DIVERSE NODAL ANATOMY OF THE CUNONIACEAE

A comprehensive study of nodal anatomy of the Cunoniaceae has revealed an unusually diverse assemblage of nodal types, including patterns with “split-lateral” traces previously undescribed for dicotyledons. On the basis of leaf arrangement and nodal vascularization, six distinct nodal conditions are recognized in the family. The trilacunar, three-trace pattern is the ancestral type from which the multilacunar condition evolved by amplification in the number of lateral traces. The “split-lateral” condition, distinguished by the fusion of lateral leaf traces of adjacent leaves, or the bifurcation of a single trace, and their association with a “common gap,” probably evolved concomitant with the transition from opposite to whorled leaves. The characteristic interpetiolar stipules of the Cunoniaceae are vascularized by veins originating from lateral leaf traces, or by a combination of complete lateral traces and veins arising from lateral leaf traces. Both Aphanopetalum and Bauera possess unilacunar one-trace nodes. The most satisfactory family placement of both genera remains uncertain, although the unilacunar nodes of Bauera can reasonably be interpreted as a case of reduction from the trilacunar pattern in response to reduced plant size.     

西藏红景天属一新变种——嘉黎红景天

全国第四次中药资源普查于西藏自治区嘉黎县、芒康县调查中,在海拔4000~5000 m灌木丛的石灰岩上发现了一种红景天属植物,该种在形态上与矮生红景天[Rhodiola humilis(HK.f.et Thoms.)S.H.Fu]较近,但花序顶端伞房状、花茎约7~13枝,基生叶先端锐尖,萼片长三角形,叶片和萼片先端具深粉红色浅囊等独有的特征,与后者不同。分子生物学证据表明,与矮生红景天(R.humilis)和异鳞红景天[Rhodiola smithii(Hamet)S.H.Fu]近缘。基于形态学与分子生物学证据,特将它描述为矮生红景天(R.humilis)新变种,命名为嘉黎红景天[Rhodiola humilis(HK.f.et Thoms.)S.H.Fu var.jialiensis H.Wang,X.Z.Lan&H.P.Deng]。     

Floral development of Kingdonia (Ranunculaceae s. l., Ranunculales)

The flower of Kingdonia has a terminal position, thus the rhizome is sympodial. The floral organs initiate in spiral phyllotaxis. The androecium is centripetal in initiation but the sterile stamens are retarded in development compared with the fertile ones. The apex of the young carpel does not participate in the conduplication. The floral organs have single vascular traces and unilacunar nodes.The study was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 30370095 and 30130030).     

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE ASPIDIACEAE. I. STELAR PATTERN DEVELOPMENT IN YOUNG SPOROPHYTES OF TECTARIA

Vascular tissue development in young sporophytes of seven species of Tectaria is described. Special emphasis is placed on stelar-pattern ontogeny, the transition region between the primary root and the shoot, and changes in the nodal pattern associated with the sequential production of leaves. The changes in stelar pattern which occur prior to the production of the 8th leaf can be placed in three general categories. In the simplest category, development progresses from a protostele to a siphonostele with a unilacunar one-trace nodal pattern. Species in a second category pass through the one trace per gap pattern to a siphonostele with a unilacunar two-trace nodal pattern. The most complex category includes two species in which by the 3rd or 4th leaf a dictyostele with a unilacunar two-trace nodal pattern is established. The significance of this pattern variation in young Tectaria sporophytes of equivalent stages in relation to taxonomic problems in the Aspidiaceae is discussed. In addition, the occurrence of a unilacunar one-trace nodal pattern in these and other species of leptosporangiate ferns is related to the standard concept that a unilacunar two-trace nodal pattern is basic in the ferns.     

饥饿胁迫对褐纹金针虫生理特征的影响

【目的】褐纹金针虫Melanotus caudex发生为害日趋严重。本研究分析饥饿环境条件下褐纹金针虫的生理特征变化,以期揭示其饥饿胁迫下的生理和生态适应对策。【方法】以2-3龄幼虫为试验的起始对象,以喂食小麦(中旱101)苗的褐纹金针虫为对照,在土壤和蛭石两种饲养环境条件下测定不同饥饿时期金针虫的存活率、活动性、蜕皮次数、体重、含水量及呼吸率的变化。【结果】饥饿胁迫下褐纹金针虫存活率、蜕皮次数与喂食(对照)组之间无显著差异,在饥饿120 d的情况下仍有90%以上的存活率,蜕皮次数10次左右,试虫在触碰时全部具有活动性。土壤和蛭石环境饥饿胁迫下褐纹金针虫的鲜重、干重分别呈下降趋势,与喂食组相比存在显著差异。处理120 d时,土壤和蛭石环境饥饿褐纹金针虫的含水量分别达到72.52%和72.22%,相应对照组的含水量分别为49.01%和51.37%,饥饿组含水量较喂食对照组显著升高。随饥饿处理时间的延长褐纹金针虫呼吸率表现为显著下降趋势,土壤和蛭石环境饥饿胁迫下褐纹金针虫的CO2释放率分别下降了62.11%和60.46%。【结论】褐纹金针虫具有较强的耐饥饿能力,在饥饿胁迫下可通过降低呼吸代谢的生理对策维持其生长发育(正常蜕皮)。     

4种红景天植物的组织培养研究

以大花红景天、云南红景天、长鞭红景天和库页红景天的茎和叶为外植体进行组织培养,结果表明：大花红景天以茎为外植体诱导芽效果最好,其它3种红景天以叶为外植体诱导芽效果最好。云南红景天和长鞭红景天适合的芽诱导激素组合是0．1mg／L NAA和2．5mg／L 6-BA的组合,在该激素水平下两种红景天的出芽频率分别达到71％和84％;大花红景天和库叶红景天适合的芽诱导激素组合是0．5mg／L NAA和2．5mg／L 6-BA的组合,在该激素水平下两种红景天的出芽频率均达到80％。长鞭红景天和库叶红景天在添加IBA的培养基上容易生根形成完整植株,生根率分别达到87％和73％;经过炼苗后,长鞭红景天再生苗能够成功移栽,成活率达66％。     

国产假木贼属植物微形态特征及其生态意义

利用体视显微镜对国产假木贼属8种植物的微形态特征进行了观察.结果表明:该属植物的形态可分为两大类:(1)无瘤状茎基,如:高枝假木贼(Anabasis elatior)、短叶假木贼(A.brevifolia)、无叶假木贼(A.aphylla)和盐生假木贼(A.salsa);(2)具瘤状茎基,如:粗糙假木贼(A.pelliotii)、白垩假木贼(A.cretacea)、展枝假木贼(A.truncata)和毛足假木贼(A.eriopoda);再通过叶形态的变化规律,如弧状弯曲,鳞片状或三角钻形等来甄别种的属性.实验证明:假木贼属植物叶的微形态特征具有高度的种间专属性和稳定的遗传性,可以作为假木贼属种分类的重要依据,该类植物由于长期生存在干旱环境下,形成了一系列抵御干旱逆境的典型的超旱生的形态特征,在根、茎和叶3个方面均得以充分体现.因此,研究其形态学和生态学的进化机制,对当前植物抗逆育种、生态环境恢复等都具有重要意义.     

铁筷子(毛茛科)营养器官的结构及其系统学意义

应用解剖学方法,对铁筷子(Helleborus thibetanusFranch.)(毛茛科)营养器官的结构进行了研究。结果表明,铁筷子根的初生结构观察到三原型、四原型和六原型。营养器官中的维管束在横切面上木质部中的导管分子不呈“V”字形排列;根状茎的次生结构由外向内为表皮、皮层和维管柱,髓射线发达。茎的初生结构中多个维管束排列成环状,维管束鞘分化不明显,节部为单隙三迹,叶迹分别来自于3条维管束或同一条维管束。叶为两面叶,表皮细胞不规则;气孔器只分布于下表皮,为毛茛科典型的无规则型气孔。从铁筷子营养器官的解剖学特点来看,与毛茛科其它植物基本相同,但在营养器官中维管束木质部不呈“V”字形、维管束鞘分化不明显、节部具单叶隙等特征上与其它毛茛科植物不同。     

IDIOSPERMUM AUSTRALIENSE (IDIOSPERMACEAE)—ASPECTS OF VEGETATIVE ANATOMY

Vegetative structural features of Idiospermum, a monotypic ranalean genus rediscovered in 1972, are described and contrasted with comparable features of Calycanthus and Chimonanthus (Calycanthaceae) to note resemblances and differences. The leaf trace pattern and nodal anatomy of Calycanthaceae and Idiospermaceae (one-trace and unilacunar) are very similar. The nodal anatomy of certain highly reduced leaves (scale leaves) of Idiospermum is, however, two-trace and unilacunar. The microscopic wood anatomy of Idiospermum is distinctively different in a number of respects from that of the Calycanthaceae. Although there are similarities, it is suggested that the floral anatomy and vegetative features of Idiospermum set it apart sufficiently from the Calycanthaceae to justify family rank as the Idiospermaceae.     

独叶草的根和节部及叶的解剖学研究

报道了独叶草根、节部和叶的剖解学特征。这些器官在解剖学上表现出的突出点是：根具２个以上的根毛区（与星叶草机相同）,中有少量的次生生长,皮层细胞中具内生真菌;变态叶的叶迹或为单迹单维管组织束,或为单迹２维管组织束,或２迹在向皮层外部延伸过程中合并为具２条维管组织束的单迹;叶柄维管束不存在厚壁的维管束鞘,且在由基部向顶部延伸的过程中常发生复杂的分枝及汇合;叶片具有同形的叶肉植物,叶脉维管束鞘具２层细胞     

超临界CO2萃取红景天中红景天苷、苷元酪醇的研究

采用超临界CO₂ 萃取法和乙醇常温浸提法相比较, 研究从红景天中提取红景天苷、苷元酪醇的工艺条件, 结论是:采用超临界CO₂ 萃取法能萃取出红景天生药中红景天苷的1.2%, 提取率不高, 但该方法能萃取出80%的苷元酪醇, 萃取液中苷元酪醇的相对含量可达45.68%;乙醇常温浸提法能将红景天苷、苷元酪醇同时有效萃取, 且得率较高, 但是萃取液中两物质相对含量较低, 进一步分离纯化将有难度。本研究结果表明, 将超临界CO₂ 萃取法和乙醇常温浸提法有效结合, 可实现两物质的有效分离, 推进红景天有效成分的产业化进程。     

红菜薹6个品种氨基酸含量的分析比较

对红菜薹6个品种的氨基酸种类、含量进行分析测定,结果表明,红菜薹含有17种氨基酸,其中7种为人体必需氨基酸,各品种间各类氨基酸含量差异不显著;相对于茎干而言,红菜薹的薹叶具有更高的营养价值和药用价值;不同的采收温度对各类氨基酸含量的影响不同。     

Anatomical studies on Sinofranchetia chinensis (Lardizabalaceae) and their systematic significance

The anatomical structures of the Chinese endemic and monotypic genus Sinofranchetia (Lardizabalaceae) are described. There are reticulate, simple-reticulate, scalariform, simple-scalariform and simple perforations in vessel elements as well as in the fibres in the secondary wood of the roots and the stems. The node is trilacunar. The vascular bundles in the petiole are arranged in a ring. Clustered crystals occur in the parenchymatous cells of stems, petioles and pedicles. Leaf stomata are actinocytic. The nodes of sepals, petals and stamens both in male and female flowers are unilacunar and one-traced. There are three sterile carpels with two to three traces in the male flowers, three fertile carpels with two to three traces, and sometimes three sterile carpels lacking a vascular supply. In morphology, the anther dehiscence mechanism and pollen in the female flowers are the same as in the male flowers, such that the so-called female flowers might be bisexual in morphology. In comparing morphology, the sex of the flowers and the perforations of the vessel elements in Sinofranchetia with Decaisnea and other genera of the Lardizabalaceae, Sinofranchetia is considered a basic group at least as the same evolutionary level in the family as Decaisnea . © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 149 , 271–281.     

Antioxidative effects of Cinnamomi cassiae and Rhodiola rosea extracts in liver of diabetic mice

Both Cinnamomi cassiae and Rhodiola rosea extracts are used as anti-diabetic folk medicines. Recently, increased oxidative stress was shown to play an important role in the etiology and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and its complications. This study was designed to examine the effects of Cinnamomi cassiae and Rhodiola rosea extracts on blood glucose, lipid peroxidation, the level of reduced glutathione and its related enzymes (glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase), and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) in the liver of db/db mice. Diabetic C57BL/Ks db/db mice were used as experimental models. Mice were divided into control (n=10), Cinnamomi cassiae (200 mg/kg/day, n=10), and Rhodiola rosea (200 mg/kg/day, n=10) treated groups for 12 weeks of treatment. These type II diabetic mice were used to investigate the effects of Cinnamomi cassiae and Rhodiola rosea on blood glucose, reduced glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, lipid peroxidation, catalase and superoxide dismutase. Cinnamomi cassiae and Rhodiola rosea extracts significantly decreased on blood glucose, increased levels of reduced glutathione and the activities of glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase in the liver. Extract treatment also significantly decreased lipid peroxidation. Cinnamomi cassiae and Rhodiola rosea extracts may be effective for correcting hyperglycemia and preventing diabetic complications.     

HPLC法测定红景天居群中红景天苷的分布式样

本文以HPLC法作为测定红景天苷的方法,调查红景天苷在红景天不同种、不同居群中的分布式样。实验中采集不同种、同种不同居群、同居群不同个体的红景天样品,进行红景天苷的含量测定。结果表明红景天苷在不同红景天中分布差异较大,同种不同居群间多型性、居群内及个体间多态性显著。HPLC比法简便、快速、准确、重复性好,适用于研究红景天苷在药用红景天居群中的分布。     

灭蚊真菌一贵阳腐霉对植物的安全性试验

The aim of this study is to investigate whether Pythium guiyangense,a mosquito-killing fungus isolated in Guiyang,Guizhou Province of China in 1994,is pathogenic to plants.Six common crops,Cucumis sativa,Lycopersicon esculentum,Capsicum annuum,Nicotiana tabacum,Brassica campestris and Oryza sativa were used as subjects for test.Zoospores of the fungus were used to infect the plants with soil inoculation method,caudex injection method and foliage spray method.Both positive control(using P.aphanidermatum)and negative control(using sterile water)were set up in all the experiments.The results showed that no infection was found on the tested plants in soil inoculation experiments.In caudex injection test,callus grew around the wounded tissue in most of the plants.Brownish rottenness could be found only in the injected wounds in a few plants,probably caused by saprophytic bacteria or other fungi,and the germ-carrying plants grew normally.No abnormal appearance was found on the six crops in foliage spray test.It was demonstrated that P guiyangense could hardly infect plants in nature,and was a safe and promising agent for mosquito biological control.     

Knotenbau und Blattgrundvaskularisation bei einigenGentianaceae

As a rule,Gentianaceae exhibit a double unilacunar nodal pattern. Upon leaving the lacun, the complex leaf trace divides first into three branches, and then into five or more bundles which become the leaf veins. OnlyGentiana lutea (andG. punctata) as well asMenyanthes trifoliata differ from all other species investigated by their multilacunar nodes. BothCentaurium andOrphium within the cortex form a completely closed bundle ring around the nodal flanks from smaller bundles which depart from the lateral branches of the complex leaf traces.

     

灭蚊真菌－贵阳腐霉对植物的安全性试验

The aim of this study is to investigate whether Pythium guiyangense, a mosquito-killing fungus isolated in Guiyang, Guizhou Province of China in 1994, is pathogenic to plants. Six common crops, Cucumis sativa, Lycopersicon esculentum, Capsicum annuum, Nicotiana tabacum, Brassica campestris and Oryza sativa were used as subjects for test. Zoospores of the fungus were used to infect the plants with soil inoculation method, caudex injection method and foliage spray method. Both positive control (using P. aphanidermatum) and negative control (using sterile water) were set up in all the experiments. The results showed that no infection was found on the tested plants in soil inoculation experiments. In caudex injection test, callus grew around the wounded tissue in most of the plants. Brownish rottenness could be found only in the injected wounds in a few plants, probably caused by saprophytic bacteria or other fungi, and the germ-carrying plants grew normally. No abnormal appearance was found on the six crops in foliage spray test. It was demonstrated that P. guiyangense could hardly infect plants in nature, and was a safe and promising agent for mosquito biological control.     

红景天线粒体nad7基因内含子2序列测定及其系统发育意义

开展濒危藏药红景天的分子生物学研究, 可以为红景天遗传资源鉴定与保护提供指导。利用线粒体中nad7基因的保守序列设计的引物, 对分布于四川的大花红景天、长鞭红景天和吉林的高山红景天等9份材料进行PCR分析, 发现在所有的红景天材料中均获得约800 bp的扩增产物。进一步对扩增片段进行序列测定, 结果表明该片段除具有53 bp的外显子区外, 其内含子长度均为738 bp, 有9个核苷酸变异位点。将测定序列进行比对和聚类分析表明, 红景天线粒体nad7内含子2序列被单独聚类。而且测定的红景天的nad7 内含子 2序列, 其长度均小于其他高等植物的同源序列, 体现了红景天属植物的该基因区域的特异性, 可能与特殊的生态环境有关。     

Comparative study of Rhodiola preparations on behavioral despair of rats.

The antidepressant-like activity of an extract of the roots of Rhodiola rosea (RR), its combination with piperine containing extract (RPE), pure substances isolated from Rhodiola, such as rhodioloside, rosavin, rosin, rosarin, tyrosol, cinnamic alcohol, cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid has been assessed in laboratory animals through application of the Porsolt behavioural despair assay. RR increased the swimming time of rats in a dose dependent manner (ED50=7 mg/kg) and, when administered at 20mg/kg, exhibited a stronger anti-depressant type effect than either imipramine (at 30 mg/kg) or an extract of Hypericum perforatum (at 20mg/kg). Rhodioloside, and tyrosol were identified as active principles of the extract, whereas rosavin, rosarin, rosin, cinnamic alcohol, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid were inactive. A fixed combination of rhodioloside, rosavin, rosarin and rosin was more active than any of the individual components alone, indicating a synergistic effect of the ingredients in RR extract. Piperine in combination with Rhodiola (RPE) distorts pharmacological effect of Rhodiola most probably due to changes of pharmacokinetic profile of rhodioloside and rosavin. RPE cannot provide predictable therapeutic effect due to herb-herb interaction. Moreover, concomitant treatment of RPE with other drugs should also be excluded due to drug-piperine interaction.