >550 and 371 mA h g?1 at 1 and 2 A g?1, respectively, over 1000 cycles and achieves excellent rate capability (>815, ≈585 and ≈315 mA h g?1 at 0.1, 2, and 10 A g?1, respectively).  相似文献   

17.
A NaSICON‐type Li+‐ion conductive membrane with a formula of Li1+ x Y x Zr2? x (PO4)3 (LYZP) (x = 0–0.15) has been explored as a solid‐electrolyte/separator to suppress polysulfide‐crossover in lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries. The LYZP membrane with a reasonable Li+‐ion conductivity shows both favorable chemical compatibility with the lithium polysulfide species and exhibits good electrochemical stability under the operating conditions of the Li‐S batteries. Through an integration of the LYZP solid electrolyte with the liquid electrolyte, the hybrid Li‐S batteries show greatly enhanced cyclability in contrast to the conventional Li‐S batteries with the porous polymer (e.g., Celgard) separator. At a rate of C/5, the hybrid Li ||LYZP|| Li2S6 batteries developed in this study (with a Li‐metal anode, a liquid/LYZP hybrid electrolyte, and a dissolved lithium polysulfide cathode) delivers an initial discharge capacity of ≈1000 mA h g?1 (based on the active sulfur material) and retains ≈90% of the initial capacity after 150 cycles with a low capacity fade‐rate of <0.07% per cycle.  相似文献   

18.
The fabrication of ultrasmall and high‐content SnO2 nanocrystals anchored on doped graphene can endow SnO2 with superior electrochemical properties. Herein, an effective strategy, involving molecular engineering of a layer‐by‐layer assembly technique, is proposed to homogeneously anchor SnO2 nanocrystals on nitrogen/sulfur codoped graphene (NSGS), which serves as an advanced anode material in lithium/sodium‐ion batteries (LIBs/SIBs). Benefiting from novel design and specific structure, the optimized NSGS for LIBs displays high initial capacity (2123.9 mAh g?1 at 0.1 A g?1), long‐term cycling performance (only 0.8% loss after 500 cycles), and good rate capability (477.4 mAh g?1 at 5 A g?1). In addition, the optimized NSGS for SIBs also delivers high initial capacity (791.7 mAh g?1 at 0.1 A g?1) and high reversible capacity (180.2 mAh g?1 after 500 cycles at 0.5 A g?1). Meanwhile, based on the detailed analysis of phase transition and electrochemical reaction kinetics, the reaction mechanisms of NSGS in LIBs and SIBs as well as the distinction in LIBs/SIBs are clearly articulated. Notably, to further explore the practical application, Li/Na+ full cells are also assembled by coupling the optimized NSGS anode with LiCoO2 and Na3V2(PO4)3/C cathodes, respectively.  相似文献   

19.
Owing to its high theoretical specific capacity (1166 mA h g?1) and particularly its advantage to be paired with a lithium‐metal‐free anode, lithium sulfide (Li2S) is regarded as a much safer cathode for next‐generation advanced lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. However, the low conductivity of Li2S and particularly the severe “polysulfide shuttle” of lithium polysulfide (LiPS) dramatically hinder their practical application in Li–S batteries. To address such issues, herein a bifuctional 3D metal sulfide‐decorated carbon sponge (3DTSC), which is constructed by 1D carbon nanowires cross‐linked with 2D graphene nanosheets with high conductivity and polar 0D metal sulfide nanodots with efficient electrocatalytic activity and strong chemical adsorption capability for LiPSs, is presented. Benefiting from the well‐designed multiscale, multidimensional 3D porous nanoarchitecture with high conductivity, and efficient electrocatalytic and absorption ability, the 3DTSC significantly mitigates LiPS shuttle, improves the utilization of Li2S, and facilitates the transport of electrons and ions. As a result, even with a high Li2S loading of 8 mg cm?2, the freestanding 3DTSC‐Li2S cathode without a polymer binder and metallic current collector delivers outstanding electrochemical performance with a high areal capacity of 8.44 mA h cm?2.  相似文献   

20.
Sodium‐ion capacitors (SICs) are emerging energy storage devices with high energy, high power, and durable life. Sn is a promising anode material for lithium storage, but the poor conductivity of the a‐NaSn phase upon sodaition hinders its implementation in SICs. Herein, a superior Sn‐based anode material consisting of plum pudding‐like Co2P/Sn yolk encapsulated with nitrogen‐doped carbon nanobox (Co2P/Sn@NC) for high‐performance SICs is reported. The 8–10 nm metallic nanoparticles produced in situ are uniformly dispersed in the amorphous Sn matrix serving as conductive fillers to facilitate electron transfer in spite of the formation of electrically resistive a‐NaSn phase during cycling. Meanwhile, the carbon shell buffers the large expansion of active Sn and provides a stable electrode–electrolyte interface. Owing to these merits, the yolk–shell Co2P/Sn@NC demonstrates a large capacity of 394 mA h g?1 at 100 mA g?1, high rate capability of 168 mA h g?1 at 5000 mA g?1, and excellent cyclability with 87% capacity retention after 10 000 cycles. By integrating the Co2P/Sn@NC anode with a peanut shell‐derived carbon cathode in the SIC, high energy densities of 112.3 and 43.7 Wh kg?1 at power densities of 100 and 10 000 W kg?1 are achieved.  相似文献   

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