不同柽柳林地柽柳上植食性天敌昆虫群落多样性的比较研究

三个柽柳林地取食柽柳的植食性天敌昆虫优势类群组成相同,主要由瘿螨科(Eriophyidae)、瘿蚊科(Cecidomyiidae)、盾蚧科(Diaspididae)、杂斑木虱科(Aphalaridae)、叶蝉科(Cicadellidae)、盲蝽科(Miridae)、象甲科(Curculionidae)、叶甲科(Chrysomelidae)、麦蛾科(Gelechiidae)等类群组成.其中大部分科仅由某一种或某一属组成.位于温暖气候区的大河沿林地虽然面积最小,但植食性昆虫科的总数量、丰富度(中、后期)、多样性指数N1和N1(中、后期)等参数均高于寒冷区的其他两林地.同位于寒冷地区的阜康和呼图壁林地,面积较大的阜康林地的昆虫群落除均匀度在各季节时期显著高于呼图壁外,其他如总科数、Hill系列多样性参数、丰富度等与面积较小的呼图壁林地无显著差异.     

麦田昆虫群落结构及多样性的季节动态

通过2年对麦田昆虫群落的系统调查,共查得昆虫11目、62科1、13种,其中植食类51种、捕食类23种、寄生类24种、腐食和食血类15种,种类数和个体数分别占群落总数的45.13,20.35,21.24,13.27%和92.89,2.19,3.63,1.35%。麦田昆虫群落可划分为4个营养层、6个功能团和19个类群,麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae(Fabricius)是绝对的优势种,其数量变动决定着总群落结构和多样性的季节动态。麦田昆虫群落多样性表现为前期和后期高、中期低的时间格局,类群多样性与物种多样性的变化趋势最为相似,可用类群多样性代替物种多样性进行群落分析。     

鸣翠湖湿地昆虫群落功能团组成及其多样性

为研究鸣翠湖湿地昆虫群落功能团结构及其多样性的变化,于2016年5—10月,采用棋盘式扫网和陷阱捕捉的方法对鸣翠湖湿地昆虫进行调查,共采集昆虫11780只,隶属11目81科271种。根据食性归为4个亚群落和8个功能团,分析了昆虫群落的物种、功能团和亚群落多样性的时序动态。结果表明:刺吸类、中性昆虫和寄生类昆虫为优势功能团,个体数量分别占总数量的35.02%、32.67%和13.51%;优势类群为摇蚊科昆虫,个体数量占总数量的20.44%;在不同季节,植食性和中性昆虫的相对丰富度总体高于寄生性和捕食性昆虫;不同功能集团的优势类群丰富度随季节变化明显;不同月份昆虫群落的相对稳定性波动较大,但随季节演替时序分明。     

稀土叶面肥对葡萄园节肢动物群落和食饵功能团的影响

为阐明稀土叶面肥对江淮丘陵和黄河故道葡萄园节肢动物群落、中性昆虫亚群落和食饵功能团组成的影响,通过系统调查和数学分析得出,稀土元素镧、钕和醋(CK2)对肥东葡萄园节肢动物总群落、植食性昆虫亚群落和捕食性天敌亚群落的物种数、个体数和物种丰富度的影响均不显著。稀土叶面肥对萧县总群落的物种数影响显著,镧对总群落物种丰富度影响显著,其余影响不显著。镧和钕元素对两地葡萄园中性昆虫亚群落的物种数和物种丰富度影响极显著,对个体数影响不显著,CK2对中性昆虫亚群落的物种数、个体数和物种丰富度影响均不显著;肥东县葡萄园镧肥区、钕肥区和CK2与CK1之间食饵功能团物种数的t值为3.4384、2.3911和2.0528,镧肥区和钕肥区与CK2之间食饵功能团物种数的t值为1.6397和0.6357;萧县葡萄园镧肥区、钕肥区和CK2与CK1之间食饵功能团的物种数t值为2.2909、2.3223和0.3674,镧肥和钕肥区与CK2之间的t值为2.7533和2.7744,表明镧肥和钕肥对两地食饵功能团的物种数影响均显著。肥东县镧肥区、钕肥区和CK2与CK1之间食饵功能团的个体数t值为1.3047、1.0338和0.2300,镧肥区和钕肥区与CK2之间的t值为1.6014和1.1835;萧县镧肥区、钕肥区和CK2与CK1之间食饵功能团的个体数t值为1.0431、1.0245和0.7369,镧肥区和钕肥区与CK2之间的t值为0.9495和0.9490;两地处理与与CK1和CK2之间食饵功能团的个体数t值均小于t0.05,表明稀土叶面肥对两地食饵功能团个体数影响不显著。稀土叶面肥对肥东葡萄园食饵功能团物种丰富度影响很小,萧县镧肥和钕肥与CK2之间物种丰富度的t值为2.1709和2.0226,差异显著。综上所述,稀土叶面肥对葡萄园中性昆虫亚群落和食饵功能团的物种数影响显著。     

互花米草入侵对长江口九段沙湿地昆虫功能群组成特征及季节动态的影响

【目的】揭示互花米草Spartina alterniflora入侵对盐沼湿地昆虫不同功能群组成特征和时间动态的影响。【方法】于2015年的不同季节,在不同的样点沿10 m长的样线,以扫网法对长江口九段沙湿地不同样点的互花米草、芦苇和藨草群落进行昆虫采集。采用非参数检验方法比较不同植物群落中不同昆虫取食功能群物种丰富度、个体多度和季节动态的差异,采用非参数多维度排序方法分析植物生境对各昆虫功能群组成的影响,并用指示种分析方法分析不同昆虫的生境偏好。【结果】共采集昆虫72科,188种,10 338头。互花米草群落昆虫物种丰富度和个体多度显著低于芦苇群落,藨草群落昆虫物种丰富度与互花米草群落差异不显著,但昆虫个体数显著多于互花米草群落。不同昆虫功能群分别比较表明,植食昆虫物种数和个体数在互花米草和芦苇群落间差异不显著,藨草群落植食昆虫物种数最少但个体数量最多。芦苇群落捕食/寄生昆虫物种数和个体数均显著多于互花米草和藨草群落。腐食/菌食昆虫物种数和个体数在不同植物群落无显著差异。季节动态分析显示,不同昆虫功能群物种数和个体数在互花米草群落的峰值均出现在春季,而在芦苇和藨草群落中则具不同趋势。根据非参数多维度排序分析结果,互花米草入侵显著改变了昆虫的群落结构,并对不同昆虫功能群的物种组成均产生了显著影响。指示种分析方法结果进一步表明,偏好互花米草的昆虫物种数最少,主要为广食性植食昆虫。偏好芦苇分布的昆虫物种数最多,主要为捕食/寄生昆虫和专食性植食昆虫。偏好藨草的植食昆虫虽为广食性,但指示值较高。【结论】互花米草入侵降低了盐沼湿地的昆虫多样性,并显著改变了盐沼湿地昆虫功能群组成特征和季节动态。相比植食昆虫,天敌昆虫对互花米草入侵的影响更为敏感。一些广食性的植食昆虫可能已对互花米草产生了适应机制,其可能造成的生态学后果应引起重视。     

入闽台湾芒果树冠层节肢动物群落组成结构和多样性

【背景】台湾芒果是我国南方种植的最重要的热带水果之一,其分布广、产量高,极具经济价值。福建地处台湾海峡西岸,与台湾隔海相望,气候条件与台湾相仿,所以台湾芒果很容易在福建定植。然而,台湾芒果在福建的大面积种植,带来了新的虫害问题。因此,掌握台湾芒果园害虫发生的动态及规律对其防治具有重要意义。【方法】2006年8月～2007年8月对福建省惠安县台湾芒果树冠层节肢动物群落进行系统调查。【结果】共采集到28247头节肢动物,隶属于2纲15目79科145种。其中,害虫76种（占总群落物种数的52.41%）、天敌42种（占28.97%）、中性昆虫27种（占18.62%）。芒果园节肢动物的物种丰富度、个体数、群落多样性、均匀性和优势集中性等都呈明显的季节消长规律。多样性指数表现为总群落〉天敌亚群落〉中性昆虫亚群落〉害虫亚群落;均匀度表现为天敌亚群落〉中性昆虫亚群落〉总群落〉害虫亚群落;优势集中性指数表现为害虫亚群落〉中性昆虫亚群落〉总群落〉天敌亚群落。生态优势度测定显示：芒果小爪螨和茶黄蓟马是害虫中的优势种;主要天敌有腹管食螨瓢虫和园蛛科等,优势种是腹管食螨瓢虫;中性昆虫主要以双翅目的花翅摇蚊、啮虫目的凹翅单啮及膜翅目的中国小黑家蚁和红蚂蚁为主。【结论与意义】本研究为芒果园生物资源及天敌的保护与利用、芒果害虫的预测预报和持续控制提供了理论依据。     

入闽台湾芒果树冠层节肢动物群落组成结构和多样性

【背景】台湾芒果是我国南方种植的最重要的热带水果之一,其分布广、产量高,极具经济价值。福建地处台湾海峡西岸,与台湾隔海相望,气候条件与台湾相仿,所以台湾芒果很容易在福建定植。然而,台湾芒果在福建的大面积种植,带来了新的虫害问题。因此,掌握台湾芒果园害虫发生的动态及规律对其防治具有重要意义。【方法】2006年8月～2007年8月对福建省惠安县台湾芒果树冠层节肢动物群落进行系统调查。【结果】共采集到28247头节肢动物,隶属于2纲15目79科145种。其中,害虫76种（占总群落物种数的52.[KG-*8]41%）、天敌42种（占28.[KG-*8]97%）、中性昆虫27种（占18.[KG-*8]62%）。芒果园节肢动物的物种丰富度、个体数、群落多样性、均匀性和优势集中性等都呈明显的季节消长规律。多样性指数表现为总群落>天敌亚群落>中性昆虫亚群落>害虫亚群落;均匀度表现为天敌亚群落>中性昆虫亚群落>总群落>害虫亚群落;优势集中性指数表现为害虫亚群落>中性昆虫亚群落>总群落>天敌亚群落。生态优势度测定显示：芒果小爪螨和茶黄蓟马是害虫中的优势种;主要天敌有腹管食螨瓢虫和园蛛科等,优势种是腹管食螨瓢虫;中性昆虫主要以双翅目的花翅摇蚊、啮虫目的凹翅单啮及膜翅目的中国小黑家蚁和红蚂蚁为主。【结论与意义】本研究为芒果园生物资源及天敌的保护与利用、芒果害虫的预测预报和持续控制提供了理论依据。     

紫花苜蓿草地节肢动物群落功能团和营养层的多样性

用网捕、手捕和巴氏诱罐法对紫花苜蓿草地的节肢动物进行了系统调查,采集到标本9225头,隶属15目38科81种;根据营养水平和取食关系归为3个营养层(基位物种、中位物种和顶位物种)和14个功能团,分析了苜蓿地节肢动物群落的物种、优势功能团和营养层多样性的时序动态。结果表明,在苜蓿的整个生长季节,物种多样性>功能团多样性>营养层多样性,物种多样性和营养层多样性分别与功能团多样性之间的相关性均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。功能团多样性与物种多样性的变化趋势较一致,营养层多样性在时间序列过程中波动性较小。在群落研究中,可以用对功能团的研究代替对物种的研究,从而简化物种间复杂的网络关系。功能团多样性可用于群落相似性和稳定性分析。     

朱砂叶螨优势种天敌昆虫的评价

对绣球花Hydrangea macrophylla、茄子Solanum melongena和玉米Zea mays 3种植物上朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus天敌昆虫种类及发生数量进行调查,并采用优势度指数评价其优势种,结果表明,3种寄主植物上天敌的种类及其优势种有所不同,绣球花上有深点食螨瓢虫Stethorus punctillum、塔六点蓟马Scolothrips takahashii、食螨瘿蚊Acaroletes sp.和食螨隐翅虫Oligota sp.4种天敌,塔六点蓟马和深点食螨瓢虫为优势种;茄子上有塔六点蓟马、微小花蝽Orius minutus、食螨瘿蚊和深点食螨瓢虫4种天敌昆虫,塔六点蓟马为优势种;玉米上有深点食螨瓢虫、塔六点蓟马和食螨瘿蚊3种天敌昆虫,深点食螨瓢虫为优势种.通过测定各种天敌成虫和幼虫对朱砂叶螨成螨、若螨、幼螨和卵的日捕食量,并引入相对差距和法评价优势种天敌昆虫,结果表明,深点食螨瓢虫和微小花蝽是朱砂叶螨的优势种天敌.     

不同果园绿肥种植模式下昆虫功能团多样性分析

【目的】为明确苹果园种植绿肥后天敌昆虫与植食性害虫的发生动态。【方法】于2020年3-4月采用马氏网对陕西延安2种果园绿肥种植模式中的昆虫进行调查,并量化分析各昆虫功能团多样性及分布特征。【结果】共捕获4 428只昆虫,隶属于7目39科43种,其中绿肥油菜（YC）种植模式捕获26种1 046只昆虫,优势种为豌豆潜叶蝇Chromatomyia horticola。绿肥毛叶苕子（MS）种植模式捕获36种3 382只昆虫,优势种为瘿蚊Diarthronomyia chrysanthemi。油菜种植模式各功能团昆虫群落Shannon-Wiener多样性（F=24.68,P<0.000 1）及Sa/Si稳定性指数（F=16.24,P<0.000 1）均显著高于毛叶苕子种植模式。典范对应分析（CCA）表明毛叶苕子种植模式下捕食性天敌昆虫与植食性害虫物种数和个体数均高于油菜种植模式。【结论】油菜种植模式下昆虫群落稳定性更强;天敌昆虫与植食性害虫物种数相互制约,个体数存在相似消长规律。本研究明确了不同绿肥配置模式下果园昆虫分布特征及功能团多样性,为果园绿肥推广及有害生物绿色防控提供依据。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.